Current metaphoric models in modern Spanish media discourse

In the article, a metaphor as a universal category of thinking, a special cognitive analogy-based operation, and a method of modeling reality, is investigated on journalistic materials of modern Spanish media discourse, the online version of the Spanish newspaper EL MUNDO in particular from the discursive point of view. The use of various types of metaphors by Spanish politicians, which are part of the national-linguistic picture of the world, is examined on the example of media materials concerning the most significant events in the internal life of Spain and international community. Based on the classification by A.P. Chudinov, a semantic and quantitative analysis of metaphorical models in Spanish media discourse is carried out. It is concluded that at the time being Spanish political discourse abounds predominantly in anthropomorphic and sociomorphic metaphors. It was also found that the most frequent is the use of morbial metaphors, which reflect the crisis the Spanish society is undergoing in the pandemic period and its economic, political and social impact on the life of modern Spanish society.

Gli usi dell’articolo e del pro-aggettivo in alcuni tipi di sintagmi nominali italiani a confronto con lo sloveno

The article focuses on the relationship between postmodifiers in the form of noun phrases, relative and content clauses, and the use of articles or pro-adjectives in the nominal heads. The results of a qualitative analysis of Slovene and Italian texts and their translations into Italian and Slovene are presented, the main purpose of which was to identify markers of definiteness in Slovene and to predict the use of articles in Italian, thus showing the possibilities for Slovenes to express themselves appropriately in Italian. Assuming that definiteness is a universal category and therefore recognisable also in languages without articles (Slovene), and considering the author and the translator ideal speakers of Slovene and/or Italian, the Slovene texts served as the starting point of each analysis, while the Italian texts played the role of control. An article use is defined as cataphoric if the content of the postmodifier contributes to the definite interpretation of its head. Subordinate noun phrases can be divided into conceptual and argumentative. In Italian, the former, expressing a non-entity, are marked by a zero article and form a semantic unit with their heads, whereas the latter, expressing an entity, are marked by an article (included the zero one) and do not form a semantic unit with their heads. Related to definiteness is the restrictiveness of the clause, which consists in the article or pro-adjective determining the head including its postmodifier. Such heads can be both definite or indefinite. The analyses have shown instances of relative clauses that are placed between restrictive and non-restrictive ones. Conveying descriptive information, they occur after the heads preceded by an indefinite article. The definiteness of nominal heads preceded by a pro-adjective or without a determiner in Slovene texts is also discussed.

Enhancing Politicians’ Persuasiveness: Some Remarks on the Importance of Rhetorical Figures of Repetition in Political Discourse

The modern political class, which has been established on democratic principles both in Europe and America, is keen to use rhetoric and tools it provides. Any attempt to define the influence of these tools principally refers to the essence of rhetoric which is persuasion. Persuasion, on the other hand, is core to political discourse which, according to Teun van Dijk (1997, p. 14) is contextual, therefore must be recognized by its functions and/or goals. The functions of the discourse are often expressed in rhetorical devices and therefore play an important role in achieving political goals. The pieces of information presented in this article depict rhetorical devices as useful in increasing persuasiveness. Attention is paid to figures of repetition which constitute a universal category of rhetorical devices and thus need to be examined in a greater detail, especially in a discourse whose users focus their efforts on constructing effective persuasion.

The reflection of space in the language of a multilingual society (on the example of the Khatango-Anabarsky district)

This article examines the universal category of space and its representation in the multicultural and multilingual Khatango-Anabarsky cultural landscape. The Dolgan language in Khatangsky and Anabarsky multilingual societies develops evenly and has specifics of functionality. The Russian language that is the state language in the Russian Federation, along with the Yakut language that is cognate to the Dolgan language and has greater communicative capacity in the territory of Yakutia,  play considerable role in these processes. The description of the Dolgan concept of space is carried out by the following scheme: 1) semantic analysis of the lexis that reflects space and is notionally named spatial; 2) spatial analysis of the regional toponymy and ethno-economic territorial system of the Dolgan people; 3) psycholinguistic analysis of content of the concept. The novelty of this research lies in description of the peculiarities of linguistic consciousness of the bilinguals on the example of the Dolgan concept of space, which is viewed alongside the regional toponymy and ethno-economic territorial system of the Dolgan people. Space is the subject of research in various scientific disciplines. This article reviews its psycho-linguoculturological aspect. In accordance with the anthropocentric research model, the study explores the correlation between the language, culture and mentality, and complies with the definition of the concept as a certain "bundle of culture within human mind” [Stepanov, 2001, p.43]. Thus, the special lexis, besides the generally accepted binary oppositions, should include the geographical terms with landscape peculiarities, which in the authors’ opinion, can be the reflection of space.

Historical Aspects of the Imperial Identity: Perspectives of Interdisciplinary Research

The article attempts to identify new opportunities for studying the role of the imperial factor in British foreign policy, which are opened up by using the category of imperial identity, which the authors present as a variant of a more universal category of regional identity. In order to find out the complex nature of regional identity, the authors make a comparative analysis of the existing ones in modern regionalism. (A. Paasi) and “humanitarian geography” (D.N. Zamyatin) definitions of the region as a way of political, historical and cultural organization of space. The methodological postulates of these concepts create the basis for an interdisciplinary approach in the framework of the “new imperial history” and allow us to consider the British Empire at the height of its power in the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries as the most significant region in world politics. Awareness of its special role in the prevailing international system was at the heart of the imperial identity and foreign policy ideas of the British political elite, which, in turn, makes it possible to draw a clearer line between identity and imperial ideology. The authors come to the conclusion that such a formulation of the problem forms a new discussion agenda both on imperial issues and on issues of identity.

The Dao of Madness

This book offers a picture of madness as a category and a tool in the early Chinese tradition, giving an account of how early Chinese thinkers developed a conception of mental illness connected to both medicine and ethics, particularly in the Warring States and Han periods. Specifically, it is concerned with the connections between madness, mental illness in general, and philosophical positions on personhood, moral agency, responsibility, and social identity. Madness is a near universal category in human thought. In early China, madness (kuang ?) has particular unique forms, shaped through consideration of the features of mind and body, cultural norms, and illness and health. While madness and other forms of mental illness were taken as either foils or ideals by different thinkers in early China, they were nearly always contrasted with operability, proper communal development, and progress on a specifically moral path. This book explores these conceptions of madness in early Chinese thought.

THE ORIGINALITY OF EXPRESSING DEIXIS IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TEXT

The article is devoted to defining deictic elements, the translation of which remains insufficiently systematized, especially on the example of scientific and technical texts. The aim of the work is to study deixis in English texts, to determine its linguistic and extralinguistic features and to translate it into Ukrainian. The latest view of deixis is to understand it as a universal category that functions at all linguistic levels. This phenomenon helps to understand the author, to isolate the most important information and to navigate in space and time. The specifics of personal deixis in the scientific and technical literature are based on the relationship of transmission-reception of information between the author (addresser) and the reader (addressee) at the extralinguistic level. As follows from the analysis of examples, the text of a scientific article expresses not only the intellectual content – information about the facts and their theoretical justification, but also the author’s will to attract the reader’s attention, to bring them to accepting the author’s point of view. The use of 2nd person as a deictic element is subject to the task of implementing the author’s pragmatic guidelines. In expressing his/her opinion, s/he aims to make the statement less categorical, leaving it open to the reader’s judgment. Deictic words help to establish contact with the reader, which is directly related to embodying the main communicative function of a scientific text – the function of communication.

Sabbath

In Judaism, the Sabbath is the seventh and the sacred day of the week, a recurring seven-day temporal unit. The concept of Sabbath influenced the Christian Sunday and the Muslim Friday, and with the expansion of both, the seven-day week became a globally common temporal unit. As such, the Sabbath is identified with two highly influential ideas: the seven-day week institution of cyclical temporality almost disconnected from nature, and the dichotomy of sacred and profane days. The Jewish Sabbath is famously introduced by the first biblical story of creation, as God sanctifies the seventh day and rests from his labor of creation. Therefore, some etymologists suggest the Hebrew word Shabbat is derived from rest (Shevita), and some point to its similarity to the number seven (Sheva). However, the information in the Bible regarding the Sabbath is limited and deals mainly with the prohibition of labor. It is only by the Second Temple period and later in rabbinical writings that the Sabbath is seen as a day of communal worship, complex practices, rituals, and limitations that are not directly related to cessation from work. The academic scholarship on the Sabbath, which is the focus of this bibliography, usually concentrates on contextualizing the elements of the Sabbath to specific periods and locations. Thus, academic scholarship does not present the Sabbath as a whole, but instead picture it as a multilayered social institution, gradually developed across thousands of years, with no clear starting point and, of course, as ever changing. Already by the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, the “Sabbath question” was an urgent scholarly discussion regarding its Mesopotamian origins, its parallels in other cultures, and the idea of the week. Through these debates, the specific Jewish concept became a universal category for thinking of time, society, and religion. Moreover, the academic scholarship created a direct link between the Jewish concept of Sabbath and the Christian concepts of Sunday and the seven-day week. Therefore, instead of leading to difference and confrontation, as in earlier periods, the Sabbath became a Judeo-Christian idea, separating this group from the rest of the world. In the second half of the 20th century, scholarship shifted from the big question of origin to more minor aspects of it, shading light on the different stages of Sabbath development, like the Second Temple period, classical rabbinic writings, and Kabbalah. It seems that the last centuries present the popular current phase of the Sabbath as a rest day in capitalist and secular modern societies. A unique case here is the formation of the modern State of Israel, which recreated the Sabbath as a national rather than a religious category, being another intriguing turn in the relationship between the Sabbath and Jewish identity.

New dispersion formula and results of its application

The aim of the study was to obtain a new physical formula for determining the refractive indices of light as a function of wavelength, which can be applied to a wide range of transparent substances. In the process of research on the basis of Einstein's relativistic formula, such a dispersion formula was obtained. Comparison of the obtained indicators with laboratory indicators showed the high accuracy of the new dispersion formula, which was ±10 -7 − 10 -5 in the calculated wavelength ranges of more than 100 nm.The new dispersion formula is obtained on the basis of the mathematical dependence of the speed of propagation of photons in a transparent substance on the energy density of electron clouds of atoms of the substance. Energy is a universal category, therefore, it is possible to apply the basic version of the new formula (where instead of the wavelength there is the energy density of electron clouds) when conducting research in all areas of light generation, manipulation and detection.And, finally, the very fact of applying the adapted relativistic Einstein's formula to physical processes occurring at the atomic level allows us to look at the nature of the interaction of light and matter from a new angle.

«New dispersion formula and results of its application»

The aim of the study was to obtain a new physical formula for determining the refractive indices of light as a function of wavelength, which can be applied to a wide range of transparent substances. In the process of research on the basis of Einstein's relativistic formula, such a dispersion formula was obtained. Comparison of the obtained indicators with laboratory indicators showed the high accuracy of the new dispersion formula, which was ±10 -7-10 -5 in the calculated wavelength ranges of more than 100 nm. The new dispersion formula is obtained on the basis of the mathematical dependence of the speed of propagation of photons in a transparent substance on the energy density of electron clouds of atoms of the substance. Energy is a universal category, therefore, it is possible to apply the basic version of the new formula (where instead of the wavelength there is the energy density of electron clouds) when conducting research in all areas of light generation, manipulation and detection. And, finally, the very fact of applying the adapted relativistic Einstein's formula to physical processes occurring at the atomic level allows us to look at the nature of the interaction of light and matter from a new angle.