scholarly journals MEQA-RPL: A Mobility Energy and Queue Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Nodes in Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
robin cyriac ◽  
Saleem Durai MA
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Mobility Support ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Handover Delay ◽  
Signaling Cost ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Route Failure ◽  
Route Prediction

Abstract Increase in mobile nodes has brought new challenges to IoT’s routing protocol-RPL. Mobile nodes (MN) bring new possibilities as well as challenges to the network. MN creates frequent route disruption, energy loss and increases end-to-end delay in the network. This could be solved by improving RPL to react faster to route failures through route prediction, while keeping energy expenditure for this process in reasonable limits. In this context a new Mobility Energy and Queue Aware-RPL (MEQA-RPL) is proposed that have the capability to sense route failure and to identify proactively the next possible route before the current route fails. While identifying the next route, MEQA-RPL employs constraint check on energy and queue availability to guarantee QoS for MN and better lifetime for the network. When compared to RPL with mobility support our model reduce average signaling cost by 31%, handover delay by 32% and improve packet delivery ratio by 17%. We run simulations with multiple mobile nodes which have also shown promising results on aforementioned parameters.

Catechize Global Optimization through Leading Edge Firefly Based Zone Routing Protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Sharma ◽  
Sherin Zafar ◽  
Usha Batra
Keyword(s):  
Global Optimization ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Firefly Algorithm ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Background: Zone Routing Protocol is evolving as an efficient hybrid routing protocol with an extremely high potentiality owing to the integration of two radically different schemes, proactive and reactive in such a way that a balance between control overhead and latency is achieved. Its performance is impacted by various network conditions such as zone radius, network size, mobility, etc. Objective: The research work described in this paper focuses on improving the performance of zone routing protocol by reducing the amount of reactive traffic which is primarily responsible for degraded network performance in case of large networks. The usage of route aggregation approach helps in reducing the routing overhead and also help achieve performance optimization. Methods: The performance of proposed protocol is assessed under varying node size and mobility. Further applied is the firefly algorithm which aims to achieve global optimization that is quite difficult to achieve due to non-linearity of functions and multimodality of algorithms. For performance evaluation a set of benchmark functions are being adopted like, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay to validate the proposed approach. Results: Simulation results depict better performance of leading edge firefly algorithm when compared to zone routing protocol and route aggregation based zone routing protocol. The proposed leading edge FRA-ZRP approach shows major improvement between ZRP and FRA-ZRP in Packet Delivery Ratio. FRA-ZRP outperforms traditional ZRP and RA-ZRP even in terms of End to End Delay by reducing the delay and gaining a substantial QOS improvement. Conclusion: The achievement of proposed approach can be credited to the formation on zone head and attainment of route from the head hence reduced queuing of data packets due to control packets, by adopting FRA-ZRP approach. The routing optimized zone routing protocol using Route aggregation approach and FRA augments the QoS, which is the most crucial parameter for routing performance enhancement of MANET.

scholarly journals Analisis Kinerja GPSR dan AODV pada VANET dengan Skema Pengimbangan Beban Trafik

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
RENDI DIAN PRASETIA ◽  
DOAN PERDANA ◽  
RIDHA MULDINA NEGARA
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

ABSTRAKSalah satu permasalahan di kota-kota besar adalah kemacetan lalu lintas yang disebabkan karena tidak mencukupinya ruas jalan, volume kendaraan yang begitu besar, persebaran kendaraan yang tidak merata dan lain-lain. Salah satu solusinya adalah para pengendara dapat menggunakan aplikasi peta digital pada smartphone-nya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai kinerja VANET yang menggunakan protokol routing GPSR dan AODV dengan skema pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan dengan pengaruh kepadatan node. Perancangan sistem simulasi terbagi menjadi dua subsistem yaitu subsistem mobilitas dan jaringan. Kemudian dilakukan pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan, dan kinerja VANET akan diamati. Performansi dievaluasi dengan average end to end delay, throughput, dan packet delivery ratio. Nilai rata-rata throughput, PDR, delay untuk GPSR adalah 142.21 Kbps, 87.47 %, dan 82.83 ms. Sedangkan AODV adalah 119.81 Kbps, 86.67 %, dan 103.21 ms. Dari hasil penelitian nilai QoS performansi dari routing protocol GPSR lebih baik dari pada AODV pada VANET.Kata kunci: Vanet, Pengimbangan Beban, GPSR, AODV.ABSTRACTOne of the problems in big cities is congestion. The congestion is caused byinsufficient road segment, large volume of vehicles, unbalanced spread ofvehicles and others. One solution is that riders can use digital map applications on their smartphones. Therefore it is necessary to balancing the traffic load of vehicles. In this research will be discussed about VANET performance using GPSR and AODV routing protocol with vehicle traffic load balancing scheme with node density influence. The design of the simulation system is divided into two subsystems namely mobility and network subsystem. Then balancing the vehicle traffic load, and VANET performance will be observed. Performance is evaluated with the average end to end delay, throughput, and packet delivery ratio. The mean value of throughput, PDR, delay for GPSR respectively 142.21 Kbps, 87.47%, and 82.83 ms. While AODV is 119.81 Kbps, 86.67%, and 103.21 ms. From the simulation results can be concluded that the performance of GPSR is better than AODV on VANET. Keywords: Vanet, Load Balancing, GPSR, AODV.

Secure Buffer-Based Routing Protocol for WMN

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-44
Author(s):  
Geetanjali Rathee ◽  
Hemraj Saini
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Link Failure ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End ◽  
Network Metrics

Secure routing is considered as one of a key challenge in mesh networks because of its dynamic and broadcasting nature. The broadcasting nature of mesh environment invites number of security vulnerabilities to come and affect the network metrics drastically. Further, any node/link failure of a routed path may reduce the performance of the entire network. A number of secure routing protocols have been proposed by different researchers but enhancement of a single network parameter (i.e. security) may affect another performance metrics significantly i.e. throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio etc. In order to ensure secure routing with improved network metrics, a Secure Buffer based Routing Protocol i.e. SBRP is proposed which ensures better network performance with increased level of security. SBRP protocol uses buffers at alternate positions to fasten re-routing mechanism during node/link failure and ensures the security using AES encryption. Further the protocol is analyzed against mAODV protocol in both static and dynamic environment in terms of security, packet delivery ratio, end to end delay and network throughput.

scholarly journals A New SDN-Based Routing Protocol for Improving Delay in Smart City Environments

Smart Cities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1004-1021
Author(s):  
Lamia EL-Garoui ◽  
Samuel Pierre ◽  
Steven Chamberland
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Dynamic Topology ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Real Time Applications ◽  
Entire Network

The smart city is an ecosystem that interconnects various devices like sensors, actuators, mobiles, and vehicles. The intelligent and connected transportation system (ICTS) is an essential part of this ecosystem that provides new real-time applications. The emerging applications are based on Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies, which bring out new challenges, such as heterogeneity and scalability, and they require innovative communication solutions. The existing routing protocols cannot achieve these requirements due to the surrounding knowledge supported by individual nodes and their neighbors, displaying partial visibility of the network. However, the issue grew ever more arduous to conceive routing protocols to satisfy the ever-changing network requirements due to its dynamic topology and its heterogeneity. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) offers the latest view of the entire network and the control of the network based on the application’s specifications. Nonetheless, one of the main problems that arise when using SDN is minimizing the transmission delay between ubiquitous nodes. In order to meet this constraint, a well-attended and realistic alternative is to adopt the Machine Learning (ML) algorithms as prediction solutions. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol based on SDN and Naive Bayes solution to improve the delay. Simulation results show that our routing scheme outperforms the comparative ones in terms of end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of DSR and TORA Model Routing Protocols In Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
Linna Oktaviana Sari ◽  
Agusurio Azmi ◽  
Ery Safrianti ◽  
Feranita Jalil
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Pekanbaru city is a large area, therefore traffic congestion often occurs due to the density of society’s vehicles. From this problem, it is needed a technology that can exchange information between vehicles. Information Technology that can involve many vehicles with special network types without dependence on an infrastructure is Ad Hoc Network. One type of this network is Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). VANET is a new concept in enabling communication between Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V). For efficient data packet delivery, VANET requires a routing protocol. In this research, for simulated and analyzed performance is used the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) protocol. NS-2 is used to simulated a moved nodes, SUMO software is used to simulated real map of SKA Mall crossroad and parameter the quality of performance routing protocol DSR can determined by End to End Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Routing Overhead (RO). This simulation uses scenario 100 nodes, 150 nodes, 200 nodes and 250 nodes. The simulation results with the scenario of changing the number of nodes, the DSR routing protocol produces better performance with an average of  End to End Delay is 0.1066 s, average of PDR is 95.45% and average of RO is 1.0076. While the TORA routing protocol has an average of End to End Delay is 0.1163s, average of PDR is 93.49% and average of RO is 1.0801. And in the scenario of node speed changes, the TORA routing protocol produces better performance with an average of End to End Delay is 0.0861 s and average of PDR 97.37%. While the DSR routing protocol is better with an average of RO is 1.0076.

scholarly journals Performance Assessment of QoS Using AODV, TORA and ZRP Routing Protocol in MANET

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-750
Author(s):  
Irfan Ahmad ◽  
Fahad Masood ◽  
Arbab Wajid Ullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) nodes often change their location independently where neither fixed nor centralized infrastructure is present. Nodes communicate with each other directly or via intermediate nodes. The advantages of the MANET layout lead to self-structure and compatibility to most important functions such as traffic distribution and load balancing. Whenever the host moves rapidly in the network the topology becomes updated due to which the structure of MANET varies accordingly. In the literature, different routing protocols have been studied and compared by researchers. Still, there are queries regarding the performance of these protocols under different scenarios. MANETs are not based on a predesigned structure. In this paper, the performance assessment of the Quality of Services (QoS) for different protocols such as Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in the existence of the various number of communicating nodes is studied. The performance matrices throughput, end – to – end delay and packet delivery ratio are considered for simulations. Ns 2.35 simulator is used for carrying out these simulations. Results are compared for AODV, TORA, and ZRP routing protocols. The results show that AODV and TORA perform well in end – to – end delay as compared to zone routing protocol. Zone routing protocol performs well in packet delivery ratio and throughput as compared to both the other protocols.

Research of Improvement of GPSR Protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 738-739 ◽  
pp. 1115-1118
Author(s):  
Li Cui Zhang ◽  
Xiao Nan Zhu ◽  
Zhi Gang Wang ◽  
Guang Hui Han
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Packet ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Hoc Networks

Considering the shortcoming of the traditional Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol in the Vehicular Ad hoc Networks ,this paper focuses on an improved GPSR protocol based on the density of vehicle flow .This new scheme includes macro-directing algorithm , micro-forwarding strategy and the maintenance of the neighbor list.The simulation result shows that compared with the traditional GPSR protocol, the new GPSR protocol improves data packet delivery ratio, but its average end-to-end delay is slightly larger than before.

scholarly journals Analisis Performansi Protokol Routing Proaktif pada Jaringan Mobile Adhoc

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-128
Author(s):  
Rohmah Nur Hidayah ◽  
Indrabayu Indrabayu ◽  
Intan Sari Areni
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Intelligent Transportation ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Overhead Ratio

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) menawarkan paradigma pemodelan baru yang mendukung komunikasi antar kendaraan secara real time menggunakan routing protocol yang disebut Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). Pada dasarnya kinerja routing protocol dipengaruhi oleh arus dan aturan lalu lintas yang bersifat dinamis sehingga perubahan tersebut akan menyebabkan perubahan pada kinerja routing protocol juga. Untuk itu, penelitian ini mengusulkan rancangan mobilitas realistis berdasarkan data makroskopis dan mikroskopis jalan perkotaan. Rancangan mobilitas dibagi menjadi 2 skenario berdasarkan kepadatan kendaraan, yaitu 125 dan 200 node. Penelitian ini bersifat simulasi dan dibagi menjadi 2 tahap. Tahap pertama yaitu simulasi mobilitas yang menunjukkan pergerakan kendaraan serta aturan lalu lintas yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi realistis. Tahap kedua adalah simulasi jaringan yang bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja routing protocol DSDV dan OLSR terhadap rancangan model mobilitas. Untuk menguji kinerja kedua  routing protocol, maka digunakan 3 metrik pengujian yaitu Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Overhead Ratio (OR) dan End to End Delay (E2ED). Hasil simulasi menunjukkan OLSR unggul pada metrik PDR dan OR, yaitu masing-masing 88.62% dan 57.11%. Sedangkan E2ED terbaik ditunjukkan oleh DSDV dengan nilai 0.523 detik. Kinerja terbaik kedua routing protocol ditunjukkan pada skenario 125 node. Hal ini menunjukkan kedua routing protocol belum mampu mengatasi kondisi lalu lintas perkotaan yang sangat padat.

scholarly journals Dynamic Route Discovery Using Modified Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm in Wireless Ad-Hoc Visible Light Communication Network

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1176
Author(s):  
Sharmila Vadivel ◽  
Srinivas Konda ◽  
Kavitha Rani Balmuri ◽  
Andrzej Stateczny ◽  
B. D. Parameshachari
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm ◽  
End To End ◽  
Grasshopper Optimization

In recent times, visible light communication is an emerging technology that supports high speed data communication for wireless communication systems. However, the performance of the visible light communication system is impaired by inter symbol interference, the time dispersive nature of the channel, and nonlinear features of the light emitting diode that significantly reduces the bit error rate performance. To address these problems, many environments offer a rich infrastructure of light sources for end-to-end communication. In this research paper, an effective routing protocol named the modified grasshopper optimization algorithm is proposed to reduce communication interruptions, and to provide alternative routes in the network without the need of previous topology knowledge. In this research paper, the proposed routing protocol is implemented and analyzed using the MATLAB environment. The experimental result showed that the proposed routing protocol adapts to dynamic changes in the communication networks, like obstacles and shadows. Hence, the proposed protocol achieved better performance in data transmission in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead. In addition, the performance is analyzed by varying the number of nodes like 50, 100, 250, and 500. From the experimental analysis, the proposed routing protocol achieved maximum of 16.69% and minimum of 2.20% improvement in packet delivery ratio, and minimized 0.80 milliseconds of end-to-end delay compared to the existing optimization algorithms.

scholarly journals Packet Drop Attack Detection and Prevention Using Rank Base Data Routing in MANET

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajan Patel ◽  
Sumaiya Vhora ◽  
Nimisha Patel
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Routing ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Drop Attack ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Reactive Routing ◽  
Base Data ◽  
Packet Drop

Packet drop (grayhole/blackhole) attack is occurs at a network layer to discard the packets in MANET. It is essential to detent and prevent this attack for improving performance of network. This article provides the packet drop attack detection and prevention using RBDR (Rank Based Data Routing) for AOMDV routing protocol. The fields of RBDR are generated with routing information and analysis behavior of network for detecting the malicious paths. The scheme is to identify the malicious paths for preventing the packet drop attack and also able to find the trusted multiple disjoint loop free routes for data delivery in MANET. The simulation is conducted in NS2 using AOMDV reactive routing protocol and analyze with packet loss delivery, average end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio. The proposed technique can reduce the effect of packet drop attack.

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