scholarly journals An assessment of canine ectoparasiticide administration compliance in the United States based on timing of ectoparasiticide purchases recorded in veterinary hospital transactions.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Philip Lavan ◽  
Dorothy Normile ◽  
Imran Husain ◽  
Amita Singh ◽  
Robert Armstrong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dose Administration ◽  
Protection Time ◽  
Administration Interval ◽  
Extended Duration ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
Duration Of Protection ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

Abstract Background: This study evaluated the timing of dog owner ectoparasiticide purchases to estimate administration compliance and assess the consequent impact of dose purchase gaps on the proportion of time that dogs are protected over a 12-month period. Methods: Ectoparasiticide purchase transactions over a 12-month period were evaluated for dogs from 626 U.S. veterinary hospitals to determine dose purchase timing and identify consequent gaps between dose administration. Orally administered prescription ectoparasitic medications with active ingredients from the isoxazoline family (afoxolaner, fluralaner, lotilaner, or sarolaner) are included in the analysis. A period was calculated for each of the four isoxazoline-containing medications that represented the duration of protection provided by two doses of ectoparasiticide plus the average gap between these two doses. The maximum percentage of time possible for ectoparasiticide protection for this aggregate period was then calculated for each active. Results: Ectoparasiticide transaction records were analyzed for 506,637 dogs. Of these, 43% of dog owners purchased just one dose over the 12 months. If a dog owner purchased more than one dose, then the timing of these transactions could create a time gap between the completion of ectoparasite protection from the first dose and onset of protection from the subsequent purchase and administration of the second dose. Such gaps were observed in purchases made by 31-65% of dog owners depending on the selected active ingredient and number of doses. The average gap duration between dose purchases was calculated for all possible dose combinations over 12 months of ectoparasite protection. Time gaps between the first and second doses are as follows: for sarolaner (20.3 weeks), afoxolaner (12.9 weeks), fluralaner (12.8 weeks), and lotilaner (8.9 weeks). The proportion of time when protection was provided during the aggregate period between administration of the first and second doses was fluralaner 65%, lotilaner 49%, afoxolaner 40,% and sarolaner 30%. Conclusions: Dog owner ectoparasiticide purchase transactions show that there are time gaps between doses leading to reduced ectoparasite protection. The longer re-administration interval of fluralaner, which results from its extended duration, results in dog owners gaining the greatest proportion of ectoparasite protection time compared with shorter-acting monthly re-treatment medications.

scholarly journals Flea and tick treatment satisfaction, preference, and adherence of dog owners in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia who treated their dog with fluralaner

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Lavan ◽  
Rob Armstrong ◽  
Karen Lipworth ◽  
Dorothy Normile ◽  
Hannah Newbury
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Treatment Recommendation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Similar Survey ◽  
Extended Duration ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Survey Responses

Background: An extended duration flea and tick medication of the isoxazoline class (fluralaner) was introduced in 2014 in the United States and other countries. A survey was developed in 2016 to gauge dog owner adherence with veterinary recommendations around the administration of preventive flea and tick medications. Current fluralanerusing dog owners were also asked to compare their experience with opinions on monthly flea and tick products. Aim: To survey dog owners who were current users of fluralaner on their opinions, experiences, and attitudes around the administration of flea and tick medications to their dogs in light of current veterinarian recommendations. Methods: Dog owners in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Australia that gave fluralaner oral chews to their dogs were asked to compare their experience using fluralaner (12-week dosing) and monthly flea and tick medications. The survey responses of dog owners in the UK and Australia were compared against responses to a similar survey conducted in the US in 2017. Surveys were completed by dog owners who were in the clinic for any reason other than a sickness visit. Additionally, veterinarians that prescribed fluralaner from all three countries provided their annual flea and tick treatment recommendation for dogs. Results: A sample of veterinarians from the US, UK, and Australia that prescribe fluralaner recommend that dog owners obtain approximately 12 months of flea protection per year and 9–12 months of tick protection per year. A variable proportion of owners (22%–90%) reported that their dog participates in outdoor and social activities associated with an increased flea and tick exposure risk. A similarly variable proportion of owners reported prior experience of finding fleas (24%–50%) or ticks (18%–35%) on their dogs. All participating owners treated their dogs currently withfluralaner and most (68%–77%) had previously treated their dog with monthly flea and tick products. The convenience of 12-week dosing and less frequent dosing were the most frequently identified product qualities associated with their choice of an extended effect flea and tick treatment.Conclusion: Most veterinarians surveyed in this survey recommended year-round use of a flea and tick medication for dogs in the US, UK, and Australia. Dog owners recalled the veterinary recommendation for flea and tick prevention as 8–10 months per year. Most dog owners from the clinics in the US, UK, and Australia had used shorter-acting (monthly) flea/tick medications previously. The majority of those who currently gave fluralaner doses to their dogs were “satisfied” or “very satisfied” with the extended duration flea and tick product. Preference for a 12-week  duration medication over monthly re-treatment was also high (82%–92%) in all three countries and was associated with convenience. Keywords: Dogs, Ectoparasites, Fluralaner, Preference, Satisfaction.

scholarly journals A Change in Vaccine Efficacy and Duration of Protection Explains Recent Rises in Pertussis Incidence in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e1004138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Gambhir ◽  
Thomas A. Clark ◽  
Simon Cauchemez ◽  
Sara Y. Tartof ◽  
David L. Swerdlow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Duration Of Protection

scholarly journals The 112-Year Odyssey of Pertussis and Pertussis Vaccines—Mistakes Made and Implications for the Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D Cherry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Western World ◽  
Protective Antigens ◽  
Acellular Vaccines ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Duration Of Protection

AbstractEffective diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, whole-cell pertussis (DTwP) vaccines became available in the 1930s, and they were put into routine use in the United States in the 1940s. Their use reduced the average rate of reported pertussis cases from 157 in 100 000 in the prevaccine era to <1 in 100 000 in the 1970s. Because of alleged reactions (encephalopathy and death), several countries discontinued (Sweden) or markedly decreased (United Kingdom, Germany, Japan) use of the vaccine. During the 20th century, Bordetella pertussis was studied extensively in animal model systems, and many “toxins” and protective antigens were described. A leader in B pertussis research was Margaret Pittman of the National Institutes of Health/US Food and Drug Administration. She published 2 articles suggesting that pertussis was a pertussis toxin (PT)-mediated disease. Dr Pittman’s views led to the idea that less-reactogenic acellular vaccines could be produced. The first diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTaP) vaccines were developed in Japan and put into routine use there. Afterward, DTaP vaccines were developed in the Western world, and definitive efficacy trials were carried out in the 1990s. These vaccines were all less reactogenic than DTwP vaccines, and despite the fact that their efficacy was less than that of DTwP vaccines, they were approved in the United States and many other countries. DTaP vaccines replaced DTwP vaccines in the United States in 1997. In the last 13 years, major pertussis epidemics have occurred in the United States, and numerous studies have shown the deficiencies of DTaP vaccines, including the small number of antigens that the vaccines contain and the type of cellular immune response that they elicit. The type of cellular response a predominantly, T2 response results in less efficacy and shorter duration of protection. Because of the small number of antigens (3–5 in DTaP vaccines vs >3000 in DTwP vaccines), linked-epitope suppression occurs. Because of linked-epitope suppression, all children who were primed by DTaP vaccines will be more susceptible to pertussis throughout their lifetimes, and there is no easy way to decrease this increased lifetime susceptibility.

scholarly journals Analysis of gaps in feline ectoparasiticide purchases from veterinary clinics in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Lavan ◽  
Dorothy Normile ◽  
Imran Husain ◽  
Amita Singh ◽  
Kathleen Heaney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Average Length ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Dose Period ◽  
Duration Of Protection ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The study objective was to examine cat owner ectoparasiticide purchases in the United States and estimate the impact of purchase gaps on timely ectoparasite protection administration. These purchase gaps lead to periods of time when cats are unprotected from ectoparasites. Methods Ectoparasiticide purchase transactions for individual cats from 671 U.S. veterinary clinics from January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2019 were evaluated to determine time “gaps” between doses of ectoparasiticides purchased in a defined 12-month period. Ectoparasiticides examined were topically applied products that contained fluralaner, fipronil/(S)-methoprene/pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid/pyriproxyfen or selamectin as active ingredients. The duration of protection following administration of one dose was 8–12 weeks for the fluralaner-containing product and one month for the other products. Results Ectoparasiticide purchase records were obtained from 114,853 cat owners and analysis found that most owners bought ≤ 6 months of protection during the year, with 61–75% (depending on the product) purchasing just 1–3 months of protection. The size of the average purchase gap was determined for all dose combinations out to 12 months of protection (5–7 doses for fluralaner and 12 doses for the other three products dosed monthly. The largest gaps occurred between the first and second doses and the second and third doses. Average purchase gaps for the four different products between doses 1 and 2 ranged from 11.2 to 13.9 weeks and between doses 2 and 3 ranged from 7.7 to 12.2 weeks. The fraction of purchases separated by gaps and the average length of the gap tended to decrease with increasing number of doses purchased. Owners purchasing the 8 to 12-week duration product containing fluralaner provided ectoparasite protection (“doses plus gap period”) for a larger proportion of each 2-dose period compared with owners purchasing products administered monthly. Conclusions When cat owners purchase flea and tick medication, gaps between subsequent purchases reduces the proportion of time ectoparasite protection can be provided. The duration of the gap between doses has an impact on the effectiveness of flea/tick medication because it inserts a period without flea and tick protection between doses of flea and tick medication. The gaps between purchases were shorter and the period of ectoparasite protection was larger for owners purchasing a 12-week product than for owners purchasing a monthly product.

scholarly journals Willingness to Pay for a Hypothetical COVID-19 Vaccine in the United States: A Contingent Valuation Approach

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 318
Author(s):  
Serkan Catma ◽  
Serkan Varol
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Efficacy Rate ◽  
Direct Benefit ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Duration Of Protection

Our objective was to estimate the individual willingness to pay (WTP) for a COVID-19 vaccine and evaluate its predictors in the United States. A double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation with open-ended question technique was implemented based on the responses to a national survey administered during the first week of November 2020. The final sample size was 1285. The results showed that individual WTP values increased with income, whether a household member had any pre-existing condition, and perceived threat of the virus. The vaccine efficacy rate and duration of protection were found to be important factors for the respondents. The mean WTP for a vaccine with a 95 percent efficacy rate and 3-year protection (US$318.76) was approximately 35 percent greater than the vaccine with a 50 percent efficacy rate and 1-year protection (US$236.85). The initial aggregate direct benefit of the current vaccination program was estimated to be between 20 and 35.6 billion US dollars depending on the vaccine protection duration.

scholarly journals Analysis of Gaps in Feline Ectoparasiticide Purchases from Veterinary Clinics in the United States.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Philip Lavan ◽  
Dorothy Normile ◽  
Imran Husain ◽  
Amita Singh ◽  
Kathleen Heaney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Average Length ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Dose Period ◽  
Duration Of Protection ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background:The study objective was to examine cat owner ectoparasiticide purchases in the United States and estimate the impact of purchase gaps on timely ectoparasite protection administration. These purchase gaps lead to periods of time when cats are unprotected from ectoparasites. Methods:Ectoparasiticide purchase transactions for individual cats from 671 U.S. veterinary clinics from January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2019 were evaluated to determine time “gaps” between doses of ectoparasiticides purchased in a defined 12-month period. Ectoparasiticides examined were topically applied products that contained fluralaner, fipronil/(S)-methoprene/pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid/pyriproxyfen or selamectin as active ingredients. The duration of protection following administration of one dose was 12 weeks for the fluralaner-containing product and one month for the other products.Results:Ectoparasiticide purchase records were obtained from 114,853 cat owners and analysis found that most owners bought < 6 months of protection during the year, with 61-75% (depending on the product) purchasing just 1-3 months of protection. The size of the average purchase gap was determined for all dose combinations out to 12 months of protection (5 doses for fluralaner and 12 doses for the other three monthly products. The largest gaps occurred between the first and second doses and the second and third doses. Average purchase gaps for the four different products between doses 1 and 2 ranged from 11.2 - 13.9 weeks and between doses 2 and 3 ranged from 7.7- 12.2 weeks. The fraction of purchases separated by gaps and the average length of the gap tended to decrease with increasing number of doses purchased. Owners purchasing the 12-week duration product containing fluralaner provided ectoparasite protection (“doses plus gap period”) for a larger proportion of each 2-dose period compared with owners purchasing products administered monthly. Conclusions: When cat owners purchase flea and tick medication, gaps between subsequent purchases reduces the proportion of time ectoparasite protection can be provided. The duration of the gap between dose has an impact on the effectiveness of flea/tick medication because it inserts a period without flea and tick protection between doses of flea and tick medication. The gaps between purchases were shorter and the period of ectoparasite protection was larger for owners purchasing a 12-week product than for owners purchasing a monthly product.

scholarly journals Phase 1 pharmacokinetics and safety study of extended duration dapivirine vaginal rings in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Y Liu ◽  
Clara Dominguez Islas ◽  
Holly Gundacker ◽  
Blazej Neradilek ◽  
Craig Hoesley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
The United States ◽  
Safety Study ◽  
Vaginal Rings ◽  
Extended Duration

scholarly journals The Initial Months of COVID-19: Dog Owners' Veterinary-Related Concerns

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori R. Kogan ◽  
Phyllis Erdman ◽  
Cori Bussolari ◽  
Jennifer Currin-McCulloch ◽  
Wendy Packman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Future ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Standard Practices

Veterinarians, like many other professions, were significantly impacted by the onset of COVID-19 in the spring of 2020. Standard practices were disrupted, and veterinary hospitals had to quickly modify standard protocols to safely serve their clients and patients. The purpose of this study was to better understand dog owners' fears and concerns pertaining to veterinary care and obtainment of pet care products and food during the lock down phase of a pandemic to be better prepared to address these concerns now and in the future. To this end, an online, anonymous, cross-sectional survey was designed and distributed to adult dog owners via social media. The results, from a total of 4,105 participants (the majority from the United States and Canada), indicated substantial areas of concern. The number one concern of dog owners during this time was the availability of emergency veterinary care. Owners under 30 years of age, compared to older owners, were significantly more concerned about both availability and cost of veterinary care (emergency and non-emergency). The ability to care for one's dog if they were to become ill was a concern for many owners, yet only 60% had identified a caretaker for their dog if one was needed. These results suggest that the majority of dog owners remained true steadfast guardians of their dogs, continuing to make them a priority, even during pandemic times. Suggestions to help mitigate dog owners' concerns and improve communication between owners and veterinarian teams are offered.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document