scholarly journals Spatial control of potato tuberisation by the TCP transcription factor BRANCHED1b

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Nicolas ◽  
Rafael Torres-Perez ◽  
Vanessa Wahl ◽  
María Luisa Rodríguez-Buey ◽  
Eduard Cruz-Oró ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Ectopic Production ◽  
Natural Carbon

Abstract The control of carbon allocation, storage and usage is critical for plant growth and development and is exploited for both crop food production and CO2 capture. Potato tubers are natural carbon reserves in the form of starch that have evolved to allow propagation and survival over winter. They form from stolons, below ground, where they are protected from cold temperatures and animal foraging. We show that BRANCHED1b (BRC1b) acts as a tuberisation repressor in aerial axillary buds, which prevents buds from competing in sink strength with stolons. BRC1b loss of function leads to ectopic production of aerial tubers and reduced underground tuberisation. In buds, BRC1b promotes dormancy, ABA signalling and downregulation of plasmodesmata gene expression. This limits sucrose unloading and access of the tuberigen factor SP6A to axillary buds. Moreover, BRC1b directly interacts with SP6A and blocks its tuber-forming activity in aerial nodes. Altogether these actions help promote tuberisation underground.

Growth, carbon allocation and proteolytic activity in the seagrass Zostera noltii shaded by Ulva canopies

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando G. Brun ◽  
Ignacio Hernández ◽  
Juan J. Vergara ◽  
J. Lucas Pérez-Lloréns
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Light Limitation ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Zostera Noltii ◽  
Light Deprivation ◽  
Sucrose Transport ◽  
Light Reduction ◽  
Starch Breakdown ◽  
Proteolytic Activities ◽  
Below Ground

The effects of light reduction [100%, 25%, 10% and 1% mean daily-integrated photon irradiance (I0)] by Ulva rigida C. Agardh canopies on carbon balance, sugar-related enzymes and proteolytic activities of the seagrass Zostera noltii Hornem. were investigated. Shaded plants showed negative net growth and starch was mobilized in both above- and below-ground tissues. Sucrose declined in below-ground parts under severe light deprivation (10% and 1% I0), but was accumulated in above-ground parts. Mobilization of the non-structural carbohydrates (sucrose and starch) was explained by changes in activities of sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.2.24). Under severe light reduction, the capacity of above-ground tissues for sucrose formation and export declined, indicated by the lowest SPS activity. In contrast, severe light reduction increased the 'sink strength' of below-ground tissues, demonstrated by the highest SuSy activities, and diminished the capacity for sucrose resynthesis from starch breakdown, as the lowest SPS activity was observed under low light. These results suggest a cessation of sucrose transport throughout the plant under extreme light limitation, the carbon supply being dependent on the starch breakdown in each tissue. The response of Z. noltii to gradual light reduction was co-ordinated at the whole-plant level, since an enhancement of proteolytic activities induced by carbon starvation in both above- and below-ground tissues was also recorded during prolonged light deprivation. Therefore, carbon mobilization was accompanied by enhanced protein turnover and changes in metabolic pathways.

Sink strength of citrus rootstocks under water deficit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone F da Silva ◽  
Marcela T Miranda ◽  
Vladimir E Costa ◽  
Eduardo C Machado ◽  
Rafael V Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Carbon Supply ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Orange Trees

Abstract Carbon allocation between source and sink organs determines plant growth and is influenced by environmental conditions. Under water deficit, plant growth is inhibited before photosynthesis and shoot growth tends to be more sensitive than root growth. However, the modulation of source-sink relationship by rootstocks remain unsolved in citrus trees under water deficit. Citrus plants grafted on Rangpur lime are drought tolerant, which may be related to a fine coordination of the source-sink relationship for maintaining root growth. Here, we followed 13C allocation and evaluated physiological responses and growth of Valencia orange trees grafted on three citrus rootstocks (Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo and Sunki mandarin) under water deficit. As compared to plants on Swingle and Sunki rootstocks, ones grafted on Rangpur lime showed higher stomatal sensitivity to the initial variation of water availability and less accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in roots under water deficit. High 13C allocation found in Rangpur lime roots indicates this rootstock has high sink demand associated with high root growth under water deficit. Our data suggest that Rangpur lime rootstock used photoassimilates as sources of energy and carbon skeletons for growing under drought, which is likely related to increases in root respiration. Taken together, our data revealed that carbon supply by leaves and delivery to roots are critical for maintaining root growth and improving drought tolerance, with citrus rootstocks showing differential sink strength under water deficit.

Carbon allocation in Euphorbia esula and neighbours after defoliation

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1641-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bret E Olson ◽  
Roseann T Wallander
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Grazing Tolerance ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Festuca Idahoensis

Weeds increase their dominance in a grazed plant community by avoiding herbivory and (or) by tolerating herbivory more than neighbouring plants. After defoliation, allocating carbon to shoots at the expense of roots may confer tolerance. We determined carbon allocation patterns of undefoliated and recently defoliated (75% clipping level) plants of the invasive leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) growing with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), or Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer). Plants were labeled with 13CO2 24 h after clipping to determine allocation patterns; all plants had equal access to the 13CO2. Based on relative distribution of 13C, defoliation did not affect the amount of carbon allocated to roots of E. esula. The amount of carbon allocated to shoots of E. esula was higher when growing with P. pratensis than when growing with the other species. Based on relative enrichment of 13C, defoliation increased sink strength of remaining shoots on defoliated E. esula plants. Conversely, roots of unclipped E. esula plants were stronger sinks for carbon than roots of clipped plants. Even though defoliation increased "sink strength" of remaining shoots of E. esula, the amount of carbon allocated to the root system was unaffected by defoliation, suggesting that uninterrupted allocation of carbon to its extensive root system, not increased allocation to its shoot system, confers grazing tolerance.

scholarly journals Common metabolic networks contribute to carbon sink strength of sorghum internodes: implications for bioenergy improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Li ◽  
Min Tu ◽  
Yaping Feng ◽  
Wenqin Wang ◽  
Joachim Messing
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Metabolic Networks ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
The Common

Abstract Background Sorghum bicolor (L.) is an important bioenergy source. The stems of sweet sorghum function as carbon sinks and accumulate large amounts of sugars and lignocellulosic biomass and considerable amounts of starch, therefore providing a model of carbon allocation and accumulation for other bioenergy crops. While omics data sets for sugar accumulation have been reported in different genotypes, the common features of primary metabolism in sweet genotypes remain unclear. To obtain a cohesive and comparative picture of carbohydrate metabolism between sorghum genotypes, we compared the phenotypes and transcriptome dynamics of sugar-accumulating internodes among three different sweet genotypes (Della, Rio, and SIL-05) and two non-sweet genotypes (BTx406 and R9188). Results Field experiments showed that Della and Rio had similar dynamics and internode patterns of sugar concentration, albeit distinct other phenotypes. Interestingly, cellulose synthases for primary cell wall and key genes in starch synthesis and degradation were coordinately upregulated in sweet genotypes. Sweet sorghums maintained active monolignol biosynthesis compared to the non-sweet genotypes. Comparative RNA-seq results support the role of candidate Tonoplast Sugar Transporter gene (TST), but not the Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter genes (SWEETs) in the different sugar accumulations between sweet and non-sweet genotypes. Conclusions Comparisons of the expression dynamics of carbon metabolic genes across the RNA-seq data sets identify several candidate genes with contrasting expression patterns between sweet and non-sweet sorghum lines, including genes required for cellulose and monolignol synthesis (CesA, PTAL, and CCR), starch metabolism (AGPase, SS, SBE, and G6P-translocator SbGPT2), and sucrose metabolism and transport (TPP and TST2). The common transcriptome features of primary metabolism identified here suggest the metabolic networks contributing to carbon sink strength in sorghum internodes, prioritize the candidate genes for manipulating carbon allocation with bioenergy purposes, and provide a comparative and cohesive picture of the complexity of carbon sink strength in sorghum stem.

Below-ground carbon allocation in mature beech and spruce trees following long-term, experimentally enhanced O3 exposure in Southern Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 158 (8) ◽  
pp. 2604-2609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian P. Andersen ◽  
Wilma Ritter ◽  
Jillian Gregg ◽  
Rainer Matyssek ◽  
Thorsten E.E. Grams
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
Below Ground

scholarly journals Antioxidants in Potatoes: A Functional View on One of the Major Food Crops Worldwide

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2446
Author(s):  
Hanjo Hellmann ◽  
Aymeric Goyer ◽  
Duroy A. Navarre
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
World Population ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Sustainable Food Production ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Future Potential

With a growing world population, accelerating climate changes, and limited arable land, it is critical to focus on plant-based resources for sustainable food production. In addition, plants are a cornucopia for secondary metabolites, of which many have robust antioxidative capacities and are beneficial for human health. Potato is one of the major food crops worldwide, and is recognized by the United Nations as an excellent food source for an increasing world population. Potato tubers are rich in a plethora of antioxidants with an array of health-promoting effects. This review article provides a detailed overview about the biosynthesis, chemical and health-promoting properties of the most abundant antioxidants in potato tubers, including several vitamins, carotenoids and phenylpropanoids. The dietary contribution of diverse commercial and primitive cultivars are detailed and document that potato contributes much more than just complex carbohydrates to the diet. Finally, the review provides insights into the current and future potential of potato-based systems as tools and resources for healthy and sustainable food production.

Temporal and spatial patterns of carbon allocation in the canopy of white oak

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (13) ◽  
pp. 1407-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. McLaughlin ◽  
R. K. McConathy
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Gross Photosynthesis ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Photosynthetic Production ◽  
Photosynthate Allocation

The fate of photoassimilated 14C was followed by measuring 14C incorporation into leaf and branch tissues (≤ 5 years old) of two forest-grown white oak trees. Fate of 14C-labelled photosynthate was examined 7 days after 14CO2 uptake on live dates (April–October) during the growing season. Both upper and lower canopy positions were sampled. Incorporation of 14C into foliage was significant throughout the growing season. It ranged from 95% of the total 14C retained in April to 50% in October. Incorporation of 14C-labelled photosynthate into the canopy was highest in June and averaged 33% of gross photosynthetic production over the entire growing season. Higher retention of photosynthate in branches versus leaves was noted in the upper canopy than in the lower canopy during the middle and late growing season. Activity levels in tissues indicated that within-canopy sink strength was in the order acorns ≈ buds > leaves > branches. Translocation of initial 14C-labelled photosynthate from both leaves and branches was calculated based on 14C retention and estimated respiratory losses of leaf and branch tissues. These calculations indicate that leaves were still importing significant amounts of photosynthate in April when expansion was two-thirds complete. Translocation of 14C from the canopy during the remaining growing season amounted to 25–45% of gross photosynthesis. Our data indicate that seasonal demands of growth and maintenance of the forest canopy constitute a substantial sink for photosynthate allocation by white oak.

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