scholarly journals Evaluation of Different Blood Feeding Frequencies on Glossina Palpalis Gambiensis Performance in A Mass Rearing Insectary

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karifa Camara ◽  
Kadidiata Ilboudo ◽  
Ernest Wendemanegde Salou ◽  
Geoffrey Gimonneau
Keyword(s):  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Flight Ability ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Colony Performance ◽  
Blood Meals

Abstract Background: In tsetse flies mass rearing insectaries, the sustainable supply of high-quality blood meals is the main challenge, especially in Africa. Because collection of high-quality and quantity of blood may be an important constraint to production, blood feeding frequency can be a lever to lessen this impact. Therefore, this study evaluates three blood feeding frequencies on G. p. gambiensis colony performance.Methods: Three blood feeding treatments, i.e. three, four and six times per week, were evaluated on female’s survival, productivity, and progeny emergence rate and flight ability. Results: Females survival was significantly higher for flies feed four times per week (87%) than three (72%) and six times (78%, p<0.05). Productivity was similar between flies feed four and six times per week (457 and 454 larvae) but significantly reduced when fed three times (280 larvae produced; p<0.05). Similarly, emergence rate and flight ability rate were both similar between flies feed four (97 and 94%) and six times (96 and 97%) per week but significantly reduced when fed three times (89 and 84% respectively; p<0.05).Conclusions: Blood feeding frequency could be reduced to four times per week without affecting the mass rearing production and progeny quality. We discuss the implications of these results on tsetse mass rearing production.

scholarly journals Evaluation of different blood feeding frequencies on Glossina palpalis gambiensis performance in a mass-rearing insectary

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karifa Camara ◽  
Kadidiata Ilboudo ◽  
Ernest Wendemanegde Salou ◽  
Geoffrey Gimonneau
Keyword(s):  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Flight Ability ◽  
Glossina Palpalis Gambiensis ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

Abstract Background: In tsetse fly mass-rearing insectaries, the sustainable supply of high quality blood meals is the main challenge, especially in Africa. Because the collection of high quality blood in large quantities may be an important constraint to production, blood feeding frequency can be a lever to lessen its impact. Therefore, this study evaluates three blood feeding frequencies on Glossina palpalis gambiensis colony performance.Methods: Three effects of blood feeding treatments - three, four and six times per week - were evaluated on female survival and productivity over a 30-day period. Progeny emergence rate and flight ability were also evaluated.Results: Female survival was significantly higher for flies fed four times per week (87%) than three (72%) and six times (78%; p<0.05). Productivity was similar between flies fed four and six times per week (457 and 454 larvae) but significantly reduced when fed three times (280 larvae produced; p<0.05). Similarly, emergence rate and flight ability rate were both similar between flies fed four times (97% and 94%) and six times (96% and 97%) per week but significantly reduced when fed three times per week (89% and 84%, respectively; p<0.05).Conclusions: Blood feeding frequency could be reduced to four times per week without affecting mass-rearing production and progeny quality. We discuss the implications of these results on tsetse mass-rearing production.

scholarly journals Evaluation of different blood-feeding frequencies on Glossina palpalis gambiensis performance in a mass-rearing insectary

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karifa Camara ◽  
Kadidiata Ilboudo ◽  
Ernest Wendemanegde Salou ◽  
Geoffrey Gimonneau
Keyword(s):  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Flight Ability ◽  
Glossina Palpalis Gambiensis ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

Abstract Background The main challenge to the successful mass-rearing of the tsetse fly in insectaries, especially in Africa, is a sustainable supply of high-quality blood meals. As such, the collection of high-quality blood in large quantities can be an important constraint to production. One possible strategy to lessen the impact of this constraint is to modify the blood-feeding frequency. In the study reported here, we evaluated the effect of three blood-feeding frequencies on the colony performance of Glossina palpalis gambiensis, a riverine tsetse fly species. Methods The effect of three, four and six blood-feedings per week on female survival and productivity were evaluated over a 30-day period. Progeny emergence rate and flight ability were also evaluated. Results Female survival was significantly higher in flies fed four times per week (87%) than in those fed three (72%) and six times per week (78%; P < 0.05). Productivity was similar between flies fed four and six times per week (457 and 454 larvae) but significantly reduced in flies fed three times per week (280 larvae produced; P < 0.05). Both emergence rate and flight ability rate were also similar between flies fed four times per week (97 and 94%, respectively) and six times per week (96 and 97%, respectively), but they were significantly reduced when flies were fed three times per week (89 and 84%, respectively; P < 0.05). Conclusions Blood-feeding frequency could be reduced from six times per week to four times per week without affecting mass-rearing production and progeny quality. The implications of these results on tsetse mass-rearing production are discussed.

scholarly journals Chilling, irradiation and transport of male Glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae: effect on the emergence, flight ability and survival.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souleymane Diallo ◽  
Momar Talla Seck ◽  
Jean Baptiste Rayaissé ◽  
Assane Gueye Fall ◽  
Mireille Djimangali Bassene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Sterile Male ◽  
Flight Ability ◽  
Glossina Palpalis Gambiensis ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Chilling Period ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

Background The sterile insect technique (SIT) requires mass-rearing of the target species, irradiation to induce sexual sterility and transportation from the mass-rearing facility to the target site. Those treatments require several steps that may affect the biological quality of sterile males. This study has been carried out to evaluate the relative impact of the chilling, irradiation and transport on emergence rate, flight ability and survival of sterile male tsetse flies Glossina palpalis gambiensis. Results Chilling, irradiation and transport all affected the quality control parameters studied. The emergence rate was significantly reduced by long chilling periods and transport, i.e. from 92% at the source insectary to 78% upon arrival in Dakar. Flight ability was affected by all three parameters with 31% operational flies lossed between the source and arrival insectaries. Only survival under stress was not affected by any of the treatments. Conclusion The chilling period and transport were the main treatments which impacted significantly the quality of sterile male pupae. Therefore, the delivery of sterile males was divided over two shipments per week in order to reduce the chilling time and improve the quality of the sterile males. Quality of the male pupae may further be improved by reducing the transport time and vibration during transport. Keys words: Tsetse flies, mass-rearing conditions, sterile insect technique, quality

scholarly journals Optimizing the feeding frequency to maximize the production of sterile males in tsetse mass-rearing colonies

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245503
Author(s):  
Soumaïla Pagabeleguem ◽  
Ange Irénée Toé ◽  
Sié Hermann Pooda ◽  
Kiswendsida Mikhailou Dera ◽  
Abdou Salam Belem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Eradication Program ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Blood Meals

Tsetse flies are cyclical vectors of trypanosomes, the causative agents of sleeping sickness or Human African Trypanosomosis and nagana or African Animal Trypanosomosis in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso (IBD) was created and equipped in the frame of Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) with the main goal to provide sterile males for the different eradication programs in West Africa which is already the case with the ongoing eradication program in Senegal. The aim of this study was to identify the best feeding regime in mass-rearing colonies of Glossina palpalis gambiensis to optimize the yield of sterile males. We investigated the mortality and fecundity for various feeding regimes and day alternation (3×: Monday-Wednesday-Friday, 4×: Monday-Wednesday-Friday-Saturday, 4×: Monday-Wednesday-Thursday-Friday and 6×: all days except Sunday) on adult tsetse flies in routine rearing over 60 days after emergence. The day alternation in the 4 blood meals per week (feeding regimes 2 and 3) had no effect on tsetse fly mortality and fecundity. The best feeding regime was the regime of 4 blood meals per week which resulted in higher significant fecundity (PPIF = 2.5; P = 0.003) combined with lower mortality of females (P = 0.0003) than the 3 blood meals per week (PPIF = 2.0) and in similar fecundity (PPIF = 2.6; P = 0.70) and mortality (P = 0.51) than the 6 blood meals per week. This feeding regime was extended to the whole colonies, resulting in an improved yield of sterile males for the ongoing eradication program in Senegal and would be more cost-effective for the implementation of the next-coming sterile insect technique (SIT) programs in West Africa.

scholarly journals Prevalence of salivary gland hypertrophy syndrome in laboratory colonies and wild flies of Glossina pallidipes in Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahder M. Yimer ◽  
Dereje G. Bula ◽  
Tsegabirhan K. Tesama ◽  
Kassaw A. Tadesse ◽  
Birhanu H. Abera
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Laboratory Colonies ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽  
Feeding Protocol

Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hyperplasia (GpSGH) syndrome caused by the salivary gland hyperplasia virus reduces the reproduction potential of tsetse flies, posing a serious threat for rearing of sufficient colonies for use of tsetse and trypanosome control using the sterile insect technique. This research was conducted in the Kaliti Tsetse Mass Rearing and Irradiation Centre in Ethiopia with the objective of studying the prevalence of GpSGH syndrome in laboratory colonies of G. pallidipes (Tororo and Arbaminch) reared for release in the implementation of the sterile insect technique and a field strain of G. pallidipes Arbaminch. Presence or absence of GpSGH was determined when pathological features of the salivary gland were revealed after dissection. The overall prevalence of GpSGH syndrome in laboratory colonies was 48.3% (747/1548) with a statistically significant (z = 17.30, p = 0.001) prevalence of 70.2% (544/775) in Arbaminch colonies and 26.26% (203/773) in Tororo colonies. The prevalence of GpSGH in laboratory flies fed according to the clean blood feeding protocol was 68.9% and 22.4% in Arbaminch and Tororo strains respectively. It was 70.5% and 27.2% respectively in laboratory colonies of Arbaminch and Tororo strains fed according to the standard membrane feeding protocol. The difference in prevalence of the disease between the two feeding protocols was not statistically significant in either Arbaminch (z = 0.361, p = 0.359) or Tororo (z = 1.22, p = 0.111) strains. The prevalence of SGH in wild G. pallidipes Arbaminch strain was 3% (15/500) and was significantly (z = 23.61, p < 0.001) lower than in the laboratory strain. The effect of age and density-related stress on the development of GpSGH was not statistically significant. The prevalence of GpSGH in the newly emerging (teneral) flies in the laboratory colonies was 66.7% and 20% in the Arbaminch and Tororo strains respectively. For all considered risk factors, the prevalence was much higher in G. pallidipes Arbaminch laboratory colonies.

scholarly journals Interpreting Morphological Adaptations Associated with Viviparity in the Tsetse Fly Glossina morsitans (Westwood) by Three-Dimensional Analysis

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 651
Author(s):  
Geoffrey M Attardo ◽  
Nicole Tam ◽  
Dula Parkinson ◽  
Lindsey K Mack ◽  
Xavier J Zahnle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Tsetse flies (genus Glossina), the sole vectors of African trypanosomiasis, are distinct from most other insects, due to dramatic morphological and physiological adaptations required to support their unique biology. These adaptations are driven by demands associated with obligate hematophagy and viviparous reproduction. Obligate viviparity entails intrauterine larval development and the provision of maternal nutrients for the developing larvae. The reduced reproductive capacity/rate associated with this biology results in increased inter- and intra-sexual competition. Here, we use phase contrast microcomputed tomography (pcMicroCT) to analyze morphological adaptations associated with viviparous biology. These include (1) modifications facilitating abdominal distention required during blood feeding and pregnancy, (2) abdominal and uterine musculature adaptations for gestation and parturition of developed larvae, (3) reduced ovarian structure and capacity, (4) structural features of the male-derived spermatophore optimizing semen/sperm delivery and inhibition of insemination by competing males and (5) structural features of the milk gland facilitating nutrient incorporation and transfer into the uterus. Three-dimensional analysis of these features provides unprecedented opportunities for examination and discovery of internal morphological features not possible with traditional microscopy techniques and provides new opportunities for comparative morphological analyses over time and between species.

scholarly journals Quantification and Impact of Cold Storage and Heat Exposure on Mass Rearing Program of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera:Tephritidae) Genetic Sexing Strain

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Jia Lin ◽  
Hanano Yamada ◽  
Ningfeng Lu ◽  
Guofu Ao ◽  
Weiwei Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Genetic Sexing ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Genetic Sexing Strain ◽  
The Impact

Cold storage and heat exposure are crucial components of tephritid fruit fly mass-rearing programs, as they influence the development and fitness traits of produced flies. This work investigated the effects of cold storage on the pupal developmental parameters and quality of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) genetic sexing strain (GSS) adults. Furthermore, the impact of short-term thermal exposure on the fecundity of B. dorsalis (GSS) that also underwent pupal cold storage was examined. Our results show that pupal development time, emergence rate, partial emergence rate, flight ability and fecundity were significantly affected by low temperature and pupal age and their interaction. Pupal cold storage did not pose negative impacts on the mating competition and response to methyl eugenol (ME) in the males. In addition, compared with the adults that were subjected to the same pupal storage protocol (five-day-old pupae stored at 13 °C), adult exposure to 41 °C for 1 h showed significant reparative effects on fecundity. In summary, the cold storage procedure of B. dorsalis (GSS) pupae has the potential to improve the flexibility and efficiency of mass-rearing schedules. Furthermore, short-term thermal exposure showed reparative effects on the fecundity costs induced by pupal cold storage in B. dorsalis (GSS).

scholarly journals Assessing the blood-host plasticity and dispersal rate of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Orsborne ◽  
Luis Furuya-Kanamori ◽  
Claire L. Jeffries ◽  
Mojca Kristan ◽  
Abdul Rahim Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Host Choice ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Dispersal Rate ◽  
Blood Digestion ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Blood Meal Digestion ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractDifficulties with observing the dispersal of insect vectors in the field have hampered understanding of several aspects of their behaviour linked to disease transmission. Here, a novel method based on detection of blood-meal sources is introduced to inform two critical and understudied mosquito behaviours: plasticity in the malaria vector’s blood-host choice and vector dispersal. Strategically located collections of Anopheles coluzzii from a malaria-endemic village of southern Ghana showed statistically significant variation in host species composition of mosquito blood-meals. Trialling a new sampling approach gave the first estimates for the remarkably local spatial scale across which host choice is plastic. Using quantitative PCR, the blood-meal digestion was then quantified for field-caught mosquitoes and calibrated according to timed blood digestion in colony mosquitoes. We demonstrate how this new ‘molecular Sella score’ approach can be used to estimate the dispersal rate of blood-feeding vectors caught in the field.

scholarly journals Culinary events in the Slovenian countryside: Visitors’ motives, satisfaction, and views on sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Topole ◽  
Primož Pipan ◽  
Primož Gašperič ◽  
Matjaž Geršič ◽  
Peter Kumer
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Visitor Satisfaction ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
University Degree

This paper focuses on five culinary events on Slovenia’s Karst Plateau (Kras). It presents visitors’ motives for attending these events, their satisfaction with them, and their views on sustainability. These traditional culinary events, which take place in the same gastronomic region, differ in their scale, theme, character, and history. A survey was conducted among 244 visitors, approximately 50% of whom had a university degree. The most important motives for their visit include local cuisine; experiencing something new, different, or special; and exploring natural heritage and especially cultural heritage. Visitor satisfaction is the greatest at boutique culinary events, where the main theme is highlighted more strongly than at large-scale culinary events. The main challenge in terms of the sustainability of culinary events is public transport access to the venues. Significant progress would be made by reducing the amount of disposable packaging made from non-sustainable materials. The key to successful culinary events is high-quality services and ingredients, where the word local is key.

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