Early Gene Expression Response of Barley Root Tip to Toxic Concentrations of Cadmium

Abstract Even a short, 30 min, Cd treatment of roots induced a considerable alteration in gene expression in the barley root tips within an hour after the treatments. The very early activation of MYB1 transcription factor expression is partially regulated by auxin signaling in mildly stressed seedlings. An increase in allene oxide cyclase and NADPH oxidase expression was a distinguishing feature of root tips response to mild Cd stress and their expression is activated via IAA signaling. Meanwhile, early changes in the level of dehydrin transcripts were detected in moderately and severely stressed root tips, and their induction is related to altered ROS homeostasis in cells. The early activation of glutathione peroxidase expression by mild Cd stress indicates the involvement of IAA in the signaling process. In contrast, early APX expression was induced only with Cd treatment causing severe stress and ROS play central roles in its induction. The expression of cysteine protease was activated similarly in both mildly and severely Cd-stressed roots; consequently, both increased IAA and ROS levels take part in the regulation of C-Prot expression. The Cd-evoked accumulation of BAX Inhibitor-1 mRNA was characteristic for moderately and severely stressed roots. Whereas decreased IAA level did not affect its expression, rotenone-mediated ROS depletion markedly reduced the Cd-induced expression of BAX Inhibitor-1. An early increase of alternative oxidase levels in the root tip cells indicated that the reduction of mitochondrial superoxide generation is an important component of barley root response to severe Cd stress.

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Early gene expression response of barley root tip to toxic concentrations of cadmium

Plant Molecular Biology ◽

10.1007/s11103-021-01233-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ľubica Liptáková ◽

Loriana Demecsová ◽

Katarína Valentovičová ◽

Veronika Zelinová ◽

Ladislav Tamás

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Barley Root ◽

Early Gene ◽

Root Tip ◽

Gene Expression Response ◽

Early Gene Expression ◽

Expression Response ◽

Toxic Concentrations ◽

Barley Root Tip

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Supra-physiological levels of Gibberellins/DELLAs alter the patterning, morphology and abundance of root hairs in root tips of A. thaliana seedlings

10.1101/2021.07.15.452505 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Iva McCarthy-Suarez

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Cell Fate ◽

Epidermal Cell ◽

Root Hair ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Root Tip ◽

Spatial Patterning ◽

Root Tips ◽

Root Epidermis

In spite of the known role of gibberellins (GAs), and of their antagonistic proteins, the DELLAs, in leaf hair production, no investigations, however, have assessed their hypothetical function in the production of root hairs. To this aim, the effects of supra-physiological levels of GAs/DELLAs on the spatial patterning of gene expression of the root hair (CPC) and root non-hair (GL2, EGL3 and WER) epidermal cell fate markers, as well as on the distribution, morphology and abundance of root hairs, were studied in root tips of 5-day-old A. thaliana seedlings. Results showed that excessive levels of GAs/DELLAs impaired the spatial patterning of gene expression of the root hair/non-hair epidermal cell fate markers, as well as the arrangement, shape and frequency of root hairs, giving rise to ectopic hairs and ectopic non-hairs, two-haired cells, two-tipped hairs, branched hairs, longer and denser hairs near the root tip under excessive DELLAs, and shorter and scarcer hairs near the root tip under excessive GAs. However, when the gai-1 (GA-insensitive-1) DELLA mutant protein was specifically over-expressed at the root epidermis, no changes in the patterning or abundance of root hairs occurred. Thus, these results suggest that, in seedlings of A. thaliana, the GAs/DELLAs might have a role in regulating the patterning, morphology and abundance of root hairs by acting from the sub-epidermal tissues of the root.

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Dynamically expressed ELAV is required for learning and memory in bees

10.1101/2021.06.24.449637 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pinar Ustaoglu ◽

Jatinder Kaur Gill ◽

Nicolas Doubovetzky ◽

Irmgard Haussmann ◽

Jean-Marc Devaud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Alternative Splicing ◽

Learning And Memory ◽

Honey Bee ◽

Memory Consolidation ◽

Rna Binding ◽

Rna Binding Proteins ◽

Mrna Processing ◽

Early Gene ◽

Gene Expression Response

Changes in gene expression are a hallmark of learning and memory consolidation. Little is known about how alternative mRNA processing, particularly abundant in neuron-specific genes, contributes to these processes. Prototype RNA binding proteins of the neuronally expressed ELAV/Hu family are candidates for roles in learning and memory, but their capacity to cross-regulate and take over each others functions complicate substantiation of such links. Therefore, we focused on honey bees, which have only a single elav family gene. We find that honey bee elav contains a microexon, which is evolutionary conserved between invertebrates and humans. RNAi knockdown of elav demonstrates that ELAV is required for learning and memory in bees. Indicative of a role as immediate early gene, ELAV is dynamically expressed with altered alternative splicing and subcellular localization in mushroom bodies, but not in other brain parts. Expression and alternative splicing of elav change during memory consolidation illustrating an alternative mRNA processing program as part of a local gene expression response underlying memory formation. Although the honey bee genome encodes only a single elav gene, functional diversification is achieved by alternative splicing.

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Hydrogen sulfide negatively regulates cd-induced cell death in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) root tip cells

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-020-02687-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shilei Luo ◽

Zhongqi Tang ◽

Jihua Yu ◽

Weibiao Liao ◽

Jianming Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Caspase 3 ◽

Chromatin Condensation ◽

Negative Regulator ◽

Root Tip ◽

Cucumber Seedling ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Root Tips ◽

Cyt C

Abstract Background Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gas signal molecule involved in regulating plants tolerance to heavy metals stress. In this study, we investigated the role of H2S in cadmium-(Cd-) induced cell death of root tips of cucumber seedlings. Results The results showed that the application of 200 μM Cd caused cell death, increased the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), chromatin condensation, the release of Cytochrome c (Cyt c) from mitochondria and activated caspase-3-like protease. Pretreatment of seedlings with 100 μM sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS, a H2S donor) effectively alleviated the growth inhibition and reduced cell death of root tips caused by Cd stress. Additionally, NaHS + Cd treatment could decrease the ROS level and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. Pretreatment with NaHS also inhibited the release of Cyt c from the mitochondria, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), and the activity of caspase-3-like protease in the root tips of cucumber seedling under Cd stress. Conclusion H2S inhibited Cd-induced cell death in cucumber root tips by reducing ROS accumulation, activating the antioxidant system, inhibiting mitochondrial Cyt c release and reducing the opening of the MPTP. The results suggest that H2S is a negative regulator of Cd-induced cell death in the root tips of cucumber seedling.

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Early Transcriptomic Response to OxLDL in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21228818 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (22) ◽

pp. 8818

Author(s):

Diwa Koirala ◽

Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni ◽

Francesco Giorgianni

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Gene Expression ◽

Circadian Rhythm ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Early Gene ◽

Low Density ◽

Transcriptomic Response ◽

Gene Expression Response ◽

Gene Transcripts ◽

Expression Response

In the sub-retinal pigment epithelium (sub-RPE) space of the aging macula, deposits of oxidized phospholipids, oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and associated oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL) are considered contributors to the onset and development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We investigated the gene expression response of a human-derived RPE cell line exposed for short periods of time to non-cytotoxic levels of OxLDL or LDL. In our cell model, treatment with OxLDL, but not LDL, generated an early gene expression response which affected more than 400 genes. Gene pathway analysis unveiled gene networks involved in the regulation of various cellular functions, including acute response to oxidative stress via up-regulation of antioxidative gene transcripts controlled by nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (NRF2), and up-regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-controlled detoxifying gene transcripts. In contrast, circadian rhythm-controlling genes and genes involved in lipid metabolism were strongly down-regulated. Treatment with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) did not induce the regulation of these pathways. These findings show that RPE cells are able to selectively respond to the oxidized forms of LDL via the up-regulation of gene pathways involved in molecular mechanisms that minimize cellular oxidative damage, and the down-regulation of the expression of genes that regulate the intracellular levels of lipids and lipid derivatives. The effect on genes that control the cellular circadian rhythm suggests that OxLDL might also disrupt the circadian clock-dependent phagocytic activity of the RPE. The data reveal a complex cellular response to a highly heterogeneous oxidative stress-causing agent such as OxLDL commonly present in drusen formations.

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Impact of the auxin signaling inhibitor p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid on short-term Cd-induced hydrogen peroxide production and growth response in barley root tip

Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1016/j.jplph.2012.05.023 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 169 (14) ◽

pp. 1375-1381 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Ladislav Tamás ◽

Beáta Bočová ◽

Jana Huttová ◽

Ľubica Liptáková ◽

Igor Mistrík ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Growth Response ◽

Barley Root ◽

Root Tip ◽

Auxin Signaling ◽

Short Term ◽

Hydrogen Peroxide Production ◽

Chlorophenoxyisobutyric Acid ◽

Barley Root Tip

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Transcriptome profiling of soybean root tips

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp10230 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 451 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Farzad Haerizadeh ◽

Mohan B. Singh ◽

Prem L. Bhalla

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Expression Profile ◽

Target Genes ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Root Apical Meristem ◽

Root Tip ◽

Symbiotic Association ◽

Root Tips ◽

Soybean Root

Soybean (Glycine max L.), a major legume crop, is important to human nutrition and is a source of animal feed. Similar to many legumes, a key feature of the soybean is its symbiotic association with soil bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen. However, knowledge of the gene expression of its root system, particularly the root meristematic region, is limited. Here, we have addressed this by investigating the gene expression profile of the soybean root tip, using soybean Affymetrix chips containing 37 500 probe sets (Affymetrix Inc.) and have compared this expression profile with that of the nonmeristematic tissue. We identified a total of 5012 upregulated and 4136 downregulated genes in the soybean root tip. Among the upregulated genes, 559 showed strong preferential expression in the root tip, indicating that they are likely to be associated with root apical meristem specificity and root tip function. Genes involved in membrane transport, defence signalling and metabolism were upregulated in the soybean root tip. Further, our data provide a resource of novel target genes for further studies involving root development and biology, and will possibly have a positive impact on future crop breeding.

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Aluminium induced esterase activity and isozyme pattern in barley root tip

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/3577-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 220-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Tamás ◽

J. Huttová ◽

I. Mistrík ◽

M. Šimonovičová ◽

B. Široká

Keyword(s):

Esterase Activity ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Isozyme Pattern ◽

Barley Root ◽

Root Tip ◽

Root Growth Inhibition ◽

Esterase Isozyme ◽

Root Tips ◽

Root Cells ◽

Al Stress

Changes in the activity of esterase as well as changes in the viability of root cells and some growth parameters were analysed during cultivation of barley seedlings in the artificial substrate under Al stress conditions. Aluminium-induced elevated esterase activity correlated with Al uptake, root growth inhibition and increased Evans blue uptake in the barley root tips. Analysis of isozyme pattern of esterase revealed one anodic and one cathodic esterase isozyme induced by Al-treatment. The possible role of elevated esterase activity during Al stress is discussed.

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Microtrauma stimulates rat Achilles tendon healing via an early gene expression pattern similar to mechanical loading

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00741.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 54-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Malin Hammerman ◽

Per Aspenberg ◽

Pernilla Eliasson

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Achilles Tendon ◽

Mechanical Loading ◽

Gene Expression Pattern ◽

Tendon Healing ◽

Early Gene ◽

Striking Similarity ◽

Gene Expression Response ◽

Healing Tissue ◽

Increased Strength

Mechanical loading increases the strength of healing tendons, but also induces small localized bleedings. Therefore, it is unclear if increased strength after loading is a response to mechanotransduction or microtrauma. We have previously found only five genes to be up-regulated 15 min after a single loading episode, of them four were transcription factors. These genes are followed by hundreds of genes after 3 h, many of them involved in inflammation. We now compared healing in mechanically unloaded tendons with or without added microtrauma induced by needling of the healing tissue. Nineteen rats received Botox into the calf muscle to reduce loading, and the Achilles tendon was transected. Ten rats were randomized to needling days 2–5. Mechanical testing on day 8 showed increased strength by 45% in the needling group. Next, another 24 rats were similarly unloaded, and 16 randomized to needling on day 5 after transection. Nineteen characteristic genes, known to be regulated by loading in this model, were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Four of these genes were regulated 15 min after needling. Three of them (Egr1, c-Fos, Rgs1) were among the five regulated genes after loading in a previous study. Sixteen of the 19 genes were regulated after 3 h, in the same way as after loading. In conclusion, needling increased strength, and there was a striking similarity between the gene expression response to needling and mechanical loading. This suggests that the response to loading in early tendon healing can, at least in part, be a response to microtrauma.

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