Disaster Preparedness Should Represent an Augmentation of the Everyday Trauma System – But Are We Prepared?
Abstract IntroductionMass casualty incidents (MCI) range from natural disasters to terrorist attacks. The increased frequency, geographical spread and the heterogenicity in type of terror incidents, challenge healthcare systems all over the world. Trauma systems constitute the base upon which disaster preparedness is being build. The largest MCI in Norway took place 22 July 2011 and several lessons were learnt including the importance of having designed the everyday trauma infrastructure to be able to increase activity and adjust according to needs. Norway is sparsely populated, with a national trauma system consisting of four regional trauma centers (TCs) and 35 acute care hospitals treating trauma (non-trauma centers; NTCs) We wanted to assess how well hospitals fill the national trauma system requirements for competence, and the degree of awareness of existing MCI plans.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of the on-call trauma team in all 39 Norwegian hospitals during two time periods: July-August (HS; holiday season) and September – June (NHS; non-holiday season). A standardized questionnaire was used to evaluate the MCI preparedness.ResultsA total of 347 trauma team members participated with 173 during HS and 174 during NHS. Over 95% of the team members were aware of the hospital MCI plan, only half had read the plan during the last 6 months, whereas 63% at the TCs and 74% at NTCs were confident with their designated role in the event of an MCI. Trauma team exercises were conducted regularly and 86% had ever participated, primarily residents and nurses. Only 63% at the TCs and 53% at the NTCs had participated in an MCI exercise. The proportion of resident surgeons and anesthetists with >4 years clinical experience was significantly higher in TCs (88% and 63%) than in NTCs (27% and 17%). At NTCs 38% of the resident surgeons were on call from home after working hours. All the on-call consultant surgeons were at home after working hours, leaving interns in charge at several of the hospitals. All resident surgeons at the TCs were ATLS providers compared to 64% at the NTCs and almost 90% of the consultant surgeons had participated in advanced trauma surgical courses. ConclusionDespite increased focus on disaster preparedness at a national level after the 2011 attacks, we identified limited compliance with trauma system requirements concerning competency and training. Strict guidelines to secure immediate notification and early presence of consultants whenever a situation that might turn into an MCI occurs should be a prerequisite. The awareness and content of existing MCI plans should be continuously improved to be able to meet the challenges of future MCIs.