scholarly journals Using characterization techniques for determining the history of a 2 millennia old kettle made of bronze alloyed with iron

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Kotlar ◽  
Nives Matijaković ◽  
Vladan Desnica ◽  
Katarina Marusic
Keyword(s):  
Pure Iron ◽  
Ferrous Alloy ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Iron Aluminum ◽  
Tin Bronze ◽  
Open Fire ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aluminum Calcium

Abstract A bronze kettle dating from the 1st to 2nd Century was found in a riverbed of the Kupa river in Croatia. After excavation it spent another 50 years in a depot of a museum in atmospheric conditions prior to starting the conservation treatment and our studies. A study on the surface layers development was performed to determine the history of the object. This study is a demonstration of how such analysis can be used to reconstruct what the object went through during its life span.It was determined that the kettle is made of low-tin bronze, called mild bronze, with addition of iron, aluminum, calcium and nickel. Using iron for alloying copper is unusual since pure iron is generally not added to bronze, thus the presented case is a rare subject. Presence of cassiterite SnO2 showed that the kettle was used for preparing food on open fire prior to ending up in the river. While being in the riverbed malachite formed on the kettle. After longer exposure to the river Si-oxides and CaCO3 formed on the surface of the kettle, over malachite. It was shown that the kettle probably had a ferrous alloy handle which degraded and disappeared in time. After excavation, the kettle came again in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere and developed additional surface layers over the malachite layer.

scholarly journals Studying a 2 millennia old bronze kettle using easily accessible characterization techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Kotlar ◽  
Nives Matijaković Mlinarić ◽  
Vladan Desnica ◽  
Katarina Marušić
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Ferrous Alloy ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Tin Bronze ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractA bronze kettle dating from the 1st to 2nd century was found in a riverbed of the Kupa river in Croatia. After excavation it spent another 50 years in a depot of a museum in atmospheric conditions prior to starting the conservation treatment and our studies. A study on the surface layers development was performed to determine the whereabouts of the object through its history. This study is a demonstration of how such analysis can be used to reconstruct what the object went through during its life span. Samples taken from the kettle were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).It was determined that the kettle is made of low-tin bronze, with low amounts of iron, aluminium, calcium and nickel. While being in the riverbed malachite formed on the kettle. After longer exposure to the river Si-oxides and CaCO3 formed on the surface of the kettle, over malachite. It was shown that the kettle probably had a ferrous alloy handle which degraded and disappeared in time. After excavation, the kettle came again in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere and formed new surface layers over the malachite layer. As the museum the kettle has been kept in since excavation is set in a highly industrial area sulphur compounds have been formed on the surface.

Analysis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides helps to reveal the history of thick organic surface layers on calcareous Alpine soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 365 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Prietzel ◽  
Nicolas Dechamps ◽  
Sandra Spielvogel
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layers ◽  
Alpine Soils ◽  
History Of

An assessment of results obtained from Mössbauer spectra of lunar samples

1977 ◽  
Vol 285 (1327) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal History ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Iron Particles ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
Lunar Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Determination

Most of the minerals on the Moon’s surface contain iron as a major constituent, and this enables them to be examined by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The advantages and limitations of this technique for examining lunar samples will be briefly mentioned, before reviewing the results so far obtained on material returned by the Apollo and Luna missions. By far the greatest proportion of iron is present as Fe(II) or Fe(0), and no appreciable concentration of Fe(III) has been observed. The relative amounts of iron-containing minerals at the various lunar sites have been determined and related to the lunar geological features. The more detailed determination of the distribution of iron between the M1 and M2 sites in pyroxene minerals leads to information on the thermal history of the rocks. Likewise the presence of superparamagnetic iron particles within the surface layers of some of the soil particles provides significant evidence concerning their origin and subsequent history.

scholarly journals Thunderstorm-Associated Asthma or Shortness of Breath Epidemic: A Canadian Case Report

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Dennis Wardman ◽  
Dennis Stefani ◽  
Judy C MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Patient Interviews ◽  
Canadian Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sudden Release ◽  
High Winds

Thunderstorm-associated asthma epidemics have been documented in the literature, but no Canadian experience has been reported. On July 31, 2000, a thunderstorm-associated epidemic of asthma or shortness of breath occurred in Calgary, Alberta. The Calgary Health Region investigated the event using diagnostic data from emergency departments, an urgent care medical clinic and patient interviews, in addition to bioaerosol counts, pollutant data and weather data reflecting atmospheric conditions at that time. On July 31, 2000 and August 1, 2000, 157 people sought care for asthma symptoms. The expected number of people to seek care for such symptoms in a 48 h period in Calgary is 17. Individuals with a personal or family history of asthma, allergies or hay fever who were not taking regular medication for these conditions and who were outdoors before the storm appeared to have been preferentially affected. A stagnant air mass the day before the thunderstorm may have resulted in declining bioaerosol concentrations, and the possible accumulation of spore and pollen reservoirs within mould and plant structures. The elevated bioaerosol concentrations observed on the day of the thunderstorm may be attributed to the sudden onset of high winds during the thunderstorm, which triggered a sudden release of spores and pollens into the atmosphere, which was probably responsible for the epidemic. Several pollutant levels slightly increased on the day of the storm and possibly also played a role in symptom development. It is unclear whether an atmospheric pressure drop contributed to the release of spores and pollens.

Long-Term Radioactivity Release from Solidified High-Level Waste - Part II Parametric Study of Waste form Properties, Temperature and Time

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich K. Altenhein ◽  
Werner Lutze ◽  
Rodney C. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Study ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Salt Dome ◽  
Waste Form ◽  
Glass Block ◽  
High Level Waste ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

The computer code QTERM has been used to calculate the total released activity from a single glass block when in contact with brine in a salt dome repository as a function of: (1) waste form properties, (2) leaching mechanisms, (3) retention or precipitation of specific radionuclides in surface layers, (4) thermal history of the repository and (5) decreasing activity as a function of time.

scholarly journals A new aesthetic proposal for “Men at arms” by Donato Bramante

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-383
Author(s):  
Marie-Claire Canepa ◽  
Michela Cardinali ◽  
Marianna Ferrero ◽  
Alessandro Gatti ◽  
Cristina Quattrini
Keyword(s):  
Work Group ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Historical Photographs ◽  
Over Time

During the refurbishing of the “Lombard Art of the XV-XVI century” department at the Pinacoteca di Brera (Milan), concluded in 2018, the Conservation and Restoration Center “La Venaria Reale” had the opportunity to study and restore the famous pictorial cycle of Men at Arms by Donato Bramante (1488-89). The paper aims to present the methodological approach and the results obtained with the last conservation treatment, aimed at a new and updated aesthetic proposal for the pictorial cycle. The main objective was to re-establish the unity of the images, compromised by the numerous lacunae left visible by previous treatments, respecting at the same time the material features of the paintings and the evidence of their particular conservative history.The interdisciplinary work group* has reconstructed the complex conservative history of the detached wall paintings, thanks to the technical observation of the surfaces and the scientific characterization of the constituent materials. The results were compared with the available historical documentation, in particular with historical photographs. The project allowed us to retrace the profound changes that the concept of pictorial integration has encountered over time, from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day. The conservation treatment also originated from the need of the Pinacoteca di Brera to update the aesthetic presentation of the works, facilitating the reading of the fragmented images due to numerous lacunae. d images due to numerous lacunae.

Humidity related magnetite alteration in an experimental setup

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-85
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Erwin Appel ◽  
Helge Stanjek ◽  
James M Byrne ◽  
Christoph Berthold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Low Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Lattice Constants ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Mössbauer Analysis

SUMMARY Low-temperature oxidation (LTO) of magnetite is an alteration process which occurs under normal atmospheric conditions, causing maghemitization. The use of magnetic properties as palaeoclimate proxies requires improved understanding of how humidity and temperature affect such processes. We exposed natural magnetite, with grain size ranging from <1 to ∼30 μm, to different humidity conditions at room temperature and 70 °C for 1 yr. Changes in room temperature setups were very minor, but in all 70 °C setups alteration was detected by magnetic and mineralogical properties. Lowering of the Verwey transition temperature (Tv) turned out to be the most sensitive indicator of LTO, and also lattice constants correlate well with the shift of Tv. Thermomagnetic curves and XRD-results indicate that LTO affects the entire volume of the particles rather than only surface layers. The sample exposed to high relative humidity (rH) >90  per cent at 70 °C showed the strongest degree of LTO with an increase of the oxidation degree by ∼3 per cent according to Tv, and it was the only setup where partial alteration to hematite was indicated by Mössbauer analysis. The sample with extremely dry conditions (rH of ∼5 per cent) at 70 °C, and the sample that was exposed to cycles of high and low humidity in 2-weeks alternation at 70 °C, both revealed a smaller degree of LTO. The smallest change of the high temperature setups was observed for the sample with intermediate rH of ∼13 per cent. The results suggest a non-linear sensitivity of magnetite alteration to humidity conditions, high humidity strongly favours alteration, but alteration is strongly reduced when extreme humidity alternates with dry conditions, suggesting an importance of seasonality in natural weathering.

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