scholarly journals A new aesthetic proposal for “Men at arms” by Donato Bramante

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-383
Author(s):  
Marie-Claire Canepa ◽  
Michela Cardinali ◽  
Marianna Ferrero ◽  
Alessandro Gatti ◽  
Cristina Quattrini
Keyword(s):  
Work Group ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Historical Photographs ◽  
Over Time

During the refurbishing of the “Lombard Art of the XV-XVI century” department at the Pinacoteca di Brera (Milan), concluded in 2018, the Conservation and Restoration Center “La Venaria Reale” had the opportunity to study and restore the famous pictorial cycle of Men at Arms by Donato Bramante (1488-89). The paper aims to present the methodological approach and the results obtained with the last conservation treatment, aimed at a new and updated aesthetic proposal for the pictorial cycle. The main objective was to re-establish the unity of the images, compromised by the numerous lacunae left visible by previous treatments, respecting at the same time the material features of the paintings and the evidence of their particular conservative history.The interdisciplinary work group* has reconstructed the complex conservative history of the detached wall paintings, thanks to the technical observation of the surfaces and the scientific characterization of the constituent materials. The results were compared with the available historical documentation, in particular with historical photographs. The project allowed us to retrace the profound changes that the concept of pictorial integration has encountered over time, from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day. The conservation treatment also originated from the need of the Pinacoteca di Brera to update the aesthetic presentation of the works, facilitating the reading of the fragmented images due to numerous lacunae. d images due to numerous lacunae.

Aesthetic Cognition

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-160
Author(s):  
Margaret H. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Ethical Judgment ◽  
Matthew Arnold ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aesthetic Cognition ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Over Time

This chapter places poetic iconicity within the broader context of aesthetics. The history of aesthetics has developed several diverse meanings over time and in different disciplines. The chapter therefore redefines the aesthetic faculty as basic to both the sciences and the arts. It involves purpose, intension, function, and value that leads to empathy and ethical judgment of human behavior and activity. Earlier chapters approached poetic iconicity mainly from the perspective of the poet’s motivations and intensions. This chapter shows how poetic iconicity can establish one means by which poetry can be aesthetically read and evaluated. After introducing what appear to be misreadings of a Matthew Arnold poem that do not take into account Arnold’s aesthetic principles as evidenced in it, the chapter shows that his poem “Dover Beach” is a meditation on the aesthetic faculty in creating a poem as an icon of the felt being of reality.

Martin Luther’s Understanding of Earlier Reformers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip N. Haberkern
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
Church History ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
History Of ◽  
Institutional Church ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Church Councils ◽  
Over Time

Throughout his career as a reformer, Martin Luther often framed his critiques of the institutional Church and his original doctrinal formulations with references—both implicit and explicit—to earlier reformers. Whether turning to medieval German mystics for the terminology to describe true penitence or Bohemian heretics for proof that others had identified the papacy as the seat of Antichrist, Luther consistently embedded himself within a tradition of religious reform as he elaborated his theology and ecclesiology. Both Luther himself and many contemporary scholars have primarily understood the earlier figures whom Luther invoked as “forerunners” whose initiatives and theological insights only reached their culmination with Martin Luther’s reformation. Such a characterization of the individuals and movements that Luther invoked as precedents for his reforms, however, potentially limits our understanding of the myriad, evolving categories that Luther employed in describing his fellow reformers, and it also obscures our understanding of the specific rhetorical uses to which they were put. It is therefore time to re-examine the multiple ways in which Luther understood his relationship to earlier reformers, and especially how that relationship came to serve as a key foundation for the construction of a counter-history of the Christian church by Martin Luther and his followers. The most significant individual for Luther’s reorientation of sacred history was Jan Hus (d. 1415), the Bohemian preacher and professor who was burned at the stake by the Council of Constance. From the Leipzig Debate up until the sermons preached on Luther’s death, Hus served as the most proximate and spectacular example of the risk and reward that came from opposition to the papal Antichrist. Over time, Luther’s numerous references to Hus reflected an evolution in his perception of the Bohemian martyr; in short, Hus graduated from a predecessor and saint to a prophet of Luther’s reforms, and his death served as a pointed warning that reformers ought not trust church councils. Jan Hus was exceptional in terms of how substantially and often Luther engaged with his theology and death. Luther’s eventual conclusion that Hus embodied the broader history of God’s faithful followers on Earth was, however, ultimately emblematic of his conception of church history as founded upon the proclamation of divine truth by individuals who refused to countenance its suppression.

scholarly journals Cultural and aesthetic functions of Soviet and Russian metro

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
A. V. Kinsht ◽  
A. A. Shamets
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
The City ◽  
Economic Function ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Temporary Exhibitions

The article examines the cultural and aesthetic function in the large closed space, namely the metro, where the need for variety, including aesthetic, is most clearly manifested. The metro diversity is a necessary socio-economic function.The metro variety is realized through the use of cultural and aesthetic functions that reflect the history and culture. A dramatic expansion of diversity were first used in the design and construction of the Moscow metro.Such an experience is analyzed using the architecture of the Moscow and Novosibirsk subways. It is shown that the cultural and aesthetic functions remain unchanged despite the change in architectural styles. Over time, the development of such techniques is observed. In addition to the fundamental techniques, which underlie the architectural design of stations, temporary exhibitions appear that reflect the culture and history of the metro and the city. All this contributes to the diversity of the metro environment and maintains the favorable conditions for the society and culture. In particular, the tourist potential and information about the city are being developed. Therefore, the aesthetic diversity can be considered as an important function of the metro.

Migration and Modernities

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Geographic Boundaries ◽  
The Us ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

Migration and Modernities recovers a comparative literary history of migration by bringing together scholars from the US and Europe to explore the connections between migrant experiences and the uneven emergence of modernity. The collection initiates transnational, transcultural and interdisciplinary conversations about migration in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, demonstrating how mobility unsettles the geographic boundaries, temporal periodization, and racial categories we often use to organize literary and historical study. Migrants are by definition liminal, and many have existed historically in the spaces between nations, regions or ethnicities. In exploring these spaces, Migration and Modernities also investigates the origins of current debates about belonging, rights, and citizenship. Its chapters traverse the globe, revealing the experiences — real or imagined — of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century migrants, from dispossessed Native Americans to soldiers in South America, Turkish refugees to Scottish settlers. They explore the aesthetic and rhetorical frameworks used to represent migrant experiences during a time when imperial expansion and technological developments made the fortunes of some migrants and made exiles out of others. These frameworks continue to influence the narratives we tell ourselves about migration today and were crucial in producing a distinctively modern subjectivity in which mobility and rootlessness have become normative.

The Path of Standard Albanian Language Formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Sindorela Doli Kryeziu
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Language History ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Body ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Language Literature

Abstract In our paper we will talk about the whole process of standardization of the Albanian language, where it has gone through a long historical route, for almost a century.When talking about standard Albanian language history and according to Albanian language literature, it is often thought that the Albanian language was standardized in the Albanian Language Orthography Congress, held in Tirana in 1972, or after the publication of the Orthographic Rules (which was a project at that time) of 1967 and the decisions of the Linguistic Conference, a conference of great importance that took place in Pristina, in 1968. All of these have influenced chronologically during a very difficult historical journey, until the standardization of the Albanian language.Considering a slightly wider and more complex view than what is often presented in Albanian language literature, we will try to describe the path (history) of the standard Albanian formation under the influence of many historical, political, social and cultural factors that are known in the history of the Albanian people. These factors have contributed to the formation of a common state, which would have, over time, a common standard language.It is fair to think that "all activity in the development of writing and the Albanian language, in the field of standardization and linguistic planning, should be seen as a single unit of Albanian culture, of course with frequent manifestations of specific polycentric organization, either because of divisions within the cultural body itself, or because of the external imposition"(Rexhep Ismajli," In Language and for Language ", Dukagjini, Peja, 1998, pp. 15-18.)

What's the Message of Architecture?

2014 ◽  
pp. 126-136
Author(s):  
Аndrey G. Velikanov
Keyword(s):  
Separate Entity ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Current State ◽  
Entire Complex ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic

Considers the aspects of architecture as a language able to express the current state and to prophetically indicate the upcoming changes. The aesthetic value of a construction cannot be perceived just as a separate entity, but it can be cognized in the context and not only a visual one, in space. It is necessary to see the entire complex of the accompanying phenomena, all the flow of the unfolding metaphors and values. In the model in view the figure of the author-creator must be reconsidered as no longer conforming to today's reality. The development of the Stalinist Empire style, as well as its transformations, is considered as one of the specific phenomena in the history of well-known constructions

Subversive Mobilities

Transfers ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Thelle
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Public Action ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urban Conflict

The article approaches mobility through a cultural history of urban conflict. Using a case of “The Copenhagen Trouble,“ a series of riots in the Danish capital around 1900, a space of subversive mobilities is delineated. These turn-of-the-century riots points to a new pattern of mobile gathering, the swarm; to a new aspect of public action, the staging; and to new ways of configuring public space. These different components indicate an urban assemblage of subversion, and a new characterization of the “throwntogetherness“ of the modern public.

Idleness and Freedom in Michel de Montaigne’s “Essays”

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-202
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Spiritual Quest ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Sextus Empiricus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Relationship

The article advances a hypothesis about the composition of Michel de Montaigne’s Essays. Specialists in the intellectual history of the Renaissance have long considered the relationship among Montaigne’s thematically heterogeneous thoughts, which unfold unpredictably and often seen to contradict each other. The waywardness of those reflections over the years was a way for Montaigne to construct a self-portrait. Spontaneity of thought is the essence of the person depicted and an experimental literary technique that was unprecedented in its time and has still not been surpassed. Montaigne often writes about freedom of reflection and regards it as an extremely important topic. There have been many attempts to interpret the haphazardness of the Essays as the guiding principle in their composition. According to one such interpretation, the spontaneous digressions and readiness to take up very different philosophical notions is a form of of varietas and distinguo, which Montaigne understood in the context of Renaissance philosophy. Another interpretation argues that the Essays employ the rhetorical techniques of Renaissance legal commentary. A third opinion regards the Essays as an example of sprezzatura, a calculated negligence that calls attention to the aesthetic character of Montaigne’s writing. The author of the article argues for a different interpretation that is based on the concept of idleness to which Montaigne assigned great significance. He had a keen appreciation of the role of otium in the culture of ancient Rome and regarded leisure as an inner spiritual quest for self-knowledge. According to Montaigne, idleness permits self-directedness, and it is an ideal form in which to practice the freedom of thought that brings about consistency in writing, living and reality, in all of which Montaigne finds one general property - complete inconstancy. Socratic self-knowledge, a skepticism derived from Pyrrho of Elis and Sextus Empiricus, and a rejection of the conventions of traditional rhetoric that was similar to Seneca’s critique of it were all brought to bear on the concept of idleness and made Montaigne’s intellectual and literary experimentation in the Essays possible.

Transocean and the History of Tax Inversions

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Susan M. Albring ◽  
Randal J. Elder ◽  
Mitchell A. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Corporate Income Taxes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jobs Act ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT The first tax inversion in 1983 was followed by small waves of subsequent inversion activity, including two inversions completed by Transocean. Significant media and political attention focused on transactions made by U.S. multinational corporations that were primarily designed to reduce U.S. corporate income taxes. As a result, the U.S. government took several actions to limit inversion activity. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) significantly lowered U.S. corporate tax rates and one expected impact of TCJA is a reduction of inversion activity. Students use the Transocean inversions to understand the reasons why companies complete a tax inversion and how the U.S. tax code affects inversion activity. Students also learn about the structure of inversion transactions and how they have changed over time as the U.S. government attempted to limit them. Students also assess the tax and economic impacts of inversion transactions to evaluate tax policy.

Historical Representations and Recent Changes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Schaflechner
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Representations ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 3 introduces the tradition of ritual journeys and sacred geographies in South Asia, then hones in on a detailed history of the grueling and elaborate pilgrimage attached to the shrine of Hinglaj. Before the construction of the Makran Coastal Highway the journey to the Goddess’s remote abode in the desert of Balochistan frequently presented a lethally dangerous undertaking for her devotees, the hardships of which have been described by many sources in Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Sindhi, and Urdu. This chapter draws heavily from original sources, including travelogues and novels, which are supplanted with local oral histories in order to weave a historical tapestry that displays the rich array of practices and beliefs surrounding the pilgrimage and how they have changed over time. The comparative analysis demonstrates how certain motifs, such as austerity (Skt. tapasyā), remain important themes within the whole Hinglaj genre even in modern times while others have been lost in the contemporary era.

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