scholarly journals Does Good National Governance Boost COVID-19 Vaccination? Cross-Country Evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Aida ◽  
Masahiro Shoji
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Administrative Support ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Governance Index ◽  
Cross Country

Abstract BackgroundAs herd immunity by universal vaccination is essential to end the COVID-19 pandemic, the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) facility has been established to provide developing countries with subsidized vaccines. However, a critical issue is that the developing countries also need to effectively deploy vaccines to citizens. Although this argument suggests positive effects of good national governance on vaccination coverage, to the best of our knowledge, there is no such evidence. The goal of this study was to examine the association between the national governance index and vaccination coverage, particularly among developing countries.MethodsUsing cross-country data, an ordinary least squares regression was conducted to examine the association between the national governance index and two outcome variables on vaccination—the number of days until the administration of the first dose in the country since December 2019 and the number of doses per 100 citizens as of the end of July 2021. The results were compared between the model including all countries and the model including only non-OECD countries. We also examined the influence of governance on the selection of vaccine manufacturers.ResultsA one standard deviation increase in the national governance index was associated with 9.1 days (95%CI: -15.76, -2.43) earlier administration of vaccines in the country, and a 12.1 dose increase (95%CI: 4.76, 19.34) per 100 citizens. Results also showed that these associations were larger in the non-OECD sample and indicated the role of governance in the type of vaccine that is predominantly administered in the country.ConclusionThe provision of subsidized vaccines alone is not sufficient to control the spread of infection in developing countries; logistical and administrative support should also be offered, especially in countries with low governance indices.Trial registrationNot applicable.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Value-Added Agricultural Exports to Middle-Income Developing Countries: The Case of Wheat and Beef Products

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Hee Lee ◽  
David Henneberry ◽  
David Pyles
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Import Share

AbstractThis study determined probable future directions in U.S. value-added agricultural exports to middle-income developing countries (MIDCs) under the assumption of continued income growth. Import share equations for U.S. bulk, semi-processed and value-added wheat or beef products, as a percent of total U.S. wheat or beef product exports to each MIDC, were econometrically estimated using the ordinary least squares (OLS) technique. The empirical results indicate that in most MIDCs, increases in real per capita income have negative effects on the import share of processed wheat products while having positive effects on the import share of bulk wheat. However, import shares of U.S. processed beef products are likely to increase with income growth in most MIDCs.

The good life: Exploring the effects job stress, job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on the life satisfaction of police officers

2021 ◽  
pp. 146135572110164
Author(s):  
Eric G. Lambert ◽  
Hanif Qureshi ◽  
James Frank
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Job Involvement ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Spillover Theory

Life satisfaction is an important concept for both police and other law enforcement organizations. Past research on the spillover theory has found that higher life satisfaction results in better physical health, being more open-minded, improved effort, and longer life expectancy. The spillover theory holds what happens at work does not stay at work but spills over and affects a person’s overall life. Workplace variables, particularly job stress, job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment do not just affect people at work, but also affect people’s satisfaction with their overall lives. The current study examined how job stress, job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment were associated with life satisfaction among a sample of 827 police officers from the state of Haryana in India. In a multivariate ordinary least squares regression analysis, job stress had a significant negative effect on life satisfaction, whereas job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment had significant positive effects. The results suggest that police administrators should attempt to lower job stress and increase job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among officers to raise their life satisfaction, which, in turn, should benefit the individual officers, the police agency, and the community being served.

Business founders and performance of family firms: evidence from developing countries in Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-239
Author(s):  
Yee Peng Chow
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine how business founders influence the performance of family firms in developing countries in Asia. Design/methodology/approach The pooled ordinary least squares regression is used on a sample of 134 public listed family firms from four developing countries in Asia during the period 2004–2014. This study also conducts sub-period analyses where the study period is divided into three sub-periods, i.e. before, during and after the global financial crisis (GFC). Findings This study finds that founder-led family firms outperform family firms led by nonfounders for the full study period. The results for the sub-period analyses also show that founder-led family firms outperform nonfounder-led family firms for the pre-crisis and during crisis periods. Finally, this study finds no evidence supporting the superior performance of founder-led family firms post-GFC. Originality/value Because family firm is one of the most fundamental forms of business organization in the world, policymakers have great concerns about how business founders influence the performance of these firms. Nonetheless, the existing research on family firms is chiefly concentrated on developed countries but there is a paucity of studies being conducted in the context of developing countries. Moreover, previous research has only considered the performance of these firms during normal or turbulent times but no prior studies have compared the firm performance during normal, turbulent and recovery periods. It is the aim of this paper to address these research gaps by using a new and more recent set of data.

Living the Good Life: The Effects of Job Variables on Nigerian Prison Staff Life Satisfaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric G. Lambert ◽  
O. Oko Elechi ◽  
Smart Otu
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Job Involvement ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Prison Staff ◽  
Positive Effects

Life satisfaction is an important concept for both workers and employing organizations. Past research on the spillover theory has found that higher life satisfaction results in lower absenteeism and turnover/turnover intent, higher job performance, and better mental and physical health. The current study examined how job variables (i.e., job stress, job involvement, and job satisfaction) were associated with life satisfaction among Nigerian prison staff in an attempt to determine whether the aforementioned workplace variables have similar or different effects across nations. Data for this study came from a survey of 120 responding staff at a prison located in the Ebonyi state in Southeast Nigeria. In a multivariate ordinary least squares regression analysis, job stress had significant negative effects on life satisfaction, and job involvement and job satisfaction had significant positive effects. The findings for job stress and job involvement are consistent with that found among U.S. correctional staff. The finding that job involvement had a significant positive effect differs from that reported for U.S. staff. The results suggest that prison administrators should attempt to lower job stress and increase job involvement and job satisfaction.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT INFLOWS: CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogneda Groznykh ◽  
Igor Drapkin ◽  
Oleg Mariev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Impact

This research paper is devoted to analysis of various institutional factors as determinants of foreign direct investment (further – FDI) inflows to different countries. The objective of the research is to estimate the effect of institutions on FDI inflows. The analysis is provided on a database of cross-country FDI inflows on 72 countries FDI-importers and 112 countries FDI-exporters in the period from 2001 to 2016. It is supposed in the paper that the impact of institutional factors might be different for the groups of developed and developing countries; since developed economies have higher institutional indicators, they tend to attract larger amounts of foreign direct investment compared to developing economies, where institutional development is at the lower level. The estimation is based on the gravity approach, which considers the positive effects of countries’ GDP and the negative effect of the distance between them. The main method used for the econometric estimation is the Pseudo Poisson Maximum Likelihood (PPML) regression, which is considered to be one of the adequate methods for estimating such data. During the research the problems of zero-observations and correlation between institutional indicators are solved. The results have shown that higher quality of institutions tends to attract more foreign direct investment to a country. Thus, institutions in developed countries have positive and significant impact on FDI attraction. At the same time, the analysis of developing countries has shown that some institutions have less significant influence on the FDI inflows. Based on the results of the research, possible recommendations for government policy on institutional improvement can be suggested.

scholarly journals Financial Inclusion in East Africa: Does Economic Growth Matter?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
John Thomi ◽  
Naftaly Mose
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Access Rate ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Effect Estimation

Inclusive financial systems in any economy cannot be ignored. In fact, it has become a policy strategy in many governments around the world, including East Africa region economies – Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Using panel data, this study presents a cross country analysis of the variables that determine financial inclusion levels with a key focus on economic growth through demand leading hypothesis. The study sought to test if economic expansion matters in financial inclusion in East Africa for the period 2006-2019. Panel ordinary least squares regression technique and fixed effect estimation method were adopted during the analysis. Following the findings of the study, economic growths depict a considerable influence on the financial access rate in East Africa. The corroboration presented by this study may help the respective countries to adopt policies that focus on improving financial inclusion levels through sustained economic growth.

scholarly journals Debt financing and firm performance: empirical evidence from the Pakistan Stock Exchange

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aamir Nazir ◽  
Muhammad Azam ◽  
Muhammed Usman Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Debt Financing ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Debt Level ◽  
Positive Effects

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the listed firms' debt level and performance on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) during a five-year period.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses pooled ordinary least squares regression and fixed- and random-effects models to analyse a cross-sectional sample of 30 Pakistani companies operating in the automobile, cement and sugar sectors during 2013–2017 (N = 150).FindingsThe results indicate that both short- and long-term debt have negative and significant impacts on firm performance in profitability. This suggests that agency issues may lead to a high-debt policy, resulting in lower performance. However, both sales growth and firm size have positive effects on the profitability of non-financial sector companies.Research limitations/implicationsThis study suggests that when debt financing significantly and negatively influences firm profitability, company owners and managers should focus on finding a satisfactory debt level. However, this study is limited to the automobile, cement and sugar sectors of Pakistan. Future studies could address other sectors, such as textiles, fertilizers and pharmaceuticals.Originality/valueThis study focusses on enhancing the existing empirical knowledge of debt financing's influence on the PSX's major sectors' profitability.

Dual relational embeddedness and knowledge transfer in European multinational corporations and subsidiaries

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Ferraris ◽  
Gabriele Santoro ◽  
Veronica Scuotto
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Transfer Process ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Relational Embeddedness

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationship between the level of subsidiaries’ internal and external relational embeddedness and the degree of subsidiaries’ knowledge transfer. More specifically, the aim is to explore dual embeddedness of subsidiaries involved in the knowledge transfer process within multinational corporations’ (MNCs) network. Design/methodology/approach The authors empirically analyse 165 European subsidiaries to demonstrate the crucial role of dual relational embeddedness in the transfer of knowledge within MNCs. Data were collected via a close-ended questionnaire and processed through an ordinary least squares regression model. Findings Results show that internal embeddedness directly and positively influences the degree of subsidiaries’ knowledge transfer, whereas external embeddedness does not. Notwithstanding, a higher level of both types of embeddedness – known as dual embeddedness – generates multiplicative and positive effects on the degree of subsidiaries’ knowledge transfer. Practical implications Best practices and relevant knowledge follow a reverse transfer of knowledge from the subsidiaries to the internal MNC network that is facilitated by the relational embeddedness of subsidiaries. This has resulted in developing a dual embeddedness, which introduces new routines and scripts, as well as more relational links. Originality/value The research emphasises the relevance of the knowledge transfer process in multiple directions, evoking the central role of dual-embedded subsidiaries.

scholarly journals Voice or silence: antecedents of whistleblowing intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Iwai ◽  
Luciana Yeung ◽  
Rinaldo Artes
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fear Of Retaliation ◽  
Reporting Intentions

Purpose This study aims to examine the effects of peer ethical behavior and individual differences in valuation of fairness vs loyalty on whistleblowing intentions in academic settings. This study also tests the underlying mechanism responsible for the effects of peer behavior on reporting intentions, namely, fear of reprisal. Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted with 947 undergraduate students. The model was tested using ordinary least squares regression models followed by bootstrapped mediation analyses. Findings Results showed that the effects of peer ethical behavior on whistleblowing intentions are mediated by fear of retaliation. Moreover, the findings indicated that, for low-severity transgressions, there is an interactive effect between fear of retaliation and endorsement of fairness over loyalty on whistleblowing intentions. Research limitations/implications When the misconduct is seen as minor, a potential whistleblower may understand that the expected costs outweigh the possible benefits of blowing the whistle. In such situations, higher fear of retaliation would undermine the effects of individual’s endorsement of fairness over loyalty on reporting intentions. Practical implications As the social environment significantly affects someone’s whistleblowing intentions, there should be visible efforts to improve and to foster an ethical infrastructure in organizations. Social implications As fear of retaliation by peers is one of the most important determinants affecting the decision to report misconduct in general, there must be serious efforts from leaders to mitigate any threat of retaliation to those who come forward. Originality/value This work contributes to the discussion about individual and situational antecedents of whistleblowing. More importantly, it sheds light on one potential boundary condition for the influence of the fairness–loyalty tradeoff on whistleblowing decisions: severity of the transgression. The findings provide initial evidence that, for low-severity transgressions, fear of retaliation weakens the positive effects of one’s moral compass in terms of preference for fairness over loyalty on whistleblowing intentions.

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