scholarly journals An Analysis of Value-Added Agricultural Exports to Middle-Income Developing Countries: The Case of Wheat and Beef Products

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Hee Lee ◽  
David Henneberry ◽  
David Pyles
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Import Share

AbstractThis study determined probable future directions in U.S. value-added agricultural exports to middle-income developing countries (MIDCs) under the assumption of continued income growth. Import share equations for U.S. bulk, semi-processed and value-added wheat or beef products, as a percent of total U.S. wheat or beef product exports to each MIDC, were econometrically estimated using the ordinary least squares (OLS) technique. The empirical results indicate that in most MIDCs, increases in real per capita income have negative effects on the import share of processed wheat products while having positive effects on the import share of bulk wheat. However, import shares of U.S. processed beef products are likely to increase with income growth in most MIDCs.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-128
Author(s):  
Andy Sumner
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Future

The intellectual contribution of the book has been to provide a detailed account of the contemporary processes of stalled industrialization, deindustrialization, and tertiarization as well as on their characteristics, drivers, and consequences in the developing world. Furthermore, the book has connected empirically and theoretically the phenomena of stalled industrialization, deindustrialization, and tertiarization, the emergence of a GVC world, and global inequality. This concluding chapter summarizes the book’s content and restates the main arguments of the book. There is discussion of the future prospects for developing countries and the ‘tertiary trilemma’ they face, specifically: Should middle-income developing countries pursue higher-value-added services-led growth which is unequalizing and has weaker employment growth? Or should they rather seek lower-value-added services-led growth which has higher employment growth? Or should they instead pursue the shrinkage of services and subsidize re-industrialization-led growth?

VAT withholding tax and its impact on vat compliance: evidence from the Zimbabwe revenue authority

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 228-243
Author(s):  
Blessings Majoni
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Withholding Tax ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Value-added tax (VAT) withholding tax is a key instrument used in various tax administrations to curb revenue leakages that emanate from clients that charge VAT on their services and supplies and then fail to remit it to revenue authorities. The Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) implemented VAT withholding in 2017 with the expectation that it would positively affect VAT compliance. The motivation of this study therefore arises from the knowledge that a number of developing countries are considering implementing a withholding tax mechanism on VAT. In addition, a number of developing countries such as the Philippines, Ethiopia and Ghana, have implemented VAT withholding tax with varying outcomes. Public finance literature on the empirical analysis of VAT withholding tax is, however, limited as it requires administrative data that most tax researchers are not privy to. This paper sought to undertake a more comprehensive empirical investigation of the direct effect of the introduction of VAT withholding tax on VAT compliance. To estimate the empirical effect of VAT withholding tax on VAT compliance, this paper exploited data of VAT registered clients in ZIMRA over a 24-month period. The study used an ordinary least squares (OLS) multiple regression analysis to investigate the effects of VAT withholding tax on VAT revenue. The study further used a difference-in-differences estimator by classifying VAT taxpayers into two groups. Empirical evidence indicates that there is a positive significant relationship between implementing VAT withholding tax and VAT revenue in the ZIMRA scenario.

scholarly journals The Effects of Inflation, Openness to Trade and Value Added in Production on Economic Growth in Transition Economies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özgür Ömer Ersin ◽  
Melike Bildirici
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Openness To Trade ◽  
Positive Impacts

The study aims to evaluate the economic growth process and the macroeconomic factors, namely, the inflation rates, the value added in the production taken as a proxy of productivity and openness to trade for the selected Eurasian transition economies. The paper focuses on the transition period and the economic performance achieved following the independence of the analyzed countries. By using a sample that consists of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, the relationship between economic growth with inflation, trade openness and value added obtained by the national industries are evaluated within a panel setting. The dataset is investigated with traditional and structural break unit root tests followed by panel regression analyses. Considering the findings in the literature which suggest either statistically insignificant or having positive or negative effects of inflation on growth depending on the countries analyzed, the empirical findings of the paper are in favor of negative effects of inflation on growth: though the size of the effect of inflation rates on growth in rather small, negative effect of inflation cannot be rejected. Further, the positive effects of value added in the production which is taken as a proxy to productivity shows significant positive impacts on growth. Similarly, openness to international trade is shown to have positive impacts for the transition countries analyzed. The results are in favor of the findings in literature suggesting that “it is not the inflation rates, rather than the variation in inflation” which could limit economic growth. The findings for openness and value added suggest policies to enhance productivity and international trade to accelerate the economic growth in the transition economies.

scholarly journals Effect of Equity Financing Options on Financial Performance of Non-Financial Firms Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Benter Omollo Achieng ◽  
Willy Muturi ◽  
Joshua Wanjare
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Corporate Finance ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Equity Financing ◽  
Financial Firms ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Retained Earnings ◽  
Positive Effect

Corporate finance managers worldwide have for a long time consistently sought to maximize shareholders’ wealth and their firm’s market value through their decisions on firm’s capital structure. However, both scholars and practitioners of corporate finance are yet to agree on the optimal mix of equity and debt that maximizes a firm’s financial performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of equity financing options namely common stock (CS), retained earnings (REN) and total equity (TED) as ratios of total assets on the financial performance measured as return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) of Kenya’s listed firms. Utilizing panel econometric techniques namely pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE), the study analyzes the effects of equity variables as ratios of total assets on the financial performance of 40 non-financial firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange between 2009 and 2015. The study’s empirical results show that CS ratio significantly and negatively affects ROA while REN ratio has a statistically significant and positive effect on ROA. Overall, TE ratio positively and significantly affects ROA. On the contrary, ROE is not significantly affected by the equity variables in the sample. While the non-significant effects of equity on ROE find support in Modigliani and Miller’s capital structure irrelevance theory, the positive effects of REN ratio and the negative effects of CS ratio on ROA, which are largely supported by the trade-off theory, may explain the pecking order theory’s prioritization of internal capital sources over debt and equity issuances. Thus, corporate finance managers should find a place for internal financing options particularly retained earnings to maximize equity holders’ returns on assets employed. Additionally, corporate finance managers should endeavour to minimize on the use of CS due to its negative effects on shareholder earnings on their assets. Nonetheless, a reasonable balance between CS and REN should be considered since the positive effect between TE and ROA is an appraisal for an optimum mix of equity financing options.

scholarly journals The Value-Added Effects of Exchange Rates on Global Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Myoung Shik Choi ◽  
Hun Dae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Intermediate Goods ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows

This study is an investigation of view about the gross, bilateral, and value-added trades adjusting to exchange rate and income within global value chains. Various difference between aggregate and value-added trade flows is introduced. We adopt the traditional trade models and test them using time-series analysis on value-added exports and imports. We find that currency depreciation has negative effects on gross exports in the US and Korea due to intermediate goods imports, but positive effects on value-added exports in Japan and Korea. On the other hand, currency appreciation has negative effects on gross imports in the US, China, Japan and Korea due to intermediate goods exports, but positive effects on value-added imports in Japan. All income effects are positive as we expect. Also, we find the similar effects of exchange rate on bilateral trade flows. On the whole, depreciation has negative effects on gross exports but positive effects on value-added exports while appreciation has negative effects on gross imports but positive effects on value-added imports. With this study, the main contribution is further evidence on the value-added trade analysis. Practical implications reducing uncertainty could be an important policy objective to achieve higher growth.   Received: 23 October 2020 / Accepted: 16 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021

scholarly journals C EFFICIENCY RATIO AS A MEASURE OF VAT EFFICIENCY IN EU DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SERBIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Đorđević ◽  
Jadranka Đurović-Todorović ◽  
Milica Ristić
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Revenues

The policy led by a large number of developing countries, with the aim of increasing indirect taxes, has opened the issue of Value Added Tax (VAT) efficiency. Reforms of tax systems of developing countries generally involve an increase in standard rates in order to increase VAT, which is the main source of public revenues. In such a way, developing countries determine the VAT efficiency and the amount of revenue that could be collected by indirect taxation. The article sums up works of different scientists, dealing with the impact of determinants on VAT efficiency. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the factors that influence the C efficiency ratio. The main objective of the paper is to analize the impact of the change in the standard rate on the ratio. Theoretical analyses of standard rates and other factors that have reflections on the VAT collection efficiency explicitly prove that there are different ways to improve the efficiency of VAT collection, and exclude an increase in the standard rate. An increase in the standard rate provides a balance of negative effects, which can be blurred by recorded tax revenues. We focused on the countries of the European Union: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Croatia, Latvia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania during the 2000-2016 period. These countries experienced significant changes in government during economic transformation, and where VAT is the main source of public revenues. The last section analize an increse in VAT rate and C efficiency ratio in Serbia and conteins conclusions. The paper indicates the imperfection of inadequately defined VAT rates on economic growth and development in analized countries. Based on analyses we can conclude that the increase in the standard rate have negative reflections on the VAT efficiency, and that it was one of the factors of the continuous decline in C-efficiency.

scholarly journals Does Good National Governance Boost COVID-19 Vaccination? Cross-Country Evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Aida ◽  
Masahiro Shoji
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Administrative Support ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Governance Index ◽  
Cross Country

Abstract BackgroundAs herd immunity by universal vaccination is essential to end the COVID-19 pandemic, the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) facility has been established to provide developing countries with subsidized vaccines. However, a critical issue is that the developing countries also need to effectively deploy vaccines to citizens. Although this argument suggests positive effects of good national governance on vaccination coverage, to the best of our knowledge, there is no such evidence. The goal of this study was to examine the association between the national governance index and vaccination coverage, particularly among developing countries.MethodsUsing cross-country data, an ordinary least squares regression was conducted to examine the association between the national governance index and two outcome variables on vaccination—the number of days until the administration of the first dose in the country since December 2019 and the number of doses per 100 citizens as of the end of July 2021. The results were compared between the model including all countries and the model including only non-OECD countries. We also examined the influence of governance on the selection of vaccine manufacturers.ResultsA one standard deviation increase in the national governance index was associated with 9.1 days (95%CI: -15.76, -2.43) earlier administration of vaccines in the country, and a 12.1 dose increase (95%CI: 4.76, 19.34) per 100 citizens. Results also showed that these associations were larger in the non-OECD sample and indicated the role of governance in the type of vaccine that is predominantly administered in the country.ConclusionThe provision of subsidized vaccines alone is not sufficient to control the spread of infection in developing countries; logistical and administrative support should also be offered, especially in countries with low governance indices.Trial registrationNot applicable.

scholarly journals PENGARUH ECONOMIC VALUE ADDED DAN MARKET VALUE ADDEDTERHADAP RETURN SAHAM PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2011-2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Rizky Alika Ramadhani ◽  
Emma S.N. Sipayung
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Economic Value Added ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Analyze Data

<span class="fontstyle0">The objective of study is determine the influence of EVA and MVA to stock returns in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2011 until 2013. Based sampling technique using a :purposive sampling” obtained sample of 91 companies and number of observations as many as 264. The number of observations in this<br />study using multiple regression analysis with the spss 20.0 to analyze data.<br />The results of the study shows that EVA variable has positive effects on stock returns. But other result shows the variable MVA has negative effects on stock returns.</span>

scholarly journals Labor clauses in trade agreements: Hidden protectionism?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Carrère ◽  
Marcelo Olarreaga ◽  
Damian Raess
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe explore the impact of the introduction and design of labor clauses (LCs) in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on bilateral trade flows over the period 1990–2014. While it is not a priori clear if the inclusion of LCs in PTAs will decrease or increase bilateral trade, we expect the direction of trade to matter, that is, we expect to observe the (negative or positive) impact of LCs in the South-North trade configuration. We also expect, in that configuration, stronger LCs to yield stronger (negative or positive) effects on bilateral trade flows. Using a novel dataset on the content of labor provisions in PTAs, we find in line with our first expectation that while the introduction of LCs has on average no impact on bilateral trade flows, it increases exports of low and middle-income countries with weaker labor standards in North–South trade agreements. Consistent with our second expectation, this positive impact is mostly driven by LCs with institutionalized cooperation provisions. In contrast, LCs with strong enforcement mechanisms do not have a statistically significant impact on exports of developing countries in North–South PTAs. The results are inconsistent with the ideas that LCs are set for protectionist reasons or have protectionist effects, casting doubt on the logic for the reluctance of many developing countries to include LCs in their trade agreements.

Living the Good Life: The Effects of Job Variables on Nigerian Prison Staff Life Satisfaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric G. Lambert ◽  
O. Oko Elechi ◽  
Smart Otu
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Job Involvement ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Prison Staff ◽  
Positive Effects

Life satisfaction is an important concept for both workers and employing organizations. Past research on the spillover theory has found that higher life satisfaction results in lower absenteeism and turnover/turnover intent, higher job performance, and better mental and physical health. The current study examined how job variables (i.e., job stress, job involvement, and job satisfaction) were associated with life satisfaction among Nigerian prison staff in an attempt to determine whether the aforementioned workplace variables have similar or different effects across nations. Data for this study came from a survey of 120 responding staff at a prison located in the Ebonyi state in Southeast Nigeria. In a multivariate ordinary least squares regression analysis, job stress had significant negative effects on life satisfaction, and job involvement and job satisfaction had significant positive effects. The findings for job stress and job involvement are consistent with that found among U.S. correctional staff. The finding that job involvement had a significant positive effect differs from that reported for U.S. staff. The results suggest that prison administrators should attempt to lower job stress and increase job involvement and job satisfaction.

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