Prevalence of malaria in an area receiving seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Niger

Abstract Background Malaria transmission is highly seasonal in Niger. Despite the introduction of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in the Magaria District, malaria incidence remains high, and the epidemiology of malaria in the community is not well-understood. Methods Four cross-sectional, household-based malaria prevalence surveys were performed in the Magaria District of Niger between October 2016 and February 2018. Two occurred during the peak malaria season and two during the low malaria season. Individuals in each of three age strata (3–59 months, 5–9 years, and 10 years and above) were sampled in randomly-selected households. Capillary blood was collected by fingerprick, thick and thin blood films were examined. Microscopy was performed at Epicentre, Maradi, Niger, with external quality control. The target sample size was 396 households during the high-season surveys and 266 households during the low-season surveys. Results Prevalence of parasitaemia was highest in children aged 5–9 years during all four surveys, ranging between 53.6% (95%CI 48.8–63.6) in February 2018 and 73.2% (66.2–79.2) in September 2017. Prevalence of parasitaemia among children aged 3–59 months ranged between 39.6% (33.2–46.4) in February 2018 and 51.9% (45.1–58.6) in October 2016. Parasite density was highest in children aged 3–59 months during all four surveys, and was higher in high season surveys than in low season surveys among all participants. The prevalence of gametocytaemia in children aged 3–59 months ranged between 9.9% (6.5–14.8) in February 2018 and 19.3% (14.6–25.2) in October 2016. The prevalence of gametocytaemia in children aged 5–9 years ranged between 6.3% (3.5–11.1) in February 2018 and 18.5% (12.7–26.1) in October 2016. Conclusions Asymptomatic malaria infection is highly prevalent in this area, even during the season with low incidence of clinical malaria. The high prevalence of parasitaemia in children aged 5–9 years warrants considering their inclusion in SMC programmes in this context.

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High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Malaria in Bandafassi, South-east of Senegal: Challenge for Malaria Elimination

10.21203/rs.3.rs-98593/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Badiane Aida Sadikh ◽

Tolla NDIAYE ◽

Thiaw Alphonse Birane ◽

Deme Awa Binta ◽

Diallo Mamadou Alpha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Malaria Control ◽

Malaria Elimination ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Single Species ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Asymptomatic Malaria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Prevalence

Abstract Background: Malaria control and elimination strategies are based on levels of transmission that are usually determined by data collected from health facilities. In endemic areas, asymptomatic malaria is thought to represent the majority of infections and is therefore not diagnosed nor treated. As a consequence, they are missed when analyzing data due to the lack of visiting the health facilities unless they are sick. Therefore, there might be an underestimation of the malaria prevalence resulting in inadequate control strategies. In addition, these untreated asymptomatic cases maintain transmission making it difficult or impossible to reach malaria elimination goals. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in southeastern Senegal. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among asymptomatic individuals (N = 122) living in the village of Andiel located in Bandafassi, Kedougou which consisting of about 200 inhabitants during the malaria transmission season in late October 2019. For each individual without malaria symptoms and who consented to participate in the study, a rapid diagnosis test (RDT) was performed in the field. Results were confirmed in the laboratory with nested PCR and photo-induced electron transfer (PET-PCR). Results: Malaria prevalence was 70.25% with PET-PCR, 41.80% with RDT and 41.32% based on the nested PCR. The majority of the study population; 92.94% was infected with a single species (mono-infection) and 7.06% had two or three species of Plasmodium. P. falciparum was predominant and represented 90.22% of the infections, while 6.52% were due to P. ovale and 3.26% to P. malariae. RDT detected more malaria cases than nested PCR among children and in individuals aged fifteen years and older; PET-PCR detected more cases (64.70%) than nested PCR (62%) and RDT (52.94%) in this age group.Conclusion: Asymptomatic infection is a threat to malaria elimination. In southeastern Senegal, where the transmission is the highest in the country, malaria control strategies should address asymptomatic cases at the community level. This high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria observed suggests that this area is eligible for mass drug administration. Moreover, non-falciparum species could be more common and its prevalence should be determined countrywide.

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PO 8419 SPATIO-TEMPORAL MAPPING OF ASYMPTOMATIC AND CLINICAL MALARIA INFECTIONS REVEALS FOCI OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION FOR TARGETED CONTROL INTERVENTIONS

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.91 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽

pp. A35.2-A35

Author(s):

Makhtar Niang ◽

Cheikh Talla ◽

Nafissatou Diagne ◽

Fatoutama Diene-Sarr ◽

Cheikh Sokhna

Keyword(s):

Malaria Transmission ◽

Malaria Incidence ◽

Clinical Malaria ◽

Asymptomatic Malaria ◽

Design Strategies ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Asymptomatic Infections ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Malaria Episodes

BackgroundThe global decline of malaria incidence over the past decade has led to the thought that elimination could be achieved. This has resulted in an increased interest to design strategies to target the hidden reservoir of asymptomatic infections among populations and interrupt on-going residual local malaria transmission. This study explored the reservoir of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections and its relationship with subsequent clinical malaria infections in low-transmission areas in Senegal.MethodsCross-sectional surveys were carried out in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 and combined with longitudinal follow-up to determine and geolocalise both asymptomatic and clinical malaria episodes in Dielmo and Ndiop, Senegal. The prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium carriage in the community was investigated by real-time PCR while clinical malaria attacks were identified at health facilities during the transmission season. All households were georeferenced to spatially map asymptomatic and clinical infections.ResultsThe study revealed substantial asymptomatic infections with average parasite carriage of 8.11% and 7% in Dielmo and Ndiop, respectively. P. falciparum accounted for most asymptomatic infections (more than 90%). In Dielmo, 95% of asymptomatic infections clustered within the same geographical areas while infections were disparate in Ndiop. Preliminary fine-scale mapping of asymptomatic and clinical malaria infections identified clusters of higher malaria incidence interpreted as foci of transmission across the four-year study period with 95%–98% of clinical infections occurring in households where an asymptomatic malaria infection existed.ConclusionThis study revealed substantial asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in both settings throughout the four-year study period and spatial clusters of malaria infections at the microepidemiological level. Together, these findings could offer a feasible approach for a rational targeting of malaria control interventions to achieve elimination.

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Cross-Study of Malaria Prevalence in History, Bed Net Utilization, and Knowledge about the Disease among Tanzanian College Students

Malaria Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2018/8137051 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Yakobo Nyahoga ◽

Zanda Bochkaeva

Keyword(s):

Malaria Prevention ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Bed Nets ◽

Bed Net ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

University Campuses ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Two Factors

University campuses are potential reservoirs of infectious diseases, but they are not in the research focus. It is obvious that the use of malaria preventive tools is extremely necessary in campus conditions in endemic countries. This study is the first malaria survey, conducted in a student campus in Tanzania. This cross-sectional study uncovered a surprisingly high prevalence of malaria history among students: 89,4% of 246 random respondents assume that they had malaria in history, among whom 145 (58,9%) suffered from the disease during the last year. And although students are relatively confident about the vector, parasite, and prevention measures of the disease, only 44,7% of the students use bed nets and 4,5% use a body spray or ointment daily. The others seldom use spray or ointment or do not care about the problem at all. This situation was found to be associated with two factors, financial and educational. Current results show that students are relatively educated on malaria, but they do not follow the malaria prevention guidance. It has become clear that at least proper informational propaganda of bed net use is required in Tanzanian university campuses.

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Genotypic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency protects against Plasmodium falciparum infection in individuals living in Ghana

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0257562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. e0257562

Author(s):

Linda Eva Amoah ◽

Kwame Kumi Asare ◽

Donu Dickson ◽

Joana Abankwa ◽

Abena Busayo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

G6pd Deficiency ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Length Polymorphisms ◽

G6pd Gene ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Care Facilities ◽

Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Introduction The global effort to eradicate malaria requires a drastic measure to terminate relapse from hypnozoites as well as transmission via gametocytes in malaria-endemic areas. Primaquine has been recommended for the treatment of P. falciparum gametocytes and P. vivax hypnozoites, however, its implementation is challenged by the high prevalence of G6PD deficient (G6PDd) genotypes in malaria endemic countries. The objective of this study was to profile G6PDd genotypic variants and correlate them with malaria prevalence in Ghana. Methods A cross-sectional survey of G6PDd genotypic variants was conducted amongst suspected malaria patients attending health care facilities across the entire country. Malaria was diagnosed using microscopy whilst G6PD deficiency was determined using restriction fragment length polymorphisms at position 376 and 202 of the G6PD gene. The results were analysed using GraphPad prism. Results A total of 6108 subjects were enrolled in the study with females representing 65.59% of the population. The overall prevalence of malaria was 36.31%, with malaria prevalence among G6PDd genotypic variants were 0.07% for A-A- homozygous deficient females, 1.31% and 3.03% for AA- and BA- heterozygous deficient females respectively and 2.03% for A- hemizygous deficient males. The odd ratio (OR) for detecting P. falciparum malaria infection in the A-A- genotypic variant was 0.0784 (95% CI: 0.0265–0.2319, p<0.0001). Also, P. malariae and P. ovale parasites frequently were observed in G6PD B variants relative to G6PD A- variants. Conclusion G6PDd genotypic variants, A-A-, AA- and A- protect against P. falciparum, P. ovale and P. malariae infection in Ghana.

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Baseline malaria prevalence at the targeted pre-elimination districts in Ethiopia

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-12036-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Desalegn Nega ◽

Adugna Abera ◽

Bokretsion Gidey ◽

Sindew Mekasha ◽

Abnet Abebe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Malaria Elimination ◽

Open Data ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Asymptomatic Malaria ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Axillary Temperature ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals

Abstract Background Encouraged by the previous success in malaria control and prevention strategies, the Ethiopian ministry of health launched malaria elimination with a stepwise approach by primarily targeting the low-transmission Districts and their adjacent areas/zones in order to shrink the country’s malaria map progressively. Hence, this community survey was conducted to establish baseline malaria information at the preliminary phase of elimination at targeted settings. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted at 20 malaria-elimination targeted Districts selected from five Regional states and one city administration in Ethiopia. The GPS-enabled smartphones programmed with Open Data Kit were used to enumerate 9326 study households and collect data from 29,993 residents. CareStart™ Malaria PAN (pLDH) Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) were used for blood testing at the field level. Armpit digital thermometers were used to measure axillary temperature. Result Overall malaria prevalence by RDTs was 1.17% (339/28973). The prevalence at District levels ranged from 0.0 to 4.7%. The proportion of symptomatic cases (axillary temperature > 37.5oc) in the survey was 9.2% (2760/29993). Among the 2510 symptomatic individuals tested with RDTs, only 3.35% (84/2510) were malaria positive. The 75.2% (255/339) of all malaria positives were asymptomatic. Of the total asymptomatic malaria cases, 10.2% (26/255) were under-five children and 89.8% (229/255) were above 5 years of age. Conclusion The study shows a decrease in malaria prevalence compared to the reports of previous malaria indicator surveys in the country. The finding can be used as a baseline for measuring the achievement of ongoing malaria elimination efforts. Particularly, the high prevalence of asymptomatic individuals (0.88%) in these transmission settings indicates there may be sustaining hidden transmission. Therefore, active case detection with more sensitive diagnostic techniques is suggested to know more real magnitude of residual malaria in the elimination-targeted areas.

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High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infections: a cross-sectional study in rural areas in six departments in Haiti

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-015-1051-2 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Maha A. Elbadry ◽

Basima Al-Khedery ◽

Massimiliano S. Tagliamonte ◽

Charles A. Yowell ◽

Christian P. Raccurt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Asymptomatic Malaria ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Prevalence

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Performance of IRS on malaria prevalence and incidence using pirimiphos-methyl in the context of pyrethroids resistance in Koulikoro region, Mali

10.21203/rs.2.21376/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fousseyni Kané ◽

Moussa Keïta ◽

Boïssé Traoré ◽

Sory Ibrahim Diawara ◽

Sidy Bane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rainy Season ◽

Pyrethroid Resistance ◽

Malaria Incidence ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Control Area ◽

Added Value ◽

Rank Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pirimiphos Methyl ◽

Set Up

Abstract Background: Koulikoro Health District is one of three districts of Mali where the indoor residual spray (IRS) has been implemented from 2008 to 2016. With widespread of resistance to pyrothroid, IRS was shifted from pyrethroid to pirimiphos-methyl from 2014 to 2016. We assessed the added value of IRS to LLINs on the prevalence of parasitemia and malaria incidence among children under 10 years old. Methods: A comparative study was carried out to assess the effects of pirimiphos-methyl based IRS on malaria prevalence and incidence among children from 6 months to 10 years old in selected pyrethroid resistance villages of two health districts in Mali: one where IRS was implemented in combination with LLINs (intervention area) and one with LLINs-only (control area). Two cross-sectional surveys were carried out at the beginning (June) and end of the rainy season (October) to assess seasonal changes in malaria parasitemia by microscopy. A passive detection case (PCD) was set-up in each study village for 9 months to estimate the incidence of malaria using RDT. Results: There was an increase of 220% in malaria prevalence from June to October in the control area (14% to 42%) versus only 53% in the IRS area (9.2% to 13.2%).Thus, the proportional rise in malaria prevalence from the dry to the rainy season in 2016 was 4 times greater in the control area compared to the IRS area. The overall malaria incidence rate was 2.7 per 100 person-months in the IRS area compared with 6.8 per 100 person-month in the control areas. The Log-rank test of Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that children living in IRS area remain much longer free from malaria (Hazard ratio (HR)=0.45, CI 95% = 0.37-0.54) than children of the control area (P < 0.0001).Conclusions: IRS using pirimiphos-methyl has been successful in reducing substantially both the prevalence and the incidence of malaria in children under 10 years old in the area of pyrethroid resistance of Koulikoro, Mali. Pirimiphos-methyl is a better alternative than pyrethroids for IRS in areas with widespread of pyrethroid resistance.

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Malaria Pasca Tsunami di Pulau Weh

Kesmas National Public Health Journal ◽

10.21109/kesmas.v2i5.252 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

pp. 210

Author(s):

Lambok Siahaan ◽

Titik Yuniarti

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Method ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Clinical Malaria ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Abdominal Discomfort ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Blood Examination ◽

Endemic Areas ◽

Malaria Outbreak

Bencana tsunami melanda Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam pada tanggal 26 Desember 2004, selain meningkatkan kejadian luar biasa (KLB) malaria juga memunculkan daerah-daerah endemis malaria. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan prevalensi penderita malaria di Pulau Weh, pasca Tsunami pada akhir 2004. Penelitian dilakukan secara ‘cross sectional’. Diagnostik malaria ditegakkan berdasarkan pemeriksaan apusan darah (mikroskopik). Ditemukan penurunan kasus malaria di Pulau Weh. Prevalensi penderita malaria yang diperoleh adalah 15,3%. Dari semua penderita malaria, 41,4% tanpa gejala klinis demam. Penderita yang tidak mengalami gejala klinis demam tersebut, umumnya mempunyai gejala klinis badan pegal, pusing, gangguan pencernaan danlemas. Penurunan prevalensi malaria dalam penelitian ini dapat saja terjadi oleh karena perbedaan cara dalam menetapkan diagnosa dan waktu pengambilan data yang tidak dilakukan pada “musim malaria”.Kata kunci: Malaria klinis, gejala klinis, tanda klinis.AbstractTsunami disaster that occured in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam on 26 December 2004, has increased malaria outbreak and emerged new malaria endemic areas. The study was conducted to obtain malaria prevalence after tsunami in Weh island. The design used in this study is cross-sectional. Malaria was diagnosed through blood examination (microscopic). The study found reducing malaria cases in Weh Island. The prevalence of malaria in this study was 15.3%. Among all malaria patients, there were 41.4% who did not get fever. Those without fever, usually suffered from myalgia, headache. Abdominal discomfort and weakness. The decrease malaria prevalence in this study could be caused by either differences in diagnostic method or timing of data collection.Key words: Clinical malaria, clinical signs, clinical symptoms.

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The habit of bathing, washing, and defecation habits with malaria events in Pagedongan, Banjarnegara

Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat ◽

10.22146/bkm.7617 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Hastuti Tongkodu ◽

Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto ◽

Trisno Agung Wibowo

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Malaria Incidence ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Mosquito Nets ◽

Implementation Program ◽

Primary Cluster

The habits of bathing, washing, and defecation associated with malaria events in Pagedongan, BanjarnegaraPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with the incidence of malaria in Pagedongan, Banjarnegara.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted involving 262 respondents in Pagedongan, Banjarnegara. GPS was used to determine the coordinate points of the respondent's house.ResultsThe prevalence of malaria increased 1.2911 times greater in people who bathe, wash, and defecate outside of the house compared with malaria prevalence in people who did not bathe, wash, defecate outside the house, and it was statistically significant (p=0.0021).ConclusionThe use of mosquito nets, the use of mosquito coils, night out, washing, bathing, defecation the presence of gardens were statistically significant risk factors for malaria incidence. In addition, there was found a clustering of cases (primary cluster) of malaria incidence that was statistically significant. Education on the importance of using mosquito nets, and the use of mosquito repellent, to avoid mosquito bites at night while sleeping need to be done, while 3M implementation program also needs to be improved.

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A Decline and Age Shift in Malaria Incidence in Rural Mali following Implementation of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention and Indoor Residual Spraying

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.4269/ajtmh.20-0622 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 104 (4) ◽

pp. 1342-1347

Author(s):

Drissa Coulibaly ◽

Boureima Guindo ◽

Amadou Niangaly ◽

Fayçal Maiga ◽

Salimata Konate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate Ratio ◽

Malaria Incidence ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Indoor Residual Spraying ◽

Older Children ◽

Insecticide Treated Nets ◽

African Countries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽

Age Shift

ABSTRACTMany African countries have reported declines in malaria incidence, attributed to the implementation of control strategies. In Mali, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) was introduced in 2004, and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) have been partially distributed free of charge since 2007. In the Malian town of Bandiagara, a study conducted from 2009 to 2013 showed a stable incidence of malaria compared with 1999, despite the implementation of ACTs and LLINs. Since 2016, seasonal malaria chemoprevention has been scaled up across the country. In addition to these strategies, the population of Bandiagara benefited from indoor residual spray implementation in 2017 and 2018 and continued universal bed net coverage. This study aimed to measure the incidence of malaria in Bandiagara, given this recent scaling up of control strategies. A cohort of 300 children aged 6 months to 15 years was followed up from October 2017 to December 2018. We performed monthly cross-sectional surveys to measure anemia and the prevalence of malaria infection by microscopy. The overall incidence of symptomatic malaria was 0.5 episodes/person-year. Malaria incidence in children up to 5 years old significantly declined since 2012 and since 1999 (incidence rate ratio estimates: 6.7 [95% CI: 4.2–11.4] and 13.5 [95% CI: 8.4–22.7]), respectively. The average prevalence of malaria parasitemia was 6.7%. Malaria incidence was higher in children older than 5 years than in those younger than 5 years, highlighting the need to extend malaria control efforts to these older children.

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