scholarly journals Isolation of A Nocardiopsis Chromatogenes Strain That Degrades PLA (Polylactic Acid) From Pig Waste–Based Compost

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Kawashima ◽  
Junko Tokuda ◽  
Tadashi Yagi ◽  
Katsuyuki Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Composting Facility ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract A new Nocardiopsis species that degrades polylactic acid (PLA) was isolated from pig dung–based compost from a municipal composting facility in Japan. To obtain strains capable of efficient PLA degradation, we minimized the effect of non-enzymatic degradation of PLA by maintaining the temperature at 37°C or below. After screening a total of 15 animal waste–based compost samples, consisting of pig dung, cow dung, horse dung, or chicken droppings, we found that compost derived from pig dung was most efficient for degradation of PLA film, and used it for isolation of PLA-degrading microorganisms. Screening for PLA-degrading microorganisms in compost was performed using an agar plate–based method; an emulsifier was omitted to avoid selection of strains that assimilated the emulsifier instead of PLA in the medium. After repeated enrichment, six strains were obtained. One strain that exhibited stable PLA degradation on agar plates was subjected to genomic analysis and identified as Nocardiopsis chromatogenes, an actinomycete.

scholarly journals The identification of novel immunogenic antigens as potential Shigella vaccine components

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruklanthi de Alwis ◽  
Li Liang ◽  
Omid Taghavian ◽  
Emma Werner ◽  
Hao Chung The ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Core Genome ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Carrier Proteins ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Vaccine Antigens ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background Shigella is a major diarrheal pathogen for which there is presently no vaccine. Whole genome sequencing provides the ability to predict and derive novel antigens for use as vaccines. Here, we aimed to identify novel immunogenic Shigella antigens that could serve as Shigella vaccine candidates, either alone, or when conjugated to Shigella O-antigen. Methods Using a reverse vaccinology approach, where genomic analysis informed the Shigella immunome via an antigen microarray, we aimed to identify novel immunogenic Shigella antigens. A core genome analysis of Shigella species, pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli, led to the selection of 234 predicted immunogenic Shigella antigens. These antigens were expressed and probed with acute and convalescent serum from microbiologically confirmed Shigella infections. Results Several Shigella antigens displayed IgG and IgA seroconversion, with no difference in sero-reactivity across by sex or age. IgG sero-reactivity to key Shigella antigens was observed at birth, indicating transplacental antibody transfer. Six antigens (FepA, EmrK, FhuA, MdtA, NlpB, and CjrA) were identified in in vivo testing as capable of producing binding IgG and complement-mediated bactericidal antibody. Conclusions These findings provide six novel immunogenic Shigella proteins that could serve as candidate vaccine antigens, species-specific carrier proteins, or targeted adjuvants.

Assessment of rotary drum and aerated in-vessel for composting of garden waste

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Mishra ◽  
Kunwar D Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Cow Dung ◽  
Blade Design ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Acid Soluble Lignin ◽  
Odour Control ◽  
Rotary Drum ◽  
Working Performance ◽  
Soluble Lignin ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Garden Waste

Abstract For in-vessel composting of garden waste, the selection of reactor is an important factor for efficient degradation. The present study evaluates working performance of rotary drum reactor (RDR) and aerated in-vessel (AIV) for composting of garden waste. 100 kg garden waste was mixed with 10 kg cow-dung slurry and 5 kg compost and feed into both the reactors for 45 days composting period. The reactors vary in their system configuration, shape and orientation, blade design, rate of aeration, odour control, leachate production and energy requirements. Rotary drum was rotated daily six times in clockwise and anti-clockwise direction and AIV was rotated daily for 3–5 minutes using motor. Rise in temperature started within 24 hours of composting and reached 65°C and 59°C on second day itself and thermophilic phase continued for 7 and 5 days for RDR and AIV respectively. Moisture content reduction after composting period was 15.25 and 18.45 %, C/N ratio was 16.14 and 13.33, TVS reduction was 23.74 and 29.78 % and CO2 evolution rate was 6.18 and 4.14 mg/g VS/day in RDR and AIV respectively. Reduction of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin was more in AIV. The percentage reduction of acid insoluble lignin was 36.10 and 29.01 % and the percentage reduction of acid soluble lignin was 48.85 and 43.3% in in AIV and RDR respectively after 45 days. AIV gave better performance for composting of garden waste.

Teratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus, 1985 (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) is an associate of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Nematology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fitch ◽  
Koichi Soné ◽  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Fukiko Abe ◽  
Robin Giblin-Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Subunit ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽  
Red Palm Weevil ◽  
Palm Weevil

AbstractTeratorhabditis synpapillata, originally described from cow dung in Bali, was isolated from the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in Japan. Dauer juveniles were isolated from beneath the elytra of five specimens of R. ferrugineus that had emerged from a dead Canary Island date palm, Phoenix canariensis, in Kagoshima, Japan. The dauer juveniles were cultured on a NGM agar plate and the adult nematodes observed and measured with the aid of light microscopy. The full length of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segment of the ribosomal large subunit (LSU) were sequenced for molecular identification. Based upon morphology, molecular profile and a hybridisation test, the nematode was confirmed as T. synpapillata. A comparison of morphology and morphometrics suggests that the only other nematode reported from R. ferrugineus (= 'Pelodera rhynchophori') is also conspecific with T. synpapillata. A phylogenetic analysis using SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences fully resolves the relationships of four Teratorhabditis and six outgroup species and demonstrates a sister group relationship of T. synpapillata and T. palmarum, another associate of palm weevils.

SELECTION OF A MEDIUM FOR THE ISOLATION AND ENUMERATION OF ENTEROCOCCI IN DAIRY PRODUCTS1

1963 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devi S. Saraswat ◽  
Warren S. Clark ◽  
George W. Reinbold
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Raw Milk Cheese ◽  
Selection Of

Ten media, commonly used for the detection and isolation of streptococci of sanitary significance in water, dairy and other food products, were compared to establish a plating medium for the enumeration of enterococci in dairy products. To make all media suitable for comparison by the agar plate method, agar was added to those media which initially were recommended for use as broths. Criteria used in selecting the medium were high recovery, selectivity but not undue inhibition of enterococci and ease in obtaining and interpreting results. The recovery data of three different platings of enterococcus cultures were statistically analyzed. In this manner, one medium was eliminated on the basis of low recovery. Six of the remaining nine media were eliminated because they permitted the growth of non-enterococcus cultures. Two of the three media then remaining were eliminated because they allowed one S. bovis culture to grow. In addition, these media showed considerable variation in size and color of enterococcus colonies. The medium selected, the Citrate azide medium of Reinbold, Swern and Hussong (13), was modified by increasing the azide concentration. This did not result in undue inhibitory effects. It was further tested by obtaining recovery data for 158 known enterococcus cultures. High selectivity was demonstrated by showing that 408 colonial isolates from plates of raw milk, cheese and butter could be identified as enterococci.

scholarly journals KEMAMPUAN TUMBUH Ecoli DH5 KOMPETEN DALAM 'MEDIUM MINIMAL' MENGANDUNG DEKSTRAN UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN METODE SELEKSI KLON GEN DEKSTRANASE

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Afaf Baktir ◽  
Kuntaman Kuntaman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cloning ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
Positive Clone ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Blue Dextran ◽  
Method Base ◽  
Selection Of

Dextranase gene cloning so far have used selection method base on halo formation around he recombinant dex colony grown on LB blue dextran agar plate. The difficulty of the cloning process is in the selection of dex positive clone. As an example, for obtaining dex gene it has been screened about 36500 colonies. The reason that it was difficult to determine Dex positive clone because dextran hydrolysis by primary recombinant E. coli cells in LB blue dextran medium was too weak. In the present research, we have designed a minimal medium contained dextran and low concentration of yeast extract to reduce difficulty and to increase accuracy and reproducibility determining of recombinant dex E. coli. In this experiment, dex positive cloned was simulated by competent E.coli grown in medium contained dextranase. The minimal medium designed consist of dextran 1 percent, yeast extract 0.01 percent, KH2PO4 0.1 percent, MgSO4 0.24 percent, NaCl 0.1 percent, CaCl2 0.01 percent. this medium have proved can distinguish between recombinant E. coli dex and other E. coli ie. The competent E. coli can grow well in this medium which was supplied by dextranase, but without dextranase this competent E.coli did not or limited grow

scholarly journals Filamentous bacteriophages are associated with chronic Pseudomonas lung infections and antibiotic resistance in cystic fibrosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (488) ◽  
pp. eaau9748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Burgener ◽  
Johanna M. Sweere ◽  
Michelle S. Bach ◽  
Patrick R. Secor ◽  
Naomi Haddock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Filamentous Bacteriophages ◽  
Lung Infections ◽  
Vitro Analysis ◽  
In Vitro Analysis ◽  
Selection Of

Filamentous bacteriophage (Pf phage) contribute to the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in animal models, but their relevance to human disease is unclear. We sought to interrogate the prevalence and clinical relevance of Pf phage in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) using sputum samples from two well-characterized patient cohorts. Bacterial genomic analysis in a Danish longitudinal cohort of 34 patients with CF revealed that 26.5% (n = 9) were consistently Pf phage positive. In the second cohort, a prospective cross-sectional cohort of 58 patients with CF at Stanford, sputum qPCR analysis showed that 36.2% (n = 21) of patients were Pf phage positive. In both cohorts, patients positive for Pf phage were older, and in the Stanford CF cohort, patients positive for Pf phage were more likely to have chronic P. aeruginosa infection and had greater declines in pulmonary function during exacerbations than patients negative for Pf phage presence in the sputum. Last, P. aeruginosa strains carrying Pf phage exhibited increased resistance to antipseudomonal antibiotics. Mechanistically, in vitro analysis showed that Pf phage sequesters these same antibiotics, suggesting that this mechanism may thereby contribute to the selection of antibiotic resistance over time. These data provide evidence that Pf phage may contribute to clinical outcomes in P. aeruginosa infection in CF.

scholarly journals New insights into the biodegradation of polylactic acid: from degradation to upcycling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Xu ◽  
Yinping Chen ◽  
Jie He ◽  
Shixiang Cao ◽  
Jiawei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Waste Plastics ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Biodegradation Process ◽  
Long Life ◽  
Molecular Biological Techniques

Owing to its capability to be biosynthetic and biodegradable, polylactic acid (PLA) is considered as the most promising biopolymer among all plastic materials, which will play a crucial role as a potentially environmentally friendly material for a sustainable bioeconomy. However, its long life cycle indicates that it cannot be easily degraded in nature. Therefore, understanding the biodegradation mechanism of PLA is important to reduce impacts of waste plastic, waste disposal and alleviate the energy crisis. With the recent development of molecular biological techniques, some studies have confirmed that specific groups of microorganisms may aid the biodegradation process of PLA. Here, recent advances in the biodegradation of PLA (i.e., microbial and enzymatic degradation) and key factors affecting the degradation efficiency were reviewed. In addition, compared to complete degradation through mineralization, upcycling is also proposed as a more recyclable strategy for disposing the waste plastics.

scholarly journals Optimal Pore Size of Honeycomb Polylactic Acid Films for In Vitro Cartilage Formation by Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Misaki Yagi ◽  
Mitsuru Mizuno ◽  
Ryota Fujisawa ◽  
Hisako Katano ◽  
Kentaro Endo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Cartilage Formation ◽  
Selection Of

Background. Tissue engineering of cartilage requires the selection of an appropriate artificial scaffold. Polylactic acid (PLA) honeycomb films are expected to be highly biodegradable and cell adhesive due to their high porosity. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal pore size of honeycomb PLA films for in vitro cartilage formation using synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods. Suspensions of human synovial MSCs were plated on PLA films with different pore sizes (no pores, or with 5 μm or 20 μm pores) and then observed by scanning electron microscopy. The numbers of cells remaining in the film and passing through the film were quantified. One day after plating, the medium was switched to chondrogenic induction medium, and the films were time-lapse imaged and observed histologically. Results. The 5 μm pore film showed MSCs with pseudopodia that extended between several pores, while the 20 μm pore film showed MSC bodies submerged into the pores. The number of adhered MSCs was significantly lower for the film without pores, while the number of MSCs that passed through the film was significantly higher for the 20 μm pore film. MSCs that were induced to form cartilage peeled off as a sheet from the poreless film after one day. MSCs formed thicker cartilage at two weeks when growing on the 5 μm pore films than on the 20 μm pore films. Conclusions. Honeycomb PLA films with 5 μm pores were suitable for in vitro cartilage formation by synovial MSCs.

scholarly journals Karakteristik dan Potensi Enzimatis Bakteri Asal Tanah Sampah Dapur dan Kotoran Ternak sebagai Kandidat Agen Biodegradasi Sampah Organik

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Taruna Dwi Satwika ◽  
Dwiana Muflihah Yulianti ◽  
Arif Rahman Hikam
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Kitchen Waste ◽  
Proteolytic Activities ◽  
Waste Degradation ◽  
Screening Result ◽  
Selection Of

Composting is an alternative for recycling organic waste. Microorganisms that can degrade the components of organic waste are an essential part of composting. Isolation and selection of bacteria with the ability to degrade the elements of organic waste are the first steps to obtain an organic waste degrading agent. This study aimed to determine the characteristics and the enzymatic potential (cellulolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic) of bacteria isolated from soil, cow dung and kitchen waste as candidates for organic waste degradation agents. The research begins with sampling and isolation of bacteria. The isolates obtained were tested qualitatively for their amylolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic activities. Furthermore, bacterial isolates were characterized morphologically and biochemically. A total of 30 bacterial isolates were isolated from soil samples, cow dung and kitchen waste. The screening result showed that 6 isolates had amylolytic activity, 7 isolates had cellulolytic activity and 3 isolates had proteolytic activity. These bacterial isolates showed various morphological and biochemical characteristics. In general, soil samples, kitchen waste and cow dung contain potential bacteria as organic waste degrading agents

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