scholarly journals Specificity and definiteness in sentence and discourse structure

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 167-189
Author(s):  
Klaus Von Heusinger
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Discourse Structure ◽  
Narrow Scope ◽  
Relative Specificity ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
Definition Of

In this paper, I argue that this informally given list of characteristics covers only a certain subclass of specific indefinites. […] In particular, I dispute the definition of specific indefinites as "the speaker has the referent in mind" as rather confusing if one is working with a semantic theory. Furthermore, I discuss "relative specificity", it. cases in which the specific indefinite does not exhibit wide, but intermediate or narrow scope behavior. Based on such data, I argue that specificity expresses a referential dependency between introduced discourse items. Informally speaking, the specificity of the indefinite expression something [...] expresses that the reference of the expression depends on the reference of another expression, here, on the expression a monk, not the speaker.  

Towards Superlogic

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 23-55
Author(s):  
Zev Bar-Lev
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Discourse Structure ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Specific Research ◽  
Linguistic Methodology ◽  
Linguistic Focus ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Theory Of Discourse

Abstract This article argues for a semantic theory of discourse structure, with a strong cross-linguistic focus. Its argument starts with analysis of two phenomena related to discourse and cognition : conjunction; and categorization. After this initial justification, claims are developed within a specific research model for discourse, but also drawing on the rich field of data available in intercultural environments. Specific results include the claim that 'Mediterranean' discourse-types differ from Anglo AND 'Oriental ' types in preferring a different form of 'framing' device for discourse, namely a particularizing rather than generalizing form. There is also discussion of the implications of the approach for linguistic methodology and cognitive theory.

scholarly journals LEADERSHIP AS A PHENOMENON OF MODERN MANAGEMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Іryna Markina ◽  
◽  
Victoriia Voronina ◽  
Іryna Dmytrenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Leadership Qualities ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Modern Management ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
Enterprise Management System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Management And Leadership

Today Ukrainian enterprises operate in difficult conditions. In these conditions, the question of improving management arises. The work of a well-coordinated team is required. We need a leader. There are managers who skillfully manage enterprises. They guide workers towards common goals. But there are those who cannot influence their subordinates. These leaders do not have the necessary leadership qualities. We believe that the issue of leadership in modern management is relevant and timely. The aim of the study is to clarify the concept of "leadership". The place and role of leadership in the enterprise management system has been determined. Some scholars combine leadership with the phenomenon of power. We believe that being a leader and being a leader in an organization are not the same thing. There is no single definition of leadership. Each researcher gives his own definition. The phenomenon of leadership is complex. There are many classifications of leader types. One part of them concerns life and professional experience. The second part relates to psychological characteristics. The third describes habits and style. Leader style is the manner in which the leader behaves with subordinates. Several manners are shown in the article. Leadership is the relationship between the leader and the members of the group. They influence each other and strive to achieve results. We believe that management and leadership are equally important for an enterprise. But, it is necessary to distinguish between a leader and a manager. The definition of management is similar to the definition of leadership: achieving the goals of an organization with the help of people subordinate to a manager. Managers should be leaders. The distinctive features of management and leadership are given. The main difference between a manager and a leader is the source of power. The ideal is the merging of the qualities of a leader and a manager in one person. Leadership is a form of manifestation of influence on people's behavior, based on socio-psychological contact and socio-psychological methods of management. Management is a form of influencing people's behavior, based on administrative, legal and economic methods of management. Leadership does not replace the management process. It complements it when traditional management methods fail to solve the problem. Effective leadership is built on trust. The development of the leadership concept changes the content of modern management. Distinguishes between old and new approaches to management. These approaches are leadership and leadership oriented.

scholarly journals Indefiniteness

Linguistics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henriëtte de Swart
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Generalized Quantifiers ◽  
Discourse Representation Theory ◽  
Language Typology ◽  
Narrow Scope ◽  
Bare Plurals ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bare Nominals

The philosophical work on definite and indefinite descriptions of the form “the N” and “a N” focuses on the logic of natural language. Definites and indefinites are sometimes treated as devices of reference and at other times associated with quantificational expressions. Along with quantificational noun phrases such as “every N” they receive a unified analysis as generalized quantifiers. Insights into the semantic properties of generalized quantifiers have led to productive lines of research on indefinites in existential contexts and indefinites under negation, including negative polarity items and negative concord items. Clearly, indefinites have referential features as well. Unlike true quantificational expressions, they serve as anchors for anaphoric pronouns in subsequent discourse, which motivates Discourse Representation theory as a dynamic extension of first-order logic. Their variable quantificational force is accounted for by the treatment of indefinites as variables, which depend on other quantifiers in the sentence. The observation that indefinites can scope out of scope islands such as embedded clauses gave rise to analyses in terms of choice functions. Finally, indefinites are frequently found in predicative contexts, which have led to analyses in terms of property denotations. Many analyses focus on one particular aspect of indefinites, or posit ambiguities between different types of denotations. However, the quantificational, referential, and predicative roles of indefinites can be reconciled in a type-shifting framework, which allows indefinites to live in different types. Besides singular indefinite articles, languages may also have plural indefinite articles. Interestingly, many languages do not grammaticalize indefinite articles and instead use bare plurals or bare singulars. In English, bare plurals are ontologically different from full indefinites in that they may refer to kinds, besides regular individuals. They also display a different scopal behavior, in that they take obligatory narrow scope with respect to other scope-bearing operators. In languages where we find them, bare singulars share these features. Typological variation raises a special interest in grammaticalization patterns over time. Indefinites have also drawn attention in the psycholinguistic literature in which their cognitive status and the relation of indefinites with bare nominals and definites in acquisition and processing has been investigated. All in all, the study of indefiniteness is relevant for philosophy of language, semantic theory, the syntax-semantics interface, language typology, historical linguistics, and psycholinguistics. Additional relevant references to indefinite descriptions and indefiniteness appear in the Oxford Bibliographies articles Definiteness, Anaphora, Negation, and Polarity.

scholarly journals NEW TRENDS IN MIGRATORY AND REFUGEE LAW IN BRAZIL: THE EXPANDED REFUGEE DEFINITION

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 143-169
Author(s):  
Catherine Tinker ◽  
Laura Madrid Sartoretto
Keyword(s):  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Narrow Scope ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Refugee Law ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Domestic Level

This paper aims to explore new trends in Brazilian refugee and migratory law in the last 20 years. In doing so it addresses the evolution of the definition of “refugee” in Brazil, expanding the eligibility grounds provided by the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees (1951 Convention). Reviewing international and regional refugee law, the article analyzes the broader understanding of the notion of “refuge” and its complexity expressed in regional and national legal frameworks, taking account of lawyers, scholars and activists who criticize the narrow scope of the classical refugee definition from 1951 which has become distant from current refugee voices and struggles. At the domestic level, although the 1980 Aliens Statute (Act. n. 6815/80) is still in effect, there have been important changes in refugee law in Brazil since the implementation of the 1997 Refugee Statute (Act n. 9.474/97), influenced by the 1984 Cartagena Declaration (a regional soft law instrument) regarding the definition of “refugee”. Exploring the interconnection of the Refugee Statute and complementary forms of human rights protection which fall outside the scope of international refugee law, the article concludes that in the specific case of Haitians in Brazil, the broader protections of Brazilianrefugee law should be available rather than the complementary systemof humanitarian visas.

scholarly journals NEW TRENDS IN MIGRATORY AND REFUGEE LAW IN BRAZIL: THE EXPANDED REFUGEE DEFINITION

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 143-169
Author(s):  
Catherine Tinker ◽  
Laura Madrid Sartoretto
Keyword(s):  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Narrow Scope ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Refugee Law ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Domestic Level

This paper aims to explore new trends in Brazilian refugee and migratory law in the last 20 years. In doing so it addresses the evolution of the definition of “refugee” in Brazil, expanding the eligibility grounds provided by the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees (1951 Convention). Reviewing international and regional refugee law, the article analyzes the broader understanding of the notion of “refuge” and its complexity expressed in regional and national legal frameworks, taking account of lawyers, scholars and activists who criticize the narrow scope of the classical refugee definition from 1951 which has become distant from current refugee voices and struggles. At the domestic level, although the 1980 Aliens Statute (Act. n. 6815/80) is still in effect, there have been important changes in refugee law in Brazil since the implementation of the 1997 Refugee Statute (Act n. 9.474/97), influenced by the 1984 Cartagena Declaration (a regional soft law instrument) regarding the definition of “refugee”. Exploring the interconnection of the Refugee Statute and complementary forms of human rights protection which fall outside the scope of international refugee law, the article concludes that in the specific case of Haitians in Brazil, the broader protections of Brazilianrefugee law should be available rather than the complementary systemof humanitarian visas.

Acquisition of pragmatic competence

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bates
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Pragmatic Competence ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Minimal Elements ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Italian Children ◽  
The Ideal

The following describes a study of the acquisition of ‘pragmatic’ structures by Italian children. PRAGMATICS refers to the study of the use of language in context, by real speakers and hearers in real situations. It therefore fails to meet the definition of ‘competence’ outlined by Chomsky, emphasizing the ideal speaker abstracted from particular situations, and perhaps for this reason has been neglected in psycholinguistic studies. However, there has been a renewed interest in pragmatics in recent semantic theory, and a number of proposals have been made regarding a formal representation for pragmatic structures. Three major positions can be distinguished, all of which in varying degrees separate pragmatics from the propositional content itself, as a set of procedures and assumptions for the appropriate use of propositions. Interpretive semanticists, such as Jackendoff (1972), place pragmatics entirely outside the syntactic component, in a separate and heterogeneous semantic component. Fillmore (1968) and Weinreich (1963) offer proposals for a separate ‘modality component’ which operates on a more articulated semantic structure. For example, in the sentence Could John have hit the ball?, the proposition ‘John hit the ball’ is spelled out in terms of the predicate ‘hit’, the two arguments, and the semantic relations holding among them. The modality component would contain simply a set of unanalysed symbols like QUESTION, CONDITIONAL and PAST PERFECT that are applied to the proposition. A third approach to pragmatics is offered in natural logic models like those of Parisi & Antinucci (1973) or Lakoff (forthcoming). In these models, as contrasted with the above modality component, all the meaning underlying a sentence is broken into minimal elements. Thus the above sentence is described not only with the nuclear proposition ‘John hit the ball’, but with a performative proposition describing the speaker's interrogative intention (i.e. ‘I ask you…’) and with various presuppositions1 describing the conditions that are necessary for the sentence to be appropriate. For example, instead of an unanalysed symbol for conditional, there is an ancillary proposition describing the fact that the central proposition is not necessarily true at time X. This latter approach was of more heuristic value for a developmental study of pragmatics because a representation is available for all the meaning underlying a given sentence. For example, the articulated presupposition ‘Proposition X is not necessarily true at time X’ is more easily translatable into psychological terms than an unanalysed symbol like ‘Conditional’.

scholarly journals Static Equivalence Checking for OpenFlow Networks

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 2207
Author(s):  
Hyuk Lee ◽  
Jin-Young Choi
Keyword(s):  
Network Model ◽  
Constraint Satisfaction ◽  
Software Defined Networking ◽  
Equivalence Checking ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Network Configuration ◽  
Static Equivalence ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
Definition Of

Software-defined networking (SDN) provides many advantages over traditional networking by separating the control and data planes. One of the advantages is to provide programmability, which allows administrators to control the behavior of the network. The network configuration may need to be changed for some reason. Whenever such changes are made, it can be required to verify that the forwarding behavior is preserved from the existing configuration, that is, whether the ruleset is properly reflected. In this paper, we propose the forwarding behavior based equivalence checking of OpenFlow networks. We present the formal definition of the network model and the forwarding behavior of the packet flow. Based on the definition, We present a method for checking the equivalence of OpenFlow network forwarding behaviors. Next, we present the implementation of the proposed method, using the constraint satisfaction method, which will be the basis for further extension.

scholarly journals NEW TRENDS IN MIGRATORY AND REFUGEE LAW IN BRAZIL: THE EXPANDED REFUGEE DEFINITION

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 143-169
Author(s):  
Catherine Tinker ◽  
Laura Madrid Sartoretto
Keyword(s):  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Narrow Scope ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Refugee Law ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Domestic Level

This paper aims to explore new trends in Brazilian refugee and migratory law in the last 20 years. In doing so it addresses the evolution of the definition of “refugee” in Brazil, expanding the eligibility grounds provided by the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees (1951 Convention). Reviewing international and regional refugee law, the article analyzes the broader understanding of the notion of “refuge” and its complexity expressed in regional and national legal frameworks, taking account of lawyers, scholars and activists who criticize the narrow scope of the classical refugee definition from 1951 which has become distant from current refugee voices and struggles. At the domestic level, although the 1980 Aliens Statute (Act. n. 6815/80) is still in effect, there have been important changes in refugee law in Brazil since the implementation of the 1997 Refugee Statute (Act n. 9.474/97), influenced by the 1984 Cartagena Declaration (a regional soft law instrument) regarding the definition of “refugee”. Exploring the interconnection of the Refugee Statute and complementary forms of human rights protection which fall outside the scope of international refugee law, the article concludes that in the specific case of Haitians in Brazil, the broader protections of Brazilianrefugee law should be available rather than the complementary systemof humanitarian visas.

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