Correlation of Bioassay Crop Growth with Cinmethylin and Chlorimuron Application Rates for Two Soils

Ten crops were evaluated for potential use as field bioassay species for cinmethylin and chlorimuron application rates in two soil types. Cinmethylin injured sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] at concentrations as low as 0.28 kg·ha-1 on either soil type, while broadleaf crops were tolerant. Chlorimuron injured sweet corn, grain sorghum, radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and watermelon [Citrullis lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf.] at rates ≥ 2.5 g·ha-1, and squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) at rates ≥ 5.0 g·ha-1 on a Dothan sand. In a Congaree silt loam, chlorimuron injured cucumber at rates ≥ 5.0 g·ha-1, sweet corn, watermelon, and squash at rates ≥ 10 g·ha-1, and grain sorghum, radish, and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at rates ≥ 20 g·ha-1. Soybean and snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were tolerant to chlorimuron in both soil types. Cinmethylin activity was not altered by soil type, but with chlorimuron greater crop injury was observed in the Dothan sand than in the Congaree silt loam. Sweet corn and grain sorghum were the most sensitive indicator species to cinmethylin and cucumber was the most sensitive to chlorimuron in both soils. Plant emergence and population alone are not valid indicators for crop tolerance to herbicides. Quantitative measurements such as shoot dry weight were more indicative of crop susceptibility to chlorimuron than plant populations. Chemical names used: exo -1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-2 -[(2-methylphenyl) methoxy]-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (cinmethylin); 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino] carbonyl]amino] sulfonyl]benzoic acid (chlorimuron).

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EFEKTIFITAS FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (FMA) SERTA PUPUK NITROGEN DAN FOSFAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SEMAI JABON (Anthocephallus cadamba Roxb.) Effectiveness of Arbuscula Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Nitrogen and Phosphate Fertilizer toward Jabon ........

Journal of Tropical Silviculture ◽

10.29244/j-siltrop.8.1.20-25 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 20-25

Author(s):

Fransisca Yosina Regina Luturmas ◽

Sri Wilarso Budi R. ◽

Irdika Mansur

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Phosphate Fertilizer ◽

Soil Types ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Main Plot ◽

Fast Growing Species ◽

Glomus Sp ◽

Plot Design

Jabon (Anthocephallus cadamba Roxb.) is one of fast-growing species with high economical value, and well adapted on some of soil types. The aims of this research were to analyze the effectiveness of AMF species isolated from Samama (Anthocephallus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) and to determine the favorable dose of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer for Jabon growth. The research was conducted CRD-split plot design main plot was Acaulospora sp.1 (M1), Glomus sp.1 (M2), Acaulospora sp.2 (M3), Acaulospora sp.3 (M4), Glomus sp.2 (M5). While the fertilizer as the sub-plot, consist of control (P0), urea 0.5g+rockphosphat 2g (P1), urea 1g+rockphosphat 4g (P2). The result showed that AMF and fertilizer applications effectively improved Jabon grown, especially in height, stem diameter, and shoot dry weight. The interaction (M4P1) increased plant height 154.73%, diameter 75.38% and shoot dry weight 376.09% compared with control. P1 treatment was better for growth of Jabon that was inoculated by mycorrhiza. Acaulospora sp.1 (M1) originally from Samama without fertilizer had the best effectiveness for Jabon growth.Key words: Acaulospora, indigenous

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Effects of nitrogen and lime on growth of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham on a red-yellow podzolic soil in south-eastern Queensland

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9860023 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S Sivasupiramaniam ◽

R Akkasaeng ◽

HM Shelton

Keyword(s):

Podzolic Soil ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

Field Application ◽

South Eastern ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Application Rates ◽

Lime Application ◽

Low Nitrogen

Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted on an acidic red-yellow podzolic soil of low nitrogen status from south-eastern Queensland to examine the use of nitrogen and lime in promoting leucaena growth. In the field, application of 25 kg nitrogen ha-l at planting increased shoot dry weight by 77, 88, 52 and 51% at weeks 5, 15, 32 and 52 respectively. Equivalent responses to lime (2.5 t ha-1) were 8, 3 1, 64 and 74% respectively. In the glasshouse, shoot, root and nodule dry weights were increased by nitrogen application rates of 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1. Number, size and dry weight of nodules were suppressed at the highest rate (400 kg ha-1). Nitrogen concentration in youngest fully expanded leaves was increased to over 5% by nitrogen, and a critical nitrogen content of 4.5% (90% of maximum growth) is suggested. Inexplicably, lime application reduced shoot, root and nodule weights at high nitrogen applications. The apparent partial effectiveness of commercial leucaena Rhizobium and the implications of starter nitrogen and lime for leucaena establishment are discussed.

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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Response to Imazaquin and Imazethapyr Soil Residues

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450009370x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 156-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

David H. Johnson ◽

Ronald E. Talbert

Keyword(s):

Gossypium Hirsutum ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Clay Soils ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Silt Loam Soil ◽

Delayed Initiation ◽

Loam Soil

The effects of imazaquin and imazethapyr on cotton planted the year following application to soybean were studied on one silt loam and two clay soils in Arkansas from 1989 to 1991. Imazaquin was applied to soybean at 0.07 kg ai ha−1PPI and POST, 0.14 kg ha−1PPI, PRE, and POST, and sequentially PPI or PRE followed by POST at 0.14 kg ha−1per application. Imazethapyr was applied at 0.035 kg ha−1PPI and POST, 0.07 kg ha−1PPI, PRE, and POST, and sequentially PPI or PRE followed by POST at 0.07 kg ha−1per application. Soil residues of 0.07 kg ha−1imazaquin and imazethapyr did not injure cotton at any location. Residues of 0.14 kg ha−1imazaquin applied sequentially reduced cotton shoot dry weight for 6 wk after emergence on clay but not on silt loam soil. The PPI followed by POST sequential imazaquin treatment (0.28 kg ha−1total imazaquin) delayed initiation of fruiting and reduced yield and lint quality.

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Dissipation of Fomesafen in New York State Soils and Potential to Cause Carryover Injury to Sweet Corn

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-05-168.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 206-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Bradley J. Rauch ◽

Robin R. Bellinder ◽

Daniel C. Brainard ◽

Mike Lane ◽

Janice E. Thies

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Soil Type ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

New York State ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Variety Trial ◽

Snap Beans ◽

Planting Season

The manufacturer's recommended rate for fomesafen in snap beans, dry beans, and soybeans may cause carryover injury in sweet corn. A field experiment, a survey, and multiple greenhouse experiments were conducted to (1) estimate the fomesafen residue concentrations in the soil that might result from use of lower than registered rates, (2) estimate fomesafen residue concentrations in growers' fields and evaluate grower practices for their effects on carryover potential, and (3) investigate the effects of soil type and sweet corn variety on the potential for fomesafen to cause injury to sweet corn. Results of the dissipation study predicted average soil concentrations to be approximately 0.019 mg fomesafen/kg soil at the start of the sweet corn planting season. Half-life values ranged between 28 and 66 d, with an average of 50 d. Residues in grower fields were slightly less than those found in the dissipation study. Injury from fomesafen varied significantly by sweet corn variety and by soil type. Sweet corn grown in soils with high organic matter and low pH were most susceptible to injury from fomesafen. At high rates of fomesafen (0.12 mg/kg), reductions in dry weight of sweet corn varieties ranged from 5 to 60%. At rates of fomesafen slightly higher than those detected in field soils at the time of sweet corn planting (0.03 mg/kg), dry weight either increased slightly (variety trial) or decreased by 6 to 12% (soil-effect trial) depending on soil type. The risk of sweet corn yield losses because of fomesafen carryover appear relatively low. Growers can reduce the risk of carryover injury by planting tolerant varieties in fields where fomesafen was applied the preceding year.

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Use of Species-specific Controlled-release Fertilizer Rates to Manage Growth and Quality of Container Nursery Crops

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.25.3.370 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 370-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mary Jane Clark ◽

Youbin Zheng

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Growth Index ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Application Rates ◽

Nursery Crops ◽

Species Specific

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) application rates or ranges for the production of five 2-gal nursery crops. Plants were evaluated following fertilization with 19N–2.6P–10.8K plus minors, 8–9 month CRF incorporated at 0.15, 0.45, 0.75, 1.05, 1.35, and 1.65 kg·m−3 nitrogen (N). The five crops tested were bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), ‘Green Velvet’ boxwood (Buxus ×), ‘Magic Carpet’ spirea (Spiraea japonica), ‘Palace Purple’ coral bells (Heuchera micrantha), and rose of sharon (Hibiscus syriacus). Most plant growth characteristics (i.e., growth index, plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight) were greater in high vs. low CRF treatments at the final harvest. Low CRF rates negatively impacted overall appearance and marketability. The species-specific CRF range recommendations were 1.05 to 1.35 kg·m−3 N for rose of sharon, 0.75 to 1.05 kg·m−3 N for ‘Magic Carpet’ spirea, and 0.75 to 1.35 kg·m−3 N for bigleaf hydrangea and ‘Green Velvet’ boxwood, whereas the recommended CRF rate for ‘Palace Purple’ coral bells was 0.75 kg·m−3 N. Overall, species-specific CRF application rates can be used to manage growth and quality of containerized nursery crops during production in a temperate climate.

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GROWTH ENHANCEMENT OF PHOTINIA × FRASERI WITH FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF GROWTH REGULATORS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1125b ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1125b-1125

Author(s):

Allen D. Owings ◽

Steven E. Newman

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth Enhancement ◽

Lateral Branching ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Application Rates ◽

Meristematic Region ◽

One Year ◽

High Application

The action of foliar-applied uniconazole, paclobutrazol, dikegulac-sodium, ancymidol, 6-BA, GA4+7, and 6-BA + GA4+7 On container–grown Photinia × fraseri was studied over a one year period. Vegetative growth habit was evaluated at three month intervals. Shoot dry weight and histological examination of stern anatomy in the apical meristematic region was conducted at experiment termination.Several plant growth regulators, primarily uniconazole, 6-BA, 6-BA + GA4+7, and dikegulac-sodium, stimulated lateral branching. Linear increases in lateral branching occurred as application rates increased. High application rates of uniconazole and paclobutrazol created an asymmetrical growth habit and decreased dry weight accumulation.

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Effect of Soil Amendments on Growth of Pentas in a Simulated Landscape

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.790b ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 790B-790

Author(s):

Sudeep Vyapari* ◽

S.M. Scheiber ◽

Richard C. Beeson

Keyword(s):

Best Management Practices ◽

Soil Type ◽

Management Practices ◽

Soil Amendments ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Growth Indices ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Top Soil

During Fall 2003, a study was conducted to determine the effect of soil amendments on growth and response of Pentas lanceolata `New Look Red' in the landscape. Pentas were grown in 250L drainage lysimeters in an open-sided clear polyethylene covered shelter filled with local top soil (Apopka fine sand). The treatments used were non-amended top soil (control) and soil amended with either compost (5% by volume) or clay (5% by volume) in the top 15 cm. Best Management Practices were followed. Irrigation frequency and rate were regulated using a tensiometer-controlled automatic irrigation system. When plant available water in each soil type had declined to 70% or less, the plants were irrigated back to field capacity. Data were recorded on initial and final growth indices, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Final growth indices between control and soil amended with compost were not different; however, growth in the clay-based soil was significantly less than the compost-based soil type. The mean shoot dry weight (77.2 g) produced from plants in compost amended soil type was significantly higher than either control (57.45 g) or clay amended (54.92 g) soil types. No significant differences were found for either initial growth indices or root dry weight among the three treatments.

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Effect of Herbicides on Alfalfa and Subsequent Crops

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500035803 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 335-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. G. Swan

Keyword(s):

Bromus Tectorum ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Downy Brome ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Field Bioassay ◽

Sugar Beets ◽

Crop Tolerance ◽

Soil Zone ◽

Lactuca Serriola ◽

Bioassay Data

Three herbicides, 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine), and 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil), applied annually at 0.45, 0.90, and 1.80 kg/ha for 2 or 3 years to establish forage alfalfa(Medicago sativaL. ‘Ranger’), effectively controlled downy brome(Bromus tectorumL.), tumble mustard(Sisymbrium altissimumL.), and prickly lettuce(Lactuca serriolaL.). However, downy brome control decreased to less than half and broadleaf control ceased 18 months after the final herbicide application. Atrazine injured alfalfa most. Usually, annual applications of 0.45 kg/ha did not reduce yield. Greenhouse and field bioassay data indicated that the herbicides leached below the 0 to 32.5 cm soil zone and persisted. Residues were absorbed by roots of crops planted 2 to 3 years after the last application. Injury was similar whether the last application was made 18 or 30 months previously. The order of crop tolerance was sweet corn(Zea maysL. ‘Rugosa’) > potatoes(Solarium tuberosumL. ‘Norgold’) > winter wheat(Triticum aestivumL. ‘Nugaines’) > bush beans(Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Humilis’) ≅ sugar beets(Beta vulgarisL. ‘U. & I. hybrid No. 8′).

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Container-grown Shrubs Respond Differently to Controlled-release Fertilizer Rates in a Temperate Climate

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-33.2.66 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 66-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mary Jane Clark ◽

Youbin Zheng

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Nutrient Deficiency ◽

Growth Index ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽

White Cedar ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Application Rates ◽

Species Specific

To determine the response of container-grown shrubs to controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) rate when grown in a temperate climate, Polyon® 19–04–10 + Minors, an 8–9 month CRF, was incorporated into growing substrates for ‘Gro-Low’ fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica Aiton), ‘Goldmound’ spirea (Spiraea × bumalda Burv.) and ‘Bloomerang’® purple lilac (Syringa × ‘Penda’) transplants. Also, a 15–06–11 + Micros, a 10–12 month CRF, was incorporated into growing substrates for ‘Green Mound’ boxwood (Buxus × ‘Green Mound’), ‘Runyan’ yew (Taxus × media) and ‘Emerald’ white-cedar (arborvitae) (Thuja occidentalis L.) transplants, at six rates (0.15, 0.45, 0.75, 1.05, 1.35 and 1.65 kg·m−3 N; 0.25, 0.76, 1.26, 1.77, 2.28 and 2.78 lb·yd−3 N). We observed greater growth index, leaf area, and shoot dry weight at high vs. low CRF rates for the majority of species. Nutrient deficiency symptoms such as light green leaves were observed at low CRF rates for some species, including fragrant sumac, lilac and white-cedar. Optimal species-specific CRF application rates were 1.05 kg·m−3 N (1.77 lb·yd−3 N) for lilac and yew and 0.45 kg·m−3 N (0.76 lb·yd−3 N) for boxwood and white-cedar, while the optimal CRF ranges were 0.75 to 1.35 kg·m−3 N (1.26 to 2.28 lb·yd−3 N) for fragrant sumac and 0.75 to 1.05 kg·m−3 N (1.26 to 1.77 lb·yd−3 N) for spirea. Adjusting CRF application rates based on plant response may provide nursery growers with an efficient tool for managing nursery crop growth and production timing in the temperate climate.

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Cold Tolerance Evaluation in a Diallel among Open-pollinated Sweet Corn Cultivars

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.1.88 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 88-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

P. Revilla ◽

J.R. Hotchkiss ◽

W.F. Tracy

Keyword(s):

Cold Tolerance ◽

Combining Ability ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Weight ◽

Seedling Vigor ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Cold Tolerant ◽

Shoot Weight

Many sweet corn hybrids germinate poorly and have low seedling vigor in cold soils. Sources of cold tolerance and an understanding of its inheritance would benefit sweet corn production. Our objective was to determine the genetics of cold tolerance among open-pollinated progenitors of modern sweet corn. Six open-pollinated sweet corn cultivars were used as parents of a diallel. The 15 crosses plus reciprocals, parents, and checks were evaluated in cold chambers. Growing conditions were 14 hours with light at 14 °C, and 10 hours without light at 10 °C. Days to emergence, percent emergence, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight were recorded. The experiment was repeated in the greenhouse under warm conditions. Variation for cold tolerance was present among the crosses and cultivars. The variation was primarily due to general combining ability (GCA) effects, with specific combining ability (SCA) effects and reciprocal effects being significant for seedling dry mater. `Howling Mob' had significant favorable GCAs for all cold tolerance traits and resulted in the most cold-tolerant hybrids. `Country Gentleman' and `Stowell's Evergreen' were the slowest emerging parents. Days to emergence under cold conditions was not correlated to days to emergence under warm conditions. The correlations between root weight (cold) and root weight (warm) and shoot weight (cold) and shoot weight (warm) were significant, positive, and relatively large. In this material it appears that seedling vigor under warm conditions could be used to predict seedling size under cold conditions.

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