scholarly journals Effect of Soybean Oil on Photosynthesis and Aphids of Apple

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 829E-829
Author(s):  
D.E. Deyton ◽  
C.E. Sams ◽  
C.D. Pless
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Initial Reduction ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Degummed Soybean Oil ◽  
Aphid Populations

Four-year-old `Gala' and `Widjit' apple trees with significant apple aphid populations were sprayed to runoff on 13 May 1994 with 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% (v/v) emulsified degummed soybean oil (SO) or with 1.0% petroleum (dormant) oil (PO). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with five single-tree replications. Apple aphid populations were determined on 10 tagged shoots per tree. The top fully expanded leaf of two randomly selected shoots per tree were tagged and net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr) measured. Trees treated with SO or PO had <20% as many aphids after treatment as nontreated trees. Trees treated with 2% SO had lower Pn and Tr than the control for 18 days after treatment. Spraying 0.1% or 0.5% SO caused less initial reduction of Pn than 2.0% SO, and the effect was shorter lasting. Four-year-old `Oregon Spur' and `Empire' were sprayed with 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0% SO or PO on 26 June. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with four single-tree replications. Pn rates of trees treated with 0.1% to 1.0% soybean oil were <40% of nontreated trees the day after treatment, but recovered to >80% of control in 5 days.

scholarly journals 190 EFFECTS OF DORMANT APPLICATION OF SOYBEAN OIL ON PEACH TREES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 456c-456
Author(s):  
R. E. Myers ◽  
D. E. Deyton ◽  
C. E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Degummed Soybean Oil ◽  
Peach Trees

`Redhaven' peach trees at the Knoxville Experiment Station were sprayed to runoff on 3 February 1993 with single applications of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, or 15.0% (v/v) degummed soybean oil with 0.6% Latron AG 44M emulsifier. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 single tree replications. The internal CO2 concentration of treated twigs was elevated the first day and continued to be significantly higher than the control through the fifth day following treatment. Respiration rates of soybean oil treated buds-twigs were lower than the control for the first eight days after treatment. Flower bud and bloom development were delayed by treatment of trees with 5.0 to 15.0% soybean oil. Treatment with 5.0% oil delayed bloom approximately 4 days. The greatest delay (approximately 6 days) occurred after treatment with 10.0 or 15.0% oil. Yield was reduced and fruit size increased as the concentration of soybean oil was increased. Optimum fruit size was achieved with the 5.0% soybean oil treatment.

scholarly journals Apple, Leafhopper Test, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
George C. Hamilton ◽  
Dean Polk ◽  
Eugene Rizio
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Glass Plates

Abstract A 10 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times/variety in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 200 psi. Treatments were applied at petal fall (PF—11 May), 5th cover (5th—12 Jun) and 6th cover (6th—3 Aug). The orchard was treated with Captan for disease control as needed. Weekly ERM counts were made by randomly selecting 20 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile ERM and AF. Mite-days (MD) were calculated as: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 × 7], where MD1 = mitedays already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given sample date and M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next sample date. Leafhoppers (White apple and/or Rose) were evaluated at 1,3, 7, 14, and 21 days post treatment using a 20 leaves/tree (PF) or 50 leaves/tree (5th and 6th) sample. Predatory coccinellids were sampled by 3 minute counts of larvae and adults. At harvest, 100 fruit/tree were collected and weighed, evaluated for spray injury, and rated (0%-100%) for russeting. Data were transformed to sqrt(x + 1) or arcsine(x) before ANOVA and comparison of means.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Sulfur Interaction Influences Net Photosynthesis and Vegetative Growth of Pecan

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hening Hu ◽  
Darrell Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
N Supply ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
S Application ◽  
Leaf N

Seedlings of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] grown in perlite culture were treated with N and S in a 5 × 5 factorial in a randomized complete block design to determine the effect of N, S, and N × S interaction on vegetative growth and photosynthesis. Nitrogen and S deficiency symptoms occurred when leaf N and S were < 25 and 1.4 mg·g-1 dry weight, respectively. Photosynthesis was reduced when combined leaf N and S exceeded 35 and 3.7 mg·g-1 dry weight, respectively; growth was reduced when leaf N and S were > 34 and 3.7 mg·g-1 dry weight, respectively. Photosynthesis and growth increased with N supply, but depended on leaf N: S ratio. In plants without visible N or S deficiency, a N: S ratio of ≈9. is proposed to be near the optimum for maximum growth. Comparison of leaf N, S, and the N: S ratio with similar analyses in selected orchards suggests that pecan productivity will increase from S application under field conditions. We conclude that the interaction” of N and S imposes stringent controls on leaf N and S, photosynthesis, and growth.

scholarly journals Digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations and amino acid digestibility of dried yeast and soybean meal for growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan Sol Park ◽  
Ayodeji Simeon Aderibigbe ◽  
Darryl Ragland ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Energy values and amino acid (AA) digestibility of dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) were determined in 2 experiments with growing pigs. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in DY and SBM. Thirty barrows with a mean initial body weight (BW) of 20.6 kg (SD = 1.04) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A reference diet was prepared with corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5 and 10% DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the reference diet. The ratio of corn, canola meal, and soybean oil was kept consistent across the experimental diets. Each experimental period consisted of 5-d adaptation and 5-d quantitative collection of feces and urine. Test ingredient-associated DE or ME intake (kcal/d) was regressed against test ingredient intake [kg dry matter (DM)/d] to estimate the DE or ME in test ingredients as the slope of linear regression model. The DE in DY was estimated at 3,933 kcal/kg DM, which was not different from the estimated DE in SBM at 4,020 kcal/kg DM. Similarly, there was no difference between DY and SBM in the estimated ME (3,431 and 3,756 kcal/kg DM, respectively). Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in DY and SBM. Twenty-one barrows with a mean initial BW of 20.0 kg (SD = 1.31) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and assigned to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two semi-purified diets containing DY or SBM as the sole nitrogen source and one nitrogen-free diet (NFD) were prepared. The NFD was used to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Pigs were fed the 3 diets for 5 d as adaptation, followed by 2 d of feeding with ileal digesta collection. The SID of AA, except Gly and Pro, in DY were less (P &lt; 0.05) than in SBM. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.1% for Thr to 85.2% for Arg, and those in SBM ranged from 83.9% for Thr to 91.8% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values of DY are not different from those of SBM, whereas AA in DY are less digestible than in SBM. The estimated DE and ME as well as the SID of AA in DY and SBM can be used in diet formulation for growing pigs using these ingredients.

scholarly journals Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
R. L. Horsburgh ◽  
S. W. Kilmer ◽  
J. R. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Test Tree

Abstract The experiment was conducted in an orchard of 16 year old ‘Spur Red’ Delicious apple trees on MM 106 roots. Treatments were placed in alternating rows, with the intervening unsprayed rows serving as guard rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate (4 per treatment) consisted of three adjacent trees. Data was only taken from the center tree of each replicate. Treatments were applied with a power take off driven FMC (model 252S) airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa (76.62 liters/ha). Delayed dormant 60 sec. oil (6 gal./acre) was applied to two treatments on 27 Apr. One treatment contained only oil but the other had Kinetic EC (16 oz./acre) combined with oil. Two control plots were established, one received two inoculations of ERM and one did not. The inoculations made to all plots except as noted above consisted of taping 10 mite infested apple shoots (collected in a heavily infested commercial orchard) to limbs on the periphery of each test tree. Inoculations were made on 24 May and 4 Jun. Other treatments were applied on 21 Jun and 28 Jun. Predator data (16 Jul) was collected during a three minute observation of the canopy. Mite data were developed by collecting leaf samples (20 leaves) and following the standard Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing procedure.

scholarly journals Control of Aphids on Lettuce, 1996

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-134
Author(s):  
Casey W. Hoy ◽  
Michael J. Dunlap
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Leaf Lettuce ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Plant Treatment ◽  
Aphid Populations ◽  
Flat Fan Nozzle

Abstract ‘Red Fire’ leaf lettuce was planted at the Muck Crops Branch, Celeryville, OH, on 6 Aug. The field was fertilized with 800 lbs of 17-17-17 per acre. The experimental plots were three rows 20 inches apart, 30 ft long, with plant spacing at 12 inches within rows. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment aphid counts were made 11 Sep by randomly selecting plants from the outside rows of each plot in replicates one and two and counting the number of aphids per plant. Pretreatment aphid counts averaged 32.2 aphids per plant. Treatment applications were made 11 and 19 Sep using a backpack sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle. Aphid populations were evaluated 17 and 26 Sep by randomly selecting five lettuce plants from the middle row of each plot and counting the density of aphids on each plant.

Effects of drip fertigation of NH4-N and P on soil pH and cation leaching

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Cation Leaching ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Drip Fertigation

Mixtures of ammonium nitrate and ammonium polyphosphate fertilizers were used to drip fertigate Summerland McIntosh apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown on M.9 rootstocks in gravelly sandy loam. Levels of N corresponding to 25 and 50% of the recommended broadcast rate (23.5 and 47.0 g tree−1, respectively) and three levels of P (0, 17.5 and 35.0 g tree−1) were applied in a factorial randomized complete block design. Soil acidification began within 1 yr in a zone extending approximately 60 cm vertically and horizontally from the drip source. Acidification was most severe at 20–30 cm directly beneath the emitter where the soil pH decreased from 5.8 to 4.5 after 1 yr and to 3.7 after three seasons of fertigation. Rate and magnitude of pH decline were equal for both rates of N and acidification was not enhanced by the simultaneous addition of P. Calcium, Mg and K were leached to the periphery of the acidified zone. The rapid displacement of K may be of concern, particularly when NH4 forms of N are drip-fertigated in coarse-textured soils with marginal K levels. Key words: Fertigation, soil acidification, cation leaching, nitrogen fertilizer

scholarly journals Chemical Defoliation of Apple and Pear Nursery Stock

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 665b-665
Author(s):  
D.E. Deyton ◽  
C.E. Sams ◽  
J.C. Cummins ◽  
R.E. Myers ◽  
M.A. Halcomb
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
One Year ◽  
Treated Apple

Hand-defoliation of field-grown `Golden Delicious' apple and `Bradford' pear nursery trees before autumn digging is a major production cost. One-year-old field-grown trees were sprayed to runoff on 18 Oct. 1994 with; 1) 1% FeEDTA, 2) 1% CuEDTA, 3) 1% ZnEDTA, 4) 100 ppm Harvade, 5) 50 ppm Dropp, 6) 500 ppm Folex, or 7) 2.5% EDTA or 8) leaves were removed by hand or 9) leaves left on trees (control). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design, with three trees/plot and four replications. Leaves on each tree were counted before treatment and 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after treatment (DAT). One tree per plot was dug, stored until February and grown the following summer. Nontreated apple and pear trees had 13% and 38% defoliation, respectively, 35 DAT. CuEDTA treated apple trees had 62% and 93% defoliation 7 and 14 DAT, respectively. Pear trees treated with Cu had 18% and 100% defoliation 7 and 14 DAT, respectively. Treatment with FeEDTA resulted in 96% defoliation of pear within 7 DAT but only 57% defoliation of apple 35 DAT. ZnEDTA, Harvade, Folex, or Dropp did not significantly promote defoliation. Copper-treated apple trees had less budbreak than nontreated trees but similar budbreak as hand-defoliated trees. None of the treatments influenced budbreak of pear. None of the treatments affected the cumulative dry weight of trees at the end of the next growing season.

scholarly journals Ammonium thiosulfate as blossom thinner in 'Maxi Gala' apple trees

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1132-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas De Ross Marchioretto ◽  
Andrea De Rossi ◽  
Micheli Fochesato Michelon ◽  
Julio Cesar Orlandi ◽  
Leonardo Oliboni do Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Ammonium Thiosulfate ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of using ammonium thiosulfate as a chemical blossom thinner in 'Maxi Gala' apple (Malus domestica) trees and its effects on fruit quality. The experiment was carried out in an experimental orchard in the Southern Brazil, in a randomized complete block design, with five replicates. Ammonium thiosulfate was sprayed on the apple trees at the full bloom stage, at 0, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5%. Evaluations were performed for the effects on crop load, fruit set, yield efficiency, and fruit quality parameters such as weight, shape, total soluble solids, seed number, flesh firmness, color, and russeting occurrence. Ammonium thiosulfate at 2.5% is effective to reduce crop load and to improve fruit quality. The thinning effect of ammonium thiosulfate is not dependent on the weather conditions during the crop season. The rate of 3.5% of ammonium thiosulfate causes overthinning and does not result in the improvement of fruit quality.

Apple, Evaluation of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products for Tabm, 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Larry A. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sampling Scheme ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Maintenance Schedule ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Golden Delicious

Abstract Two rates of two Bacillus thuringiensis products were compared to the organophosphate Lorsban for control of TABM. The treatments were applied to single tree plots in a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 3 replicates of ‘Rome Beauty’. Treated plots were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 17 yr old and planted at a spacing of 24 X 35 ft. Sprays were applied with a handgun at 400 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer equipped with a Kohler 23 gpm pump. Approximately 5.5 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree (ca 300 gpa). The dates of application for the treatments were 9 and 23 Jun (1st brood control, 20-30% and 80-90% egg hatch [585-640 degree days (DD) and 910-965 DD, respectively, from first phenomena trap capture of TABM) and 11, 21 and 31 Aug (2nd brood control, 20-30%, 50-60% and 80-90% egg hatch [2355-2435 DD, 2585-2665 DD and 2815-2890 DD, respectively, from first trap capture of TABM). All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP. Also, an alternate row middle application of Swat 8EC was made for aphid control on 29 Jun and an alternate row middle application of Kelthane 50WP plus Carzol 92SP was made for mite suppression on 28 Jul. Effect of the test chemicals on the ERM/TSSM complex was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 150 leaves/ treatment. Shelters of the various leafrollers were counted in a 5 min examination of each replicate on 18 Jul. All larvae were collected and returned to the laboratory for identification. On 20 Sep, ≈ 150 apples (75 top and 75 bottom) were randomly sampled for fruit injury from each ‘Golden Delicious’ tree. On 2 Oct the same number of apples and sampling scheme was used for each ‘Rome Beauty’ tree. Up to 25 dropped fruit per tree were also evaluated for fruit injury.

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