scholarly journals Apple, Leafhopper Test, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
George C. Hamilton ◽  
Dean Polk ◽  
Eugene Rizio
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Glass Plates

Abstract A 10 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times/variety in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 200 psi. Treatments were applied at petal fall (PF—11 May), 5th cover (5th—12 Jun) and 6th cover (6th—3 Aug). The orchard was treated with Captan for disease control as needed. Weekly ERM counts were made by randomly selecting 20 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile ERM and AF. Mite-days (MD) were calculated as: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 × 7], where MD1 = mitedays already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given sample date and M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next sample date. Leafhoppers (White apple and/or Rose) were evaluated at 1,3, 7, 14, and 21 days post treatment using a 20 leaves/tree (PF) or 50 leaves/tree (5th and 6th) sample. Predatory coccinellids were sampled by 3 minute counts of larvae and adults. At harvest, 100 fruit/tree were collected and weighed, evaluated for spray injury, and rated (0%-100%) for russeting. Data were transformed to sqrt(x + 1) or arcsine(x) before ANOVA and comparison of means.

Screening of Mango Rootstock For Saline Tolerance

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
MA Rahim ◽  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
F Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Saline Tolerance ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Improvement Programme ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Saline Area

An experiment was conducted at Fruit Tree Improvement Project, Fruit Tree Improvement Programme, Bangladesh Agricultural University-Germplasm Center (FTIP, BAU-GPC), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during the period of April 2020 to June 2020 to study the performance of selected mango rootstocks for the saline area. The two-factor experiment consisted of four mango rootstock varieties such as V1 = BAU Aam-9, V2 = BAU Aam-6, V3 = BAU Aam-4 and V4 = Amropali and six salinity treatments namely control S1 = 0 dSm-1, S2 = 4 dSm-1, S3 = 8 dSm-1, S4 = 10 dSm-1, S5 = 12 dSm-1 and S6 = 14 dSm-1. The experiment was conducted following randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that rootstock line and salinity levels had significant influences on various rootstock characters viz. length of rootstocks, number of leaves and percent rootstocks success and survivability. In case of varietal effect, the highest number of leaves (32.44) found in BAU Aam-6 and the lowest number of leaves was recorded in Amropali (22.55) at 90 days after transplanting. The longest rootstock length observed in 90 DAT which (54.83 cm) found in BAU Aam-9and shortest rootstock recorded in Amropali (47.94 cm). The highest survivability (51.44%) was recorded in BAU Aam-9 and the lowest survivability recorded in Amropali (33.88%). In case of salinity treatments, the highest survivability (95.83%) was recorded in control and the lowest survivability (0.00%) recorded in 14 dsm-1 at 90 DAT. Interaction of rootstock varieties and different salinity treatments showed significant variation on the length leave and survivability of rootstocks at 90 DAT. The maximum number of rootstock leaves recorded in V2S2 (46.33) and lowest number of leave recorded in V4S6 (7.66). The highest rootstock length was found in V1S3 (78.00 cm) and lowest in V1S2 (21.66 cm). The highest Survivability (100 %) observed in V1S1, V1S2, V2S1, V2S2 and V4S1. From the above mentioned it can be said BAU Aam - 9 and BAU Aam – 6 rootstock varieties performed best from 0-8 dSm-1 salinity. The overall salinity tolerance was graded as follows: BAU Aam - 9>BAU Aam – 6> BAU Aam-4>Amropali rootstock line. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 93-102 (2021)

scholarly journals (97) Performance of `Ginger Gold' and `Gala' on Malling 9 and Budagovsky 9 over Ten Years

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1030A-1030
Author(s):  
Robert M. Crassweller ◽  
Donald E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Single Wire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Rock Springs

An apple planting was established in 1996 comprised of two cultivars: `Ginger Gold' (GG) and `Crimson Gala' (CG) on Malling 9 NAKB T337 and Budagovsky 9 at the Horticulture Research Farm at Rock Springs, Pa. The trees were planted at a spacing of 1.5 × 3.7 m in a randomized complete-block design with 10 replications. The trees were trained to a vertical axe system with a single wire set at 2.8 m, to which the conduit was attached. Data collected included trunk cross-sectional area (TCA), tree yield, number of fruit, and number of rootsuckers. Calculated data included annual tree growth, tree efficiency, average fruit weight, and crop load. In most years, there were significant cultivar × rootstock interactions for some variables. At planting and for the first two growing seasons, GG/B.9 were significantly larger than GG/M.9 as measured by TCA. At planting, there were no differences in TCA for CG, but, by the end of 1996, M.9 trees were significantly larger and stayed this way for the rest of the study. The GG/M.9 trees did not have significantly larger TCA than those on B.9 until 2005. Trees on B.9 were 23% and 31% smaller in 2005 for GG and CG, respectively, for B.9 than on M.9. Flowering occurred first and in greater abundance for GG/B.9. At the end of the 10th growing season, there was no difference in number of fruit or total yield per tree within cultivars by rootstock. However, for both cultivars, efficiency was highest for trees on B.9. Rootsuckers were greatest for trees on B.9. Fruit weight, when adjusted with number of fruit/tree as a covariate, was different for GG in some years.

scholarly journals Yellow passion fruit in overhead trellis system do not differ in diseases intensity and is more productive compared to vertical trellis system

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Martins Monzani ◽  
Henrique da Silva Silveira Duarte ◽  
Louise Larissa May De Mio
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Fruit Productivity ◽  
Yellow Passion Fruit

Abstract Brazil is the largest producer of passion fruit worldwide, however diseases have been reducing passion fruit productivity, and limiting its cultivation for several years in a row in the same area. The proposal of this study was to evaluate diseases intensity and productivity of yellow passion fruit in vertical and overhead trellis systems, during two seasons, in annual cycle. The experiment was realized in a commercial orchard of yellow passion fruit in the municipality of Araquari, SC, in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons. The treatments were vertical and overhead trellis systems, tested in a randomized complete block design, with eight replications. The agronomic practices were performed according to the culture recommendations and naturally pollinated althoght no disease control was applied. Anthracnose, bacterial blight, cladosporiosis and passion fruit woodiness severities were assessed in two seasons, from December to June, after establishment of the trellis systems. Production of fruits per plant and estimated productivity were determined in both seasons. There were no differences in diseases severity in both systems and seasons. The overhead trellis system was more productive than the vertical trellis system, 78.1% and 57.1% respectively, in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons. Overhead trellis system showed to be the most adequate for yellow passion fruit production.

scholarly journals Effect of Soybean Oil on Photosynthesis and Aphids of Apple

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 829E-829
Author(s):  
D.E. Deyton ◽  
C.E. Sams ◽  
C.D. Pless
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Initial Reduction ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Degummed Soybean Oil ◽  
Aphid Populations

Four-year-old `Gala' and `Widjit' apple trees with significant apple aphid populations were sprayed to runoff on 13 May 1994 with 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% (v/v) emulsified degummed soybean oil (SO) or with 1.0% petroleum (dormant) oil (PO). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with five single-tree replications. Apple aphid populations were determined on 10 tagged shoots per tree. The top fully expanded leaf of two randomly selected shoots per tree were tagged and net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr) measured. Trees treated with SO or PO had <20% as many aphids after treatment as nontreated trees. Trees treated with 2% SO had lower Pn and Tr than the control for 18 days after treatment. Spraying 0.1% or 0.5% SO caused less initial reduction of Pn than 2.0% SO, and the effect was shorter lasting. Four-year-old `Oregon Spur' and `Empire' were sprayed with 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0% SO or PO on 26 June. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with four single-tree replications. Pn rates of trees treated with 0.1% to 1.0% soybean oil were <40% of nontreated trees the day after treatment, but recovered to >80% of control in 5 days.

scholarly journals Effect of scion defoliation period and methods of grafting on success and survivability in mango

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
J Akter ◽  
MA Rahim ◽  
T Haque ◽  
MM Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Graft Success ◽  
Bud Breaking ◽  
Grafting Methods

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of scion defoliation period and methods of grafting on the success and survivability of mango (var. Amrapali) at Bangladesh Agricultural University Germplasm Centre (BAU-GPC) of Fruit Tree Improvement Program (FTIP) of the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The experiment consisted of four scion defoliation periods, viz., defoliation before 9, 6, 3 days of grafting and defoliation on the day of grafting and two grafting methods namely cleft grafting and whip grafting. The study was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that scions defoliated 9 days before grafting showed the highest success (91.59%) and survivability (88.75%) and took the lowest time for bud breaking  and first leaf opening (11.10 days and 14.22 days, respectively)whereas the lowest success rate (85.82% ) and survivability (83.60%) were observed when scion defoliation was performed on the day of grafting. In respect of grafting methods, higher graft success and survivability (89.68% and 86.89%, respectively) were found in cleft method, however, this method took longer time for bud breaking (11.92 days) and first leaf opening (15.90 days). The combined influence of scion defoliation period and grafting method exhibited the best performance on graft success and survivability when cleft grafting method was used with scion defoliated 9 days before grafting operation. Therefore the results of this investigation suggested that scions defoliated 9 days before grafting operation and cleft grafting method would be better for propagation of mango, yet the performance of cleft grafting with scion defoliated 6 days before grafting was also good with the hope of getting 85% success and survivability.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 242-248, 2016

Apple, Evaluation of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products for Tabm, 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Larry A. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sampling Scheme ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Maintenance Schedule ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Golden Delicious

Abstract Two rates of two Bacillus thuringiensis products were compared to the organophosphate Lorsban for control of TABM. The treatments were applied to single tree plots in a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 3 replicates of ‘Rome Beauty’. Treated plots were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 17 yr old and planted at a spacing of 24 X 35 ft. Sprays were applied with a handgun at 400 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer equipped with a Kohler 23 gpm pump. Approximately 5.5 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree (ca 300 gpa). The dates of application for the treatments were 9 and 23 Jun (1st brood control, 20-30% and 80-90% egg hatch [585-640 degree days (DD) and 910-965 DD, respectively, from first phenomena trap capture of TABM) and 11, 21 and 31 Aug (2nd brood control, 20-30%, 50-60% and 80-90% egg hatch [2355-2435 DD, 2585-2665 DD and 2815-2890 DD, respectively, from first trap capture of TABM). All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP. Also, an alternate row middle application of Swat 8EC was made for aphid control on 29 Jun and an alternate row middle application of Kelthane 50WP plus Carzol 92SP was made for mite suppression on 28 Jul. Effect of the test chemicals on the ERM/TSSM complex was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 150 leaves/ treatment. Shelters of the various leafrollers were counted in a 5 min examination of each replicate on 18 Jul. All larvae were collected and returned to the laboratory for identification. On 20 Sep, ≈ 150 apples (75 top and 75 bottom) were randomly sampled for fruit injury from each ‘Golden Delicious’ tree. On 2 Oct the same number of apples and sampling scheme was used for each ‘Rome Beauty’ tree. Up to 25 dropped fruit per tree were also evaluated for fruit injury.

scholarly journals 190 EFFECTS OF DORMANT APPLICATION OF SOYBEAN OIL ON PEACH TREES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 456c-456
Author(s):  
R. E. Myers ◽  
D. E. Deyton ◽  
C. E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Degummed Soybean Oil ◽  
Peach Trees

`Redhaven' peach trees at the Knoxville Experiment Station were sprayed to runoff on 3 February 1993 with single applications of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, or 15.0% (v/v) degummed soybean oil with 0.6% Latron AG 44M emulsifier. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 single tree replications. The internal CO2 concentration of treated twigs was elevated the first day and continued to be significantly higher than the control through the fifth day following treatment. Respiration rates of soybean oil treated buds-twigs were lower than the control for the first eight days after treatment. Flower bud and bloom development were delayed by treatment of trees with 5.0 to 15.0% soybean oil. Treatment with 5.0% oil delayed bloom approximately 4 days. The greatest delay (approximately 6 days) occurred after treatment with 10.0 or 15.0% oil. Yield was reduced and fruit size increased as the concentration of soybean oil was increased. Optimum fruit size was achieved with the 5.0% soybean oil treatment.

DISTRIBUSI DAN IDENTIFIKASI POPULASI SINTRONG (Crossocephalum crepidiodes.Benth) RESISTEN PARAKUAT PADA LAHAN JAGUNG (Zea mays) DI KABUPATEN DAIRI

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Berton Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Crassocephalum crepidioides on Cornfields in Dairi Regency had been reported tobecome more difficult to control using paraquat. The objective of the research was todetermine the characteristics and the distribution of C.crepidioides resistant to paraquatin cornfields. The experiment was carried out in two steps, the first step was screeningthe population of C. crepidioides with paraquat at the recommended dose, and the secondstep, dose-response experiment for the resistance level of C. crepidioides population withdose 0, 76, 152, 304,5, 609, 1218, and 2436 g.ai /ha. In the first step experiment, paraquatdichloride was applied at 280 g.ai/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized blockdesign with 3 replication. The second step experiment was that the resistant populationsconfirmed in the first experiment were sprayed for their dose-response. The treatmentswere arranged in a randomized complete block design (CRBD). The results showed thatof 30 populations of C. crepidiodes, 19 populations (63.3%) were categorized to beresistant with the mortality ranging from 10.84% to 52.08%, and 11 populations (36.7%),was categorized as high resistance with mortality of 0% to 9.21%. The level ofresistance (R/S) of R-C25, R-C27, and R-C30 populations of C. crepidioides were 12,3,14,86, and 24,83 times consecutively, compared with the susceptible population. Thenumber of C. crepidioides chlorophyl leaves in susceptible populations was significantlylower than that of a resistant populations.

Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to various organic-based fertilizers in marginal upland of Sta. Rita, Samar

2017 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Berta Ratilla ◽  
Loreme Cagande ◽  
Othello Capuno
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Organic farming is one of the management strategies that improve productivity of marginal uplands. The study aimed to: (1) evaluate effects of various organic-based fertilizers on the growth and yield of corn; (2) determine the appropriate combination for optimum yield; and (3) assess changes on the soil physical and chemical properties. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design, with 3 replications and 7 treatments, namely; T0=(0-0-0); T1=1t ha-1 Evans + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T2=t ha-1 Wellgrow + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T3=15t ha-1 chicken dung; T4=10t ha-1 chicken dung + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T5=15t ha-1 Vermicast; and T6=10t ha-1 Vermicast + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1. Application of organic-based fertilizers with or without inorganic fertilizers promoted growth of corn than the control. But due to high infestation of corn silk beetle(Monolepta bifasciata Horns), its grain yield was greatly affected. In the second cropping, except for Evans, any of these fertilizers applied alone or combined with 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1 appeared appropriate in increasing corn earyield. Soil physical and chemical properties changed with addition of organic fertilizers. While bulk density decreased irrespective of treatments, pH, total N, available P and exchangeable K generally increased more with chicken dung application.

Effect of Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Pumpkin's (Cucurbita pepo L.) Leave Content of N, P, and K

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Ammar Hameed Madi ◽  
Jawad A. Kamal Al-Shibani
Keyword(s):  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Four Levels

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bacterial bio-fertilization A. chroococcum and P. putide and four levels of compost (0, 1, 2, 3) tons.h-1 on the leaves content of N.P.K elements. The experiment was carried out in one of the greenhouses of the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Qadisiyah during fall season 2018-2019. It designed in accordance with the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates in sandy loam soil. The means of treatments were compared with the least significant difference (LSD) at (5)% probability level. The results present that the treatments of A. chroococcum, P. putide and compost at (3) tons.kg-1 significantly increases the leaves content of K.P.K compared to all other treatments in the flowering stage (4.970, 0.5000, and 4.930) mg.kg-1, respectively. This treatment was followed by the effect of the treatment of A. chroococcum and compost at (3) tons.kg-1, which increases the values of all traits except the leaf content of (P). Bio-fertilizer with P. putide + A. chroococcum significantly increases the leaves' content of P.

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