Apple, Evaluation of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products for Tabm, 1995

Abstract Two rates of two Bacillus thuringiensis products were compared to the organophosphate Lorsban for control of TABM. The treatments were applied to single tree plots in a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 3 replicates of ‘Rome Beauty’. Treated plots were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 17 yr old and planted at a spacing of 24 X 35 ft. Sprays were applied with a handgun at 400 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer equipped with a Kohler 23 gpm pump. Approximately 5.5 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree (ca 300 gpa). The dates of application for the treatments were 9 and 23 Jun (1st brood control, 20-30% and 80-90% egg hatch [585-640 degree days (DD) and 910-965 DD, respectively, from first phenomena trap capture of TABM) and 11, 21 and 31 Aug (2nd brood control, 20-30%, 50-60% and 80-90% egg hatch [2355-2435 DD, 2585-2665 DD and 2815-2890 DD, respectively, from first trap capture of TABM). All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP. Also, an alternate row middle application of Swat 8EC was made for aphid control on 29 Jun and an alternate row middle application of Kelthane 50WP plus Carzol 92SP was made for mite suppression on 28 Jul. Effect of the test chemicals on the ERM/TSSM complex was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 150 leaves/ treatment. Shelters of the various leafrollers were counted in a 5 min examination of each replicate on 18 Jul. All larvae were collected and returned to the laboratory for identification. On 20 Sep, ≈ 150 apples (75 top and 75 bottom) were randomly sampled for fruit injury from each ‘Golden Delicious’ tree. On 2 Oct the same number of apples and sampling scheme was used for each ‘Rome Beauty’ tree. Up to 25 dropped fruit per tree were also evaluated for fruit injury.

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Apple, Effects of Insecticides on Spirea Aphid and Its Natural Enemies, 1996

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/22.1.22 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 22-23

Author(s):

Larry A. Hull

Keyword(s):

Natural Enemies ◽

Block Design ◽

Maintenance Schedule ◽

Single Tree ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Spirea Aphid

Abstract Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Fuji’ and 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 4 years old and planted to a spacing of 20 x 30 ft. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa, driven at 2.4 mph. The date of application for the treatments was 21 Jun. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Ziram 76WP. All maintenance materials were applied using the alternate row middle method of application. Effectiveness on the spirea aphid was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 actively growing shoots, and by rating the density of aphids/most infested leaf on a 0-4 scale as given in the table footnotes. The number of natural enemies preying on aphids was determined by counting the number observed in a 2-min examination around the periphery of each plot tree. Pest pressure was moderate during the course of the experiment.

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Apple, Leafhopper Test, 1993

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/19.1.3 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 3-3

Author(s):

George C. Hamilton ◽

Dean Polk ◽

Eugene Rizio

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Block Design ◽

Apple Orchard ◽

Fruit Tree ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Single Tree ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Glass Plates

Abstract A 10 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times/variety in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 200 psi. Treatments were applied at petal fall (PF—11 May), 5th cover (5th—12 Jun) and 6th cover (6th—3 Aug). The orchard was treated with Captan for disease control as needed. Weekly ERM counts were made by randomly selecting 20 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile ERM and AF. Mite-days (MD) were calculated as: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 × 7], where MD1 = mitedays already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given sample date and M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next sample date. Leafhoppers (White apple and/or Rose) were evaluated at 1,3, 7, 14, and 21 days post treatment using a 20 leaves/tree (PF) or 50 leaves/tree (5th and 6th) sample. Predatory coccinellids were sampled by 3 minute counts of larvae and adults. At harvest, 100 fruit/tree were collected and weighed, evaluated for spray injury, and rated (0%-100%) for russeting. Data were transformed to sqrt(x + 1) or arcsine(x) before ANOVA and comparison of means.

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Potato Insect Control, 1992

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/19.1.127 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 127-127

Author(s):

A. C. Slocombe ◽

D. N. Ferro

Keyword(s):

Soil Type ◽

Second Generation ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Block Design ◽

Insect Control ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Egg Masses ◽

Fine Sandy Loam ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Potato Insect

Abstract Potatoes were planted on 1 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 1 Jul. CPB densities on 4 Jun were 1.2 adults, 50 eggs, 0.3 early instars per plant, and CPB densities on 15 Jun were 3.3 adults, 167 eggs, 6 early instars and 1.7 late instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area between plots. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering 70 gal/acre. Novodor and Foil OF were applied on 5 (first hatch), 15 (30% hatch) and 22 (50% hatch and 4th instar observed) Jun. All other applications were made on 15, 22, and 29 Jun. For second generation larvae, percentage egg hatch was based on flagging 10 egg masses at the beginning of the ovipositional period, using the percentage hatch based on these eggs. For second generation, Novodor and Foil OF were applied on 6 (first hatch), 8 (30% hatch) and 10 (50% hatch) Jul. All other treatments were applied on 13 (observed 3rd instars) and 24 Jul.

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Green Peach Aphid Control with Foliar Sprays, 1997

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/23.1.134 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 134-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert L. Stoltz ◽

Nancy A. Matteson

Keyword(s):

Green Peach Aphid ◽

Block Design ◽

Individual Treatment ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Significance Level ◽

Aphid Control ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Untreated Check ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Extension Center

Abstract Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted on 28 Apr and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Seven treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36-inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5-ft alleyways separating the plots. Green peach aphids were mass reared on greenhouse mustard plants (Brassica juncea L. ‘Florida Broadleaf’) for release into individual plots. Aphid releases were made into test plots on 14 Jun. A total of four heavily infested leaves were used to inoculate each plot. Treatment sprays were broadcast applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer (30 psi) and delivering 20 gal finished S per acre (four, 10X hollow-cone nozzles). Aphid counts were made by non-destructively sampling leaves at random from the top, middle, and bottom sections of plants in the center two rows of each plot. The data collected and presented is the total no. of aphids per 20 leaves. On 25 Jun a pre-treatment count was made and all treatments were applied later that d. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls multiple means comparison (Significance Level P = 0.05).

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Comparison of Cyromazine (Trigard) and Bacillus Thuringiensis (Novodor) Foliar Sprays for CPB Control on Potatoes, Painter, VA

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/20.1.128 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 128-128

Author(s):

John Speese

Keyword(s):

First Generation ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Block Design ◽

Evaluation Criteria ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Life Stages ◽

Hollow Cone ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Extension Center

Abstract Potatoes were planted on 8 April at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of six 30 ft long rows on 3 ft row spacing, replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Sprays were applied using either a tractor-mounted sprayer or a 3-hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer if the ground was too wet for the tractor. Sprays were applied in 40 gal/acre water. Spray dates are indicated in the tables. The entire test was sprayed out on 20 Jun with Vydate L at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre and Furadan 4F at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre to control first generation CPB adults. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen plants/plot, and the first sprays were applied at peak CPB egg hatch. Percent defoliation for each plot was rated on 20 Jun, and the center two rows of each plot were harvested and graded on 1 Jul to determine yields.

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Effect of Soybean Oil on Photosynthesis and Aphids of Apple

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.829e ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 829E-829

Author(s):

D.E. Deyton ◽

C.E. Sams ◽

C.D. Pless

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Block Design ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Single Tree ◽

Initial Reduction ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Degummed Soybean Oil ◽

Aphid Populations

Four-year-old `Gala' and `Widjit' apple trees with significant apple aphid populations were sprayed to runoff on 13 May 1994 with 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% (v/v) emulsified degummed soybean oil (SO) or with 1.0% petroleum (dormant) oil (PO). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with five single-tree replications. Apple aphid populations were determined on 10 tagged shoots per tree. The top fully expanded leaf of two randomly selected shoots per tree were tagged and net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr) measured. Trees treated with SO or PO had <20% as many aphids after treatment as nontreated trees. Trees treated with 2% SO had lower Pn and Tr than the control for 18 days after treatment. Spraying 0.1% or 0.5% SO caused less initial reduction of Pn than 2.0% SO, and the effect was shorter lasting. Four-year-old `Oregon Spur' and `Empire' were sprayed with 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0% SO or PO on 26 June. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with four single-tree replications. Pn rates of trees treated with 0.1% to 1.0% soybean oil were <40% of nontreated trees the day after treatment, but recovered to >80% of control in 5 days.

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Evaluation of Some Management Options against Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis [Guenee])

The Agriculturists ◽

10.3329/agric.v15i1.33428 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 49-57

Author(s):

Sharmin Akter ◽

MZ Alam ◽

MM Rahman ◽

AM Akanda

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽

Block Design ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Management Options ◽

Mechanical Control ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Fruit Borer ◽

Benefit Cost

A field study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of five management options: i) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), ii) Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad), iii) Proclaim 5 SG (Emamectin benzoate), iv) mechanical control, and v) untreated control for suppressing brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) during-2012 at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU). The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results indicated that Tracer 45 SC performed the best in reducing 85.60% shoot infestation over control, which was followed by Proclaim 5 SG (76.62%), Bacillus thuringiensis (66.41%) and mechanical control (22.02%). The best performance of fruit infestation reduction over control by number and by weight was also obtained in Tracer 45 SC treated plots and reduced 88.80 and 89.46%, respectively. This was followed by Proclaim 5 SG (65.58 and 67.29%), Bacillus thuringiensis (52.63 and 54.28%) and mechanical control (31.88 and 19.04%). The highest yield of 11.20 t ha-1 and highest benefit cost ratio of 5.32 were recorded in Tracer 45 SC treated plots.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(1) 49-57

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Efficacy of different bio-pesticides against sucking pests of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v8i1.796 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 333-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suraj Sarkar ◽

Sandip Patra ◽

A. Samanta

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Beauveria Bassiana ◽

West Bengal ◽

Block Design ◽

Seedling Stage ◽

Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽

Verticillium Lecanii ◽

Kharif Season ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

The field experiment was carried out in the pre-kharif season of 2013 at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India to evaluate the efficacy of different bio-pesticides against sucking pests of okra. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications for each treatment. The treatments viz. annonin 1% EC, karanjin 2% EC, Azadirachtin 1% EC, Metarrhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii , Beauveria bassiana , Bacillus thuringiensis var Kurstaki, spinosad 45 % SC and imidacloprid 17.8% SL were applied at 15 days interval starting from seedling stage when whitefly and jassid infestation started. Results revealed that the overall best performance of insecticides against whitefly was recorded in imidacloprid treated plots with lowest mean population of whitefly (3.91 whitefly/15 leaves) followed by karanjin (4.16 whitefly/15 leaves) and azadirachtin (5.16 whitefly/15 leaves while the order of efficacy aginst jassid were imidacloprid (15.27 jassids/15 leaves) > karanjin (33.91jassids/15leaves)>azadirachtin(40.38jassids/15leaves). Effectiveness of test insecticides on the yield of okra wasspinosad>Bt>B. bassiana>azadirachtin>imidacloprid>annonin>karanjin>M. anisopliae.

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The Aplications Biological Control of the Pest Population ( Plutella xylostella Linn. And C. pavonana Zell.) and Their Natural Enemies in Cabbage Plants in the Village Kalibaru Kulon, District Banyuwangi

Jurnal ILMU DASAR ◽

10.19184/jid.v16i2.1352 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Helmi Helmi ◽

Didik Sulistyanto ◽

Purwatiningsih Purwatiningsih

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Plutella Xylostella ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Block Design ◽

Pest Population ◽

Percentage Decrease ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

The Village

The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of biological control agens to the population of pests and their natural enemies in cabbage crops in agricultural land Kalibaru kulon Kab. Banyuwangi. The research was conducted by Randomized Complete Block Design with with five replications. The treatments were Control as P0, Heterorhabditis sp. as P1, Bacillus thuringiensis as P2, Profenofos as P3, Beauveria bassiana as P4, Red bacteria as P5. Data were obtained from observations of pest population and their natural enemies, as well as the percentage decrease in the population of pests and their natural enemies. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD were tested further by 5%. The results showed that Heterorhabditis sp. was the most effective agents to control populations of Plutella xylostela Linn. and Crocidolomia pavonana Zell., this is also indicated by a decrease in pest population of Plutella xylostela by 54.66% and amounted to 47.9% Crocidolomia pavonana. Aplication biological agens was not affect the population of natural enemies Coccinela repanda, and Verania sp. Keywords : Cabbage, Biological Control, Pests, Natural enemies

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Apple, Evaluation of Insecticides on Indirect Pests, 1996

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/22.1.19 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 19-21

Author(s):

Larry A. Hull

Keyword(s):

Natural Enemies ◽

Second Generation ◽

Block Design ◽

Maintenance Schedule ◽

Single Tree ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Spirea Aphid

Abstract Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of ‘Yorking’. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 8 years old and planted at a spacing of 20 x 30 ft. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa driven at 2.4 mph. All plots recieved a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP and the insecticide Imidan 70WP. All maintenance materials were applied using the alternate row middle method of application. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness on the spirea aphid was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and by rating the density of aphids/most infested leaf on 0-4 scale as explained in the table footnotes. The number of natural enemies of aphids was determined by counting the number observed on 10 growing shoots per tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The predator, S. punctum, was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of tissue-feeding mines around the periphery of the trees at the end of the 1st and 2nd generations. Also, STLM parasitism was evaluated at the end of the second generation by collecting 25 random leaves/tree and dissecting the mines found. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.

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