scholarly journals Environmental Control of Flowering and Growth of Achillea millefolium L. `Summer Pastels'

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zhang ◽  
A.M. Armitage ◽  
J.M. Affolter ◽  
M.A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Flower Bud Formation ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Achillea millefolium `Summer Pastels' is a qualitative long-day plant with a critical photoperiod between 12 and 16 hours at 18C. Plants grown under a 16-hour photoperiod flowered after 27 days, while those under 8 hours remained vegetative. Shoot dry weight was not affected by photoperiod. Low temperature (10C) delayed the time of flower bud formation and anthesis by ≈20 days. Low irradiance (100 μmol·m–2·s–1) delayed flowering and resulted in lower shoot dry weight, while moderate shading (200 μmol·m–2·s–1) did not significantly affect flowering time and growth compared with high irradiance levels (300 μmol·m–2·s–1).

scholarly journals 763 PB 307 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ON FLOWERING AND GROWTH OF LYSIMACHIA CONGESTIFLORA

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 542c-542
Author(s):  
Donglin Zhang ◽  
Allan M. Armitage ◽  
James M. Affolter ◽  
Michael A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Low Light ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Lower Temperature

Lysimachia congestiflora Wils. (Primulaceae) is a new crop for American nurseries and may be used as an annual in the north and a half-hardy perennial in the south. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of photoperiod, temperature, and irradiance on its flowering and growth. Three experiments were conducted with photoperiod of 8, 12, 16 hrs day-1, temperature of 10, 18, 26C, and irradiance of 100, 200, 300 μmol m-2s-1, respectively. Plant.9 given long day photoperiod (16 hours) flowered 21 and 34 days earlier, respectively, than plants at 12 sad 8 hour photoperiods. Plants under long day treatment produced more flowers than those at 8 and 12 hours. Plant dry weight did not differ between treatments, but plants grown in the long day treatment produced fewer but larger leaves. Total plant growth increased as temperature increased, but lower temperature (10C) decreased flower initiation and prevented flower development, while high temperature (26C) reduced the longevity of the open flowers. Flowering was accelerated and dry weight increased as plants were subjected to high irradiance levels. The results suggest that Lysimachia congestiflora is a quantitative long day plant. It should be grown under a photoperiod of at least 12 hours at a temperature of approximately 20C. Low light areas should be avoided and supplemental lighting to provide the long days may improve the plant quality.

scholarly journals Salinity and Growing Medium Regulate Growth, Morphology and Ion Uptake of Gaillardia aristata

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Denise S. Rodriguez ◽  
Yin-Tung Wang
Keyword(s):  
Saline Solution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Morphology ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Flower Bud Abortion

Abstract A study was conducted to characterize the response of Gaillardia aristata Pursh to salinity (0.8, 2.0 or 4.0 dS/m) and growing media: 100% perlite (Perlite), 100% Sunshine Mix No. 4 (Mix), 1 to 1 (by vol) perlite and Sunshine Mix No. 4 (Perlite Mix), or 1 to 1 Sunshine Mix No. 4 and composted mulch (Mix Mulch). Type of medium did not influence shoot dry weight (DW). However, root to shoot DW ratio was highest for plants grown in Perlite. Shoot DW of plants irrigated with tap water (0.8 dS/m) was higher compared to those irrigated with saline solution at 2.0 or 4.0 dS/m, except for those grown in Mix. Salinity did not alter the root to shoot DW ratio. In general, elevated salinity led to relatively short plants. Plants were taller when grown in Perlite or Mix Mulch with fewer lateral shoots compared to plants grown in Mix and Perlite Mix. Flower bud abortion occurred in plants grown in Mix or Perlite Mix, while this phenomenon was not observed in plants grown in Perlite or Mix Mulch. Overall, plants performed better in Perlite and Mix Mulch than Mix and Perlite Mix.

scholarly journals Photoperiod, Irradiance, and Temperature Influence Flowering of Hamelia patens (Texas Firebush)

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan M. Armitage
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Temperature Influence ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Moderately High Temperature

Hamelia patens Jacq. (Texas firebush) is a long-day plant for flower initiation and flower development; however, flower development is more sensitive to photoperiod than is flower initiation. The critical photoperiod for flower development at 25C is between 12 and 16 hours. Flowering was delayed under low light conditions, and plant dry weight was heavier and flowering time was earlier for plants grown at a constant 25 or 30C than at 20C. A greenhouse environment with a 16-hour photoperiod and moderately high temperature (25C) would be appropriate for production of H. patens.

scholarly journals Effects of Day Length and Light Intensity on Growth of Barley IV. Genetically Controlled Variation in Response to Photoperiod

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Aspinall
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Floral Organogenesis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Wide Range

Apical growth, floral development, stem elongation, tillering, and dry weight at ear emergence were compared for 10 varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growing in a range of photoperiods. All the varieties could be described as quanti. tative long. day plants but there was a wide range of response to the photoperiod. In all the varieties and over all photoperiods, apical primordium production was linked with floral organogenesis, suggesting a common mechanism of photoperiodic influence on the two proce~es. The control of internode elongation, however, varied between different varieties, commencing at a much earlier stage of floral organogenesis in some varieties than in others. Tillering appeared to be controlled more by the amount of energy available for photosynthesis than by any photoperiodic process, and this was also an important factor in shoot dry weight at ear emergence.

scholarly journals Role of Gibberellin A4 and Gibberellin Biosynthesis Inhibitors on Flowering and Stem Elongation in Petunia under Modified Light Environments

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Cerny-Koenig ◽  
J.E. Faust ◽  
N.C. Rajapakse
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Biosynthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Growing Environment ◽  
Ga Biosynthesis

In our previous experiments, greenhouse films that selectively remove far-red (FR) light from the growing environment reduced the stem elongation but delayed anthesis of long day plants. In the present research we investigated if the application of gibberellin A4 and gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis inhibitors could overcome the delay in anthesis of petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Vilm.-Andr.), a quantitative long-day plant, under a FR light deficient environment. The GA biosynthesis inhibitors prohexadione-Ca and exo-C-16,17-dihydro GA5 (GA5) were used because of their ability to prevent catabolism of active GAs. Anthesis and stem elongation were investigated under control, red (R; 600 to 700 nm) and FR (700 to 800 nm) light-absorbing (AR and AFR) films. The R:FR ratios of control, AR, and AFR films were 1.03, 0.71, and 1.51, respectively. Air temperatures among treatment chambers were not different. AR film did not affect anthesis or stem elongation, but AFR film reduced stem elongation and delayed anthesis by 12 days. Exogenous application of GA5 had no effect on stem elongation, shoot dry weight or days to anthesis at any concentration (0 to 100 mg·L-1) tested under control, AR, or AFR films. Anthesis was delayed with increasing concentration (0 to 200 mg·L-1) of prohexadione-Ca under all treatments. Prohexadione-Ca at 200 mg·L-1 delayed anthesis by 11 and 7 days under the control and AFR film, respectively, suggesting an interaction between light quality and prohexadione-Ca treatment. Exogenous GA4 accelerated anthesis under both films but the promotion was greater under the AFR films. However, GA4 treatment increased stem elongation and the increase in stem elongation was greater under the AFR film. Addition of GA5 to GA4 had no added effect on flowering and failed to reduce stem elongation. Therefore, GA or GA inhibitors are not suitable for flower promotion under AFR films.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral During the Seedling Stage Influences Subsequent Growth and Flowering of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes, and Viola

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1099C-1099
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Pramuk ◽  
Erik S. Runkle
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Common Environment ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Light Integral

The photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) dramatically increases during the spring, but effects of DLI on seedling growth and development have not been characterized for many species. We quantified the effects of DLI on growth and development of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes, and Viola during the seedling stage and determined whether there were any residual effects of DLI on subsequent growth and development after transplant. Seedlings were grown in growth chambers for 18–26 days at 21 °C with a DLI ranging from 4.1–14.2 mol·mol·m-2·d-1. Average seedling shoot dry weight per internode (a measure of quality) increased linearly 64%, 47%, 64%, and 68% within this DLI range in Celosia, Impatiens, Tagetes, and Viola, respectively. Seedlings were then transplanted to 10-cm containers and grown in a common environment (average daily temperature of 22 °C and DLI of 8.5 mol·m-2·d-1) to determine subsequent effects on plant growth and development. Flowering of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes, and Viola occurred 10, 12, 11, 4, and 12 days earlier, respectively, when seedlings were previously grown under the highest DLI compared with the lowest. Except for Viola, earlier flowering corresponded with the development of fewer nodes below the first flower. Flower bud number and plant shoot dry weight at first flowering decreased as the seedling DLI increased in all species except for flower number of Tagetes. Therefore, seedlings grown under a greater DLI flowered earlier, but plant quality at first flowering was generally reduced compared with that of seedlings grown under a lower DLI.

scholarly journals Kadife (Tagetes erecta) Bitkisinde Gün Uzunluğunun Büyüme ve Çiçeklenme Üzerine Etkisi

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nezihe Köksal ◽  
Sara Yasemin ◽  
Aslıhan Özkaya
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Flower Bud Formation

Photoperiod is one of the environmental signals that controls of the flowering time on bedding plants. Marigold is a bedding plant which includes obligate or facultative short day and day neutral cultivars. Flowering time of these plants, even day neutral cultivars, delay in extreme hot and long day condition in summer. In this study, the effects of photoperiodic conditions (short day and long day) on flowering and growth of two different day neutral marigold cultivars (Discovery Orange and Discovery Yellow) were investigated. Natural day length (14 hours) was considered as long day condition. Short day condition (8 hours) was conducted artificially by darkening treatment. Therefore, duration to first flower bud formation, duration to first flowering, plant canopy height, plant canopy width, lateral branch number, flower number, main peduncle length, main peduncle thickness, root collar thickness, stem thickness, dry weights of plants (root, shoot, total plant) were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, it was determined that short day conditions reduce duration to first flower bud formation and duration to first flowering. The artificial short day conditions resulted as 13 days early flowering in 'Discovery Orange' and 5 days early flowering in 'Discovery Yellow' cultivar.

scholarly journals Photoperiodic Control of Flowering in Seed-propagated Begonia ×tuberhybrida Voss.

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
Meriam G. Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey W. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Photoperiodic Control ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Short Days

Plants of Begonia ×tuberhybrida Voss. `Nonstop', `Clips', and `Musical' were exposed to 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks of short days (SD, 9-hour daylength) initiated at 0, 4, or 8 weeks following germination. Plants grown under long days (LD, 16-hour daylength) flowered 68 (`Musical'), 78 (`Clips'), or 83 days (`Nonstop') after germination. Exposure to SD delayed flowering in all three cultivars. The delay in `Nonstop' and `Clips' was independent of plant age at time of SD exposure. One to 4 weeks of SD delayed flowering 11 to 14 days in `Nonstop'. In `Clips', the delay in flowering increased linearly from 7 to 19 days with increasing duration of SD. Flowering was delayed up to 15 days in `Musical' when SD were begun 0 or 4 weeks after germination. Exposure to SD during the final 4 weeks of development did not affect flowering in `Musical'. Exposure to SD did not affect shoot, leaf, or flower number in any of the cultivars. The root/shoot dry-weight ratio within cultivars was independent of daylength.

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