Source and Processing Affects Chemical and Physical Properties of Coir Dust

Chemical properties of unprocessed coconut husks varied significantly between 11 sources tested. The pH was significantly different between sources and ranged from 5.9 to 6.9. The electrical conductivities were significantly different between sources and ranged from 1.2 to 2.8 mS·cm–1. The levels of Na, K, P, and Cl were significantly different between sources and ranged from 23 to 88, 126 to 236, 8 to 33, and 304 to 704 ppm, respectively. The B, Cu, Fe, Ni, S, Zn, Mn, and Mo levels were all significantly different between sources and ranged from nondetectable levels to 12.7 ppm. The NH4-N, NO3-N, Ca, and Mg levels were not significantly different between sources and ranged from 0.2 to 1.8, 0.2 to 0.9, 2.9 to 7.3, and nondetectable to 4.6 ppm, respectively. Coir dust produced by screening of waste grade coir through 13-, 6-, or 3-mm screens had significantly different bulk densities, air-filled pore space, water filled pore space and water-holding capacities compared to nonscreened waste grade coir. However, total pore space and total solids were not significantly affected by screening. Screen size did not significantly affect physical properties. Compression pressures used for formation of coir dust blocks significantly affected physical properties. Additionally, coir dust age significantly affected chemical properties.

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Coconut Husk and Processing Effects on Chemical and Physical Properties of Coconut Coir Dust

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.1.88 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 88-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Sreenivas Konduru ◽

Michael R. Evans ◽

Robert H. Stamps

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Pore Space ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Compression Pressure ◽

Coconut Husk ◽

Electrical Conductivities ◽

Coir Dust ◽

Processing Effects ◽

Water Holding

Chemical properties of unprocessed coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) husks varied significantly among 11 sources tested. The pH and electrical conductivities were significantly different among husk sources and ranged from 5.9 to 6.9 and 1.2 to 2.8 mS·cm-1, respectively. The \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document}, \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) \end{document}, Ca, and Mg levels did not differ significantly among husk sources and ranged from 0.2 to 1.8, 0.2 to 0.9, 2.9 to 7.3, and nondetectable to 4.6 mg·kg-1, respectively. Levels of P, B, Cu, Fe, Ni, S, Zn, Mn, and Mo were all significantly different among husk sources and ranged from nondetectable levels to 33 ppm. The levels of Na, K, and Cl were significantly different among husk sources and ranged from 23 to 88, 126 to 236, and 304 to 704 ppm, respectively. Coir dust (CD) produced by screening of waste-grade coir through 3-, 6-, or 13-mm mesh screens had significantly different fiber content, bulk densities, total solids, total pore space, air-filled pore space, water-filled pore space, and water-holding capacities as compared with nonscreened waste-grade coir. However, screen size did not significantly affect the physical properties of CD. Neither compression pressure nor moisture level during compression of CD blocks significantly affected rehydration of compressed CD or physical properties of rehydrated CD.

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Source Variation in Physical and Chemical Properties of Coconut Coir Dust

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.6.965 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 965-967 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Michael R. Evans ◽

Sreenivas Konduru ◽

Robert H. Stamps

Keyword(s):

Pore Space ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dry Weight ◽

The Philippines ◽

Dust Sources ◽

Electrical Conductivities ◽

Coir Dust ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Water Holding

Physical properties differed significantly among five Philippine-produced coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir dust sources. Bulk densities ranged from 0.04 to 0.08 g·cm–3. Air-filled pore space, water-filled pore space, and total pore space ranged from 9.5% to 12.6%, 73.0% to 80.0%, and 85.5% to 89.5% (v/v), respectively. Total solids accounted for 10.5% to 14.5% of total volume, and water-holding capacities ranged from 750% to 1100% of dry weight. Significant differences existed in particle size distribution, with the largest differences occurring for particle sizes <8.0 mm and 0.25 to 0.50 mm in diameter. Chemical properties were determined for 12 sources from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, or Indonesia. The pH and electrical conductivities ranged from 5.6 to 6.9 and 0.3 to 2.9 mS·cm–1, respectively, and were significantly different among sources. No significant differences occurred among samples with respect to Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, NH4-N, and Mg concentrations. Coir dust samples contained Fe, Mn, Zn, B, and Cu at 0.01 to 0.07 mg·L–1. The levels of NH4-N and Mg were 0.1 to 0.2 and 1.0 to 7.4 mg·L–1, respectively. Significant differences occurred between sources for Ca, Na, and NO3-N, with levels (mg·L–1) ranging from 1.0 to 24.3, from 22.3 to 88.3, and from 0.4 to 7.0, respectively. The widest ranges occurred in K (19 to 948 mg·L–1) and Cl (26 to 1636 mg·L–1). Sources differed with respect to cation exchange capacities, with values ranging from 38.9 to 60.0 meq/100 g.

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Growth of Dieffenbachia maculata `Camille' in Growing Media Containing Sphagnum Peat or Coconut Coir Dust

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.5.844 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 844-847 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Robert H. Stamps ◽

Michael R. Evans

Keyword(s):

Pore Space ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Greenhouse Production ◽

Growing Media ◽

Sphagnum Peat ◽

Electrical Conductivities ◽

Coir Dust ◽

Foliage Plant ◽

Initial Medium ◽

Water Holding

A comparison was made of Canadian sphagnum peat (SP) and Philippine coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir dust (CD) as growing media components for Dieffenbachia maculata [(Lodd.) G. Don] `Camille' greenhouse production. Three soilless foliage plant growing mixes [Cornell, Hybrid, Univ. of Florida #2 (UF-2)] were prepared using either SP or CD and pine bark (PB), vermiculite (V), and/or perlite (P) in the following ratios (percent by volume): Cornell = 50 CD or SP:25 V:25 P, Hybrid = 40 CD or SP:30 V:30 PB, UF-2 = 50 CD or SP:50 PB. Initial CI concentrations and electrical conductivities were higher for CD-containing media (CDM) than SP-containing media (SPM). At termination, Ca, Mg, and NO3-N concentrations were higher for SPM than CDM. Bulk densities were lower for CDM than SPM for one medium, but not for the others. Water-filled pore space (W-FPS) and water-holding capacity (W-HC) were larger and air-filled pore space (A-FPS) generally was smaller for CDM than SPM. Cornell had the highest W-FPS and W-HC, lowest A-FPS and percentage of large particles, and produced the highest grade and heaviest plants. Plant top grades, fresh mass and overall mass, but not root grades and mass, were higher for CDM than SPM. Plant mass was positively correlated with initial medium W-HC but not with A-FPS. Lower K in mix UF-2 compared to the mixes containing vermiculite may have been partly responsible for the lesser growth in that mix.

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Growth of Bedding Plants in Sphagnum Peat and Coir Dust-Based Substrates

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-14.4.187 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 187-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Michael R. Evans ◽

Robert H. Stamps

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Pore Space ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Axillary Shoots ◽

Bedding Plants ◽

Sphagnum Peat ◽

Bright Yellow ◽

Water Filled Pore Space ◽

Coir Dust ◽

Water Holding

Abstract Water-holding capacity of substrates increased as the proportion of sphagnum peat and coir increased, and coir-based substrates had greater water-holding capacities than comparable peat-based substrates. There were no significant differences between coir and peat-based substrates with respect to bulk density, percent pore space and percent solids. Air-filled pore space and water-filled pore space decreased and increased, respectively, as the proportion of peat and coir increased. ‘Pink Elite’ geranium plants grown in coir-based substrates had greater root fresh weights than those grown in sphagnum-peat based substrates. Greatest root fresh weight occurred in an 80% coir and 20% perlite substrate. Days to flower, height, shoot fresh weight and number of axillary shoots were not significantly different between substrates. ‘Janie Bright Yellow’ marigold and ‘Blue Lace Carpet’ petunia plants had increased heights and shoot fresh weights when grown in coir-based substrates as compared with sphagnum peat-based substrates. Greatest heights and shoot fresh weights of petunia and marigold occurred in an 80% coir and 20% perlite substrate. Days to flower were reduced for marigold plants grown in coir-based substrates.

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Physical Properties of Ground Fresh Rice Hulls and Sphagnum Peat Used for Greenhouse Root Substrates

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.18.3.384 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 384-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Paolo Sambo ◽

Franco Sannazzaro ◽

Michael R. Evans

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Water Content ◽

Pore Space ◽

Rice Hull ◽

Water Release ◽

Rice Hulls ◽

Available Water ◽

Available Water Content ◽

Water Holding

Ground fresh rice (Oryza sativa) hull materials were produced by grinding whole fresh rice hulls and passing the resulting product through a 1-, 2-, 4- or 6-mm-diameter screen to produce a total of four ground rice products (RH1, RH2, RH4, and RH6, respectively). The physical properties and water release characteristics of sphagnum peatmoss (peat) and the four ground rice hull products were evaluated. All of the ground rice hull products had a higher bulk density (Bd) than peat, and as the grind size of the rice hull particle decreased, Bd increased. Peat had a higher total pore space (TPS) than all of the ground rice hull products except for RH6. As grind size decreased, the TPS decreased. Peat had a lower air-filled pore space (AFP) than all of the ground rice hull products and as the grind size of the rice hull products decreased, AFP decreased. Peat had a higher water holding capacity (WHC) than all of the ground rice hull products. Grind sizes RH4 and RH6 had similar WHC, whereas RH1 and RH2 had a higher WHC than RH4 and RH6. Peat, RH4, and RH6 had similar available water content (AVW), whereas RH2 had higher AVW than these materials and RH1 had the highest AVW. However, peat had the lowest AVW and easily available water (EAW) as a percentage of the WHC. The ground rice hull products RH1 and RH2 had the highest AVW and EAW of the components tested. Peat had the highest water content at container capacity. As pressure was increased from 1 to 5 kPa, peat released water more slowly than any of the ground rice hull products. The RH1 and RH2 ground hull products released water at a significantly higher rate than peat, but RH4 and RH6 released the most water over these pressures. For all rice hull products, most water was released between 1 and 2 kPa pressure. The rice hull products RH1 and RH2 had physical properties that were within recommended ranges and were most similar to those of peat.

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Growth Response of Annual Transplants and Physical and Chemical Properties of Growing Media as Influenced by Composted Sewage Sludge Amended with Organic and Inorganic Materials

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-2.4.112 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 112-116

Author(s):

Delbert D. Hemphill ◽

Robert L. Ticknor ◽

D.J. Flower

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Pore Space ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Growing Media ◽

High Yields ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Water Holding ◽

Inorganic Components ◽

Composted Sewage Sludge

Composted sewage sludge was combined with several other organic and inorganic components to form 19 growing media. Increasing the proportion of sludge compost in media from 25 to 50% increased media pH, electrical conductivity (EC), airfilled pore space (AS), and nutrient levels, and usually increased growth of pansy, snapdragon, and cabbage plants. Of the other organic components, sawdust-based media had the highest pH, EC, and AS; sphagnum peat-based media the highest water holding capacity. Plant fresh weights were highest with bark, which produced media with highest retention of K, Ca, Mg, and Na. Of the inorganic components, pumice produced media with lower AS and lower yields of each crop than did perlite or vermiculite. Inorganic components had no effect on media pH or EC. Yields of all crops were usually higher in media containing compost than in 5 commercial potting mixes but less than in a fertilizer-amended bark medium. High yields appeared to be associated with higher medium AS and higher initial levels of major and minor plant nutrients.

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Soils of Thotapalli Major Irrigation Project of North- Coastal Andhra Pradesh: Physical and Chemical Properties

Agropedology ◽

10.47114/j.agroped.2019.j1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

Author(s):

K. Himabindu ◽

◽

P. Gurumurthy ◽

P.R.K. Prasad ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Andhra Pradesh ◽

Pore Space ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Irrigation Project ◽

Maximum Water ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Water Holding ◽

And Chemical Properties

Physical and chemical properties of the soils were assessed for the ayacut area of Thotapalli major irrigation project of North-Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Six representative soil pedons were studied in Devarapalli, Gujjangivalasa, Patikivalasa, Gangada, Aamiti and Maddivalasa villages falling in ayacut area of Thotapalli major irrigation project. The soil texture ranged from sandy loam to sandy clay loam in upland pedons while sandy clay loam to clay in pedons under cultivated plains. In general, relatively low bulk density was recorded at surface horizons compared to sub-surface layers. Maximum water holding capacity, pore space and volume expansion increased with soil depth. The soils were acidic to alkaline in reaction, non-saline, low to medium in organic carbon content. The CEC ranged from 6.4 to 32.5 cmol (p+) kg-1. The soil exchange complex was dominated by calcium followed by magnesium, sodium and potassium. The soils were found to be low in nitrogen, low to medium in phosphorus and medium to high in available potassium status. Manganese and copper were sufficient but zinc and iron were deficient in soils. The total silica (SiO2) content of pedons varied from 48.10 to 71.40 per cent. Sesquioxide (R2O3) and the molar ratio of SiO2 / R2O3 ranged from 19.01 to 32.4 per cent and varied from 3.74 to 6.59, respectively in different pedons. The SiO2 / Al2O3 ratio and the SiO2 / Fe2O3 ratio varied from 4.43 to 7.65 and from 13.7 to 47.8, respectively. A significant positive correlation of clay content with cation exchange capacity (CEC), maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) was observed. Sand content was positively correlated with silica and negatively correlated with MWHC and volume expansion. Soil organic carbon had a significant positive correlation with soil pore space, available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron, but a negative correlation with soil bulk density. Soil pH was positively correlated with CaCO3 but negatively correlated with available phosphorous, potassium, zinc, manganese, and copper and iron. Soil CaCO3 content was negatively correlated with available phosphorous, potassium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron of the soil.

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APLIKASI SERBUK WORTEL SEBAGAI SUMBER β-KAROTEN ALAMI PADA PRODUK MI INSTAN

Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan ◽

10.25182/jgp.2012.7.2.127-134 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 127

Author(s):

Sri Anna Marliyati ◽

Ahmad Sulaeman ◽

Mega Pramudita Rahayu

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Cooking Time ◽

Water Holding Capacity ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Water Holding ◽

Β Carotene ◽

Instant Noodle

ABSTRACTThe objective of this research was to study the use of carrot powder as a source of natural β-carotene in instant noodle. Four formulas were developed based on carrot powder level added into the formula (0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The carrot instant noodle was evaluated for sensory properties by 30 panelists. The best formula was analyzed for chemical properties, including proximate composition, dietary fibre, and β-carotene. The physical properties were analyzed in color, cooking time, elasticity, and water holding capacity. The experimental design applied terms of Complete Randomized Design. The result showed that instant noodle with 15% carrot powder was the best formula of carrot instant noodle. No significant difference in acceptance between this formula and commercial instant noodles. Product was composed of moisture content 7.75% (wb), ash 1.59% (d.b), protein 12.82% (d.b), fat 1.41% (d.b), carbohydrate 84.18% (d.b) and β-carotene 2 390 μg/100 g (199 RE or 99.5 RAE/serving size). Carrot instant noodle had physical properties as cooking time was 3.5 minutes, the color was yellow-redish, elasticity properties was 162.22%, and water holding capacity was 143.89%. This noodle contribute above 15% RDA of vitamin A for the children aged 4—5 years.Key words: β-carotene, carrot powder, instant noodleABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari penggunaan serbuk wortel sebagai sumber beta karoten alami dalam mi instan. Empat formula dikembangkan berdasarkan jumlah serbuk wortel yang ditambahkan (0%, 10%, 15%, dan 20%). Mi instan wortel dievaluasi sifat organoleptiknya oleh 30 orang panelis. Formula terbaik dianalisis sifat-sifat kimianya meliputi komposisi, serat pangan, dan beta karoten, sedangkan sifat-sifat fisik yang dianalisis adalah warna, waktu masak, elastisitas, dan daya serap air. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mi instan dengan penambahan 15% serbuk wortel merupakan formula terbaik. Tidak ada perbedaan yang nyata dalam penerimaan antara mi instan formula ini dengan mi instan komersial. Produk mi instan ini mengandung air sebesar 7.75% (bb), abu 1.59% (bk), protein 12.82% (bk), lemak 1.41% (bk), karbohidrat 84.18% (bk) dan karoten 2 390 μg/100 g (199 RE atau 99.5 RAE/takaran saji). Mi instan wortel mempunyai sifat-sifat fisik seperti waktu masak 3.5 menit, warna kuning kemerahan, elastisitas 162.22%, dan daya serap air 143.89%. Mi ini berkontribusi sebesar 15% terhadap Angka Kecukupan Gizi vitamin A untuk anak usia 4—5 tahun.Kata kunci: β-karoten, mi instan, serbuk wortel

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Effects of slow and fast pyrolysis biochar on N2O emissions and water availability of two soils with high water-filled pore space

Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics ◽

10.2478/johh-2021-0024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 467-474

Author(s):

Eugene Balashov ◽

Natalya Buchkina ◽

Vladimir Šimanský ◽

Ján Horák

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

Water Availability ◽

Pore Space ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Clayey Loam ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Water Filled Pore Space ◽

Loam Soil

Abstract Biochars, depending on the types of feedstocks and technological conditions of pyrolysis, can vary significantly in their properties and, therefore, it is difficult to predict biochar-induced effects on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from various soils, their physical properties and water availability. The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify effects of slow pyrolysis biochar (BC) and fast pyrolysis biochar (PYRO) on physical and hydro-physical properties of sandy soil (Haplic Arenosol) and clayey loam soil (Gleyic Fluvisol), and (2) to assess corresponding N2O emissions from these two soils. The study included a 63-day long laboratory investigation. Two doses of BC or PYRO (15 t ha−1 and 30 t ha−1) were applied to the soils in combination or without nitrogen fertilizer (NH4NO3, 90 kg N ha−1). The obtained results have shown a significant decrease in the bulk density of sandy soil after it was amended with either rate of BC or PYRO. Water retention capacity of the soils in all the treatments with BC or PYRO increased considerably although no changes was found in the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) which was higher than 60%. BC was increasing N2O emission rates from the sandy soil treated with N fertilizer, and reducing N2O emission rates from the clayey loam soil treated with N fertilizer. PYRO was more efficient and was reducing N2O emissions from both fertilized soils, but for the sandy soil the reduction was statistically significant only at higher dose (30 t ha−1) of the biochar.

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Growth of Dieffenbachia maculata `Camille' in Growing Media Based on Spaghnum Peat or Coconut Coir Dust

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.4.583e ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 583e-583

Author(s):

Robert H. Stamps ◽

Michael R. Evans

Keyword(s):

Pore Space ◽

Plant Root ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Greenhouse Production ◽

Growing Media ◽

Coir Dust ◽

Saturated Media ◽

Coconut Coir ◽

C 50 ◽

Water Holding

A comparison was made of Philippine coconut coir dust and Canadian spaghnum peat as components of three growing media for greenhouse production of Dieffenbachia maculata `Camille'. The soilless media were prepared using coir or peat in various amounts (by volume) combined with pine bark, vermiculite, and/or perlite (Media A–50% coir/peat: 25% vermiculite: 25% perlite; Media B–40% coir/peat: 30% vermiculite: 30% bark; Media C–50% coir/peat: 50% bark). Chemical and physical properties of the soils were determined at the beginning and the end of the five-month production cycle. Plant root and top growth and grades were determined at the end of the experiment. Initially, saturated media extracts from coir-containing media had elevated K, Cl, and soluble salts levels compared to peat-containing media; however, by the end of the experiment those levels were lower in coir- than in peat-based media. Water-filled pore space and water-holding capacities were generally higher and air-filled pore space lower in coir- than in peat-based media, probably due to differences in particle size distributions. There were no interaction effects on plant growth between growing media and coir versus peat. Plant root and top growth in Media A > Media B > Media C and plant top growth was greater in coir- than in peat-based media. Differences in growth could be due, in part, to differences in media water-holding capacities.

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