scholarly journals Growth, Foliar Mineral Relations, and Gas Exchange of Mammea americana as Influenced by Salinity

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 685e-685
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Yasmina Zozor
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Apparent Quantum Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Relative Tolerance

Whole plant growth, foliage mineral content, and leaf gas exchange were measured on Mammea americana seedlings exposed to salinity ranging from 0 to 8 dS·m–1 to determine relative tolerance of this species. In one study, growth measured as leaf area, trunk cross-sectional area, and total dry mass was reduced by 23 weeks of exposure to salinity. Growth of plants exposed to 8 dS·m–1 was ≈30% below that of control plants. Leaf gas exchange was reduced by salinity to a greater degree than the growth variables. Stomatal conductance of plants exposed to 8 dS·m–1 was ≈70% below that of control plants. Plants exposed to 8 dS·m–1 exhibited a seven-fold increase in leaf chloride and 13-fold increase in leaf sodium compared to the control plants. In a second study, 8 weeks of exposure to 8 dS·m–1 reduced net CO2 assimilation and apparent quantum yield to ≈50% of the values for the control plants. Dark respiration was not influenced by salinity. The results indicate that Mammea americana is moderately sensitive to salinity stress.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CARBON GAIN IN ALSTROEMERIA

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 649e-649
Author(s):  
E.D. Leonardos ◽  
M.J. Tsujita ◽  
B. Grodzinski ◽  
T.J. Blom
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Leaf Transpiration ◽  
Whole Plant

Leaf and whole plant gas exchange (net photosynthesis Pn, dark respiration Dr, transpiration Tr, and resistance R) of `Jacqueline' Alstroemeria, grown in pots inside a greenhouse, were measured under lab conditions using an openflow and a semi-closed system respectively. Temperature responses of apical fully expanded leaves, on flowering and non-flowering shoots, showed an optimum range for net photosynthesis (Pn) from 15 to 20 °C. Above 25 °C Pn dropped considerably as temperature increased. Leaf transpiration rates over the same range of temperature showed a similar decrease, indicating that low leaf Pn rates at higher temperatures were due in part to increased stomatal resistance. Whole plant photosynthetic response to temperature was similar to that of leaf gas exchange. The optimum temperature range for whole plant Pn was from 12 to 17 °C. These results show that moderately low temperatures are essential for carbon assimilation and efficient water use in Alstroemeria. Temperature interactions with other environmental factors will also be presented in models describing Pn rates as a function of irradiance, CO2 concentration, and temperature.

scholarly journals Growth and Photosynthetic Response of Two Persimmon Rootstocks (Diospyros kaki and D. virginiana) under Different Salinity Levels

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meral INCESU ◽  
Berken CIMEN ◽  
Turgut YESILOGLU ◽  
Bilge YILMAZ
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Salinity continues to be a major factor in reduced crop productivity and profit in many arid and semiarid regions. Seedlings of Diospyros kaki Thunb. and D. virginiana L. are commonly used as rootstock in persimmon cultivation. In this study we have evaluated the effects of different salinity levels on photosynthetic capacity and plant development of D. kaki and D. virginiana. Salinity was provided by adding 50 mM, 75 mM and 100 mM NaCl to nutrient solution. In order to determine the effects of different salinity levels on plant growth, leaf number, plant height, shoot and root dry mass were recorded. Besides leaf Na, Cl, K and Ca concentrations were determined. Also leaf chlorophyll concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv’/Fm’) and leaf gas exchange parameters including leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gS), leaf transpiration rate (E), and CO2 substomatal concentration (Ci) were investigated. Significant decrease of leaf number, shoot length and plant dry mass by increasing salinity levels was observed in both rootstocks. D. virginiana was less affected in terms of plant growth under salinity stress. Leaf chlorophyll concentration reduction was higher in the leaves of D. kaki in comparison to D. virginiana in 100 mM NaCl treatment. By increasing salinity levels PN, gS and E markedly decreased in both rootstocks and D. kaki was more affected from salinity in terms of leaf gas exchange parameters. In addition there was no significant difference but slight decreases were recorded in leaf chlorophyll fluorescences of both rootstocks.

scholarly journals Growth and photosynthetic parameters of saccharine sorghum plants subjected to salinity

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 42607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Liliane Dos Santos Silva ◽  
Humberto Gildo de Sousa ◽  
Maria Lílian Dos Santos Silva ◽  
Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda ◽  
Enéas Gomes-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Stalk Diameter ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Relative Chlorophyll Content

Plants are often exposed to abiotic stresses such as salinity, which represents a barrier to the cultivation of agricultural species mainly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study evaluated the development of four saccharine sorghum genotypes for tolerance to different salinity levels under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was a randomized complete block arranged in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme, which corresponded to five levels of irrigation water salinity [electrical conductivities of 0.5 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 dS m-1] and four saccharine sorghum genotypes (CSF 11, CSF 15, P 76 and P 298), with five replicates. The plants were evaluated for dry mass production, leaf area, height, stalk diameter, leaf gas exchange and relative chlorophyll content. The growth and leaf gas exchange measurements of the saccharine sorghum plants were significantly affected by salinity stress. Among the genotypes, CSF 11 and CSF 15 exhibited smaller reductions in growth, whereas P 298 showed the greatest reduction. These findings show that genotype CSF 11 can be classified as the most tolerant to salt stress, and genotype P 298 is the most sensitive.

scholarly journals Intsia bijuga Is Moderately Tolerant of Flooding

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 649c-649
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Louann C. Guzman
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Flood Tolerance ◽  
Water Line ◽  
Relative Ranking ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Stems And Leaves

Growth and physiological responses of Intsia bijuga trees to flooding were determined in a series of five container experiments to assess the relative tolerance of this species to flooding. The first measurable response to flooding was reduced leaf gas exchange, which began within 5 to 6 days of the onset of flooding. Development of hypertrophied lenticels at the water line and paraheliotropic leaflet movement were evident by 17 days of flooding. Emergence of adventitious roots on the stem above the water line began after about 30 days of flooding. Leaflet abscission was greatly accelerated by flooding. After more than 3 months of flooding, regrowth of roots, stems, and leaves began within two weeks of draining the medium. The data and observations support a relative ranking of moderate flood tolerance for Intsia bijuga.

scholarly journals Salinity Influences Photosynthetic Characteristics, Water Relations, and Foliar Mineral Composition of Annona squamosa L.

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Yasmina Zozor
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Annona Squamosa

Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, water relations, and mineral nutrient relations responses of Annona squamosa seedlings to mild salinity were studied in sand culture in five experiments during 1990, 1991, and 1993. Trees were irrigated with a complete nutrient solution (control) or with this solution amended to 3 or 6 dS·m-1 with sea salt. Inhibition of net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance of CO2, and transpiration was apparent within 2 weeks of initiating salinity treatments, and gas exchange continued to decline until day 30 to 35. The diurnal pattern of leaf gas exchange was not altered by increased salinity. Salinity reduced CO2, light energy, and water-use efficiencies. Salinity sometimes reduced the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence below that of the control, and this response was highly dependent on the ambient light conditions that preceded the measurements. Dark respiration was unaffected by salinity stress. Root zone salinity of 3 dS·m-1 administered for 52 days did not influence foliar sodium concentration or the ratio of sodium to potassium, but increased chloride concentration and decreased nitrogen concentration. The sodium response indicated that some form of exclusion or compartmentation occurred. Salinity reduced osmotic potential of root tissue but did not influence foliar osmotic or predawn xylem potential. These results indicate that A. squamosa is sensitive to salinity stress, and that the responses to salinity are consistent with other salt-sensitive woody perennial species.

scholarly journals 206 Growth, Gas Exchange, and Water Relations of Micropropagated Chile Ancho Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. San Luis) Plantlets during Acclimatization and Post-acclimatization

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 426D-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres A. Estrada-Luna ◽  
Fred T. Davies ◽  
Jonathan N. Egilla
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
San Luis ◽  
Transplant Shock ◽  
Relative Water

Micropropagated chile ancho pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. San Luis) plants were transferred to ex vitro conditions to study plantlet performance and selected physiological changes that occur during acclimatization and post-acclimatization. The physiology of the plantlets was characterized by measuring leaf gas exchange and water status. Plant growth was determined by assessing plant height, leaf number, total leaf area, relative growth rate (RGR), and leaf, root, and stem dry mass. Measurements were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 days after transplanting. After initial transplanting ex vitro to liner pots with soilless media, plantlet wilting was observed that correlated with reduced leaf relative water content (RWC). Water stress was partially alleviated by a reduction in stomatal conductance (gs), confirming that the in vitro formed stomata were functional and able to regulate transpiration (E) to minimize desiccation losses. Because of this stomatal control, plantlets had minimal transplant shock, recovered, and survived. Prior to transplanting, micropropagated plantlets showed heterotrophic/mixotrophic characteristics as indicated by low photosynthesis [(A) 4.74 μmol·m2·s-1]. During acclimatization, RWC, gs, E, and A were significantly lower 2 days after transplanting. However, within 6 days after transplanting, plantlets recovered and became autotrophic, attaining high A (16.3 μmol·m-2·s-1), gs, and E. The stabilization and improvement of plantlet water status and gas exchange during acclimatization and post-acclimatization closely correlated with dramatic increases in plantlet growth.

scholarly journals Root-zone Sodium Chloride Influences Photosynthesis, Water Relations, and Mineral Content of Sapodilla Foliage

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael V. Mickelbart ◽  
Thomas E. Marler
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Apparent Quantum Yield ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential

Sapodilla [Manilkara zapota (L.) Royen], reportedly tolerant of saline conditions relative to other tropical fruit species, was studied in sand culture under greenhouse conditions to examine the physiology of sapodilla trees exposed to NaCl and to aid in determining the basis for this apparent tolerance. Treatments, consisting of a complete nutrient solution of 1 dS·m–1 (control) or this solution amended to 12 or 20 dS·m–1 with NaCl, were administered from 16 Nov. 1991 until 29 Jan. 1992. Net CO2 assimilation (A) of plants receiving NaCl gradually decreased relative to that of the control plants. At the end of 8 weeks of salinity, A of plants receiving 12 or 20 dS·m–1 was 72% or 31% of control plants, respectively. Substrate NaCl reduced apparent quantum yield, photosynthetic CO2-use efficiency, leaf osmotic potential, and predawn xylem potential of sapodilla leaves. Dark respiration and the variable: maximal chlorophyll fluorescence ratio were not influenced by NaCl. Exposure to NaCl also increased leaf tissue Na+ and Cl– concentrations and the Na+: K+ ratio. These results indicate that gas exchange of sapodilla is relatively low for woody evergreen species. Moreover, sapodilla may not be as tolerant of salt stress as previously reported. The responses of sapodilla to root zone NaCl were consistent with other woody perennial glycophyte species. Photochemical efficiency of leaves on plants receiving NaCl was not different from that of leaves on control plants for >8 weeks after NaCl reduced gas exchange.

The effects of environmental conditions on the inhibition of leaf gas exchange by NO2

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Srivastava ◽  
P. A. Jolliffe ◽  
V. C. Runeckles
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Photosynthetic Inhibition ◽  
Free Air

An open flow system was used to examine the uptake and effects of NO2 on gas exchange by primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under a variety of conditions of irradiance, temperature, humidity, and atmospheric CO2 and O2 concentrations. At 3.0 ppm, NO2 inhibited apparent photosynthesis and dark respiration in all the conditions tested. Both 3.0 ppm and 7.0 ppm NO2 inhibited the evolution of CO2 into CO2-free air. The absolute magnitude of photosynthetic inhibition by NO2 was greatest at high irradiance, at the optimum temperature for apparent photosynthesis, and at high humidities. Changes in CO2 concentration from 100 to 600 ppm and in O2 concentration from 0 to 21% did not affect the percentage inhibition of apparent photosynthesis by NO2. High temperatures increased the inhibitory effects of NO2 on dark respiration.The effects of NO2 on apparent photosynthesis, dark respiration, and CO2 evolution into CO2-free air were based on inhibitory effects exerted within the leaves and not on CO2 diffusion into the leaf. Transpiration rate and stomatal diffusion resistance were only slightly affected by NO2. The uptake of NO2 was enhanced by high temperature, low CO2 concentration, and high humidity. The results of these studies support the view that NO2 uptake is subject to internal limitations ("mesophyll resistance") under many environmental conditions.The range and prevalence of NO2 effects suggest that NO2 may cause general detrimental changes in the physiology of leaf cells. Furthermore, the circumstances under which NO2 effects were found to occur indicate that such effects may be significant in natural ecosystems.

Salixspecies variation in leaf gas exchange, sodium, and nutrient parameters at three levels of salinity

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1045-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Major ◽  
Alex Mosseler ◽  
John W. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Arid Regions ◽  
Salix Discolor

Leaf gas exchange, Na+, and nutrient parameters were quantified under control (CTL), medium (MST), and high (HST) saline treatments for Salix discolor Muhl. (DIS), Salix eriocephala Michx. (ERI), and Salix interior Rowlee (INT). Net photosynthesis (Pn) increased from CTL to MST for all species but remained unchanged between MST and HST for surviving INT plants in HST. Salix interior had greater water-use efficiency (WUE) than DIS and ERI. Under CTL, INT had 13× the leaf Na+concentration of DIS and ERI, but INT Na+only increased by 17% across each saline treatment, whereas DIS and ERI leaf Na+increased 6.0× from CTL to MST. Salix discolor and ERI had greater cation to Na+ratios than INT; however, INT ratios were stable across saline treatments, whereas the DIS and ERI ratios dropped precipitously. Across species and treatments, Pnhad a significant positive relationship to total aboveground dry mass, supporting the sink regulation of Pntheory. Also, Pnshowed a significant positive relationship to WUE and leaf N and to leaf Na+, which probably reflects greater energy expenditure required to mitigate the higher levels of Na+. The saline tolerance of INT may be due to natural selection pressure in the arid regions of the southwestern United States, where it is believed to have its evolutionary origins.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document