scholarly journals Tree Growth in Potting Media Made with De-inked Paper Sludge

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 455B-455
Author(s):  
Robert R. Tripepi ◽  
Mary W. George
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Paper Sludge ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
The Media

De-inked paper sludge from a newsprint mill was evaluated as a substitute for softwood bark in container media. Whips, 1.2 m tall, of `October Glory' red maple (Acer rubrum L.), European birch (Betula pendula Roth), and `Royalty' crabapple (Malus L.) were planted in 15-L plastic pots that contained potting media amended with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, or 90% paper sludge and 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, 0%, or 0%, respectively, bark (by volume). All media contained 10% sand. After 22 weeks, plant heights, trunk diameters, and shoot dry weights were determined. Initial pH of media increased as the amount of paper sludge in the media increased, with the 90% sludge mix having pH 7.2. Paper sludge had a low initial CEC. Physical properties of all sludge-amended media were suitable for tree growth, but media containing 80% or more paper sludge shrank in volume by 10% to 12% by the end of the study. All maple and crabapple trees grown in all sludge-amended media grew as well as those in 80% bark (control mix). In fact, maple and crabapples trees in 40% sludge produced at least 10% and 36% more total shoot biomass, respectively, than trees in 80% bark. Although birch trees grown in 40% or 60% paper sludge grew as well as control plants, those grown in 80% or more sludge were at least 11% shorter and produced 24% less total shoot biomass (leaves, stems, and trunk dry weight) than control trees. These results demonstrated that de-inked paper sludge was a worthy substitute for up to 40% of the bark in a container medium for the three species tested.

Use of De-inked Paper Sludge in Potting Mixes for Geranium and Zinnia Production

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 464e-465
Author(s):  
Robert R. Tripepi ◽  
Charlyn A. Koehn
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Paper Sludge ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Average Plant

De-inked paper sludge from newsprint recycling was evaluated as an alternative amendment in bedding plant production. `Sweet Dreams' geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum) and `Crystal White' zinnia (Zinnia angustifolia) were grown in square 10-cm pots in one of five media. Media contained 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, or 80% de-inked paper sludge by volume. All mixes contained 10% perlite, and peatmoss was used to bring the volume to 100%. Initial chemical and physical characteristics of the media were determined. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for 8 weeks, and then plant height, shoot dry weight, and average plant width were determined. Media containing 20% or less paper sludge had an average pH of 4.4, whereas those containing more sludge had an average pH of 7.0. Cation exchange capacity of the media decreased significantly as the volume of sludge increased. Media containing 60% or more paper sludge were better aerated, but held less water than those made with 40% or less de-inked sludge. Geraniums grown in 20% or less paper sludge were at least 18% taller than those grown in medium containing 40% or more de-inked sludge, but average dry weights and plant widths of these plants were unaffected by the media. Zinnia plants grown in 20% or less paper sludge produced four times more shoot dry weight and were at least 34% taller and 20% wider than those grown in 40% or more sludge. Overall, zinnias grown in 40% or more sludge were unacceptable for commercial sale. A volume of 20% de-inked paper sludge could safely be included in potting media used for production of `Sweet Dreams' geranium and `Crystal White' zinnia.

scholarly journals Effect of Propagation Tray Design on Early Stage Root Development of Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, and Populus tremuloides 1

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darby McGrath ◽  
Jason Henry ◽  
Ryan Munroe ◽  
Erin Agro
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Red Maple

Abstract This experiment investigated the effect of different plug-tray cell designs on root development of red maple (Acer rubrum), red oak (Quercus rubra), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings. In April of 2015, seeds of each species were sown into three plug trays with different substrate volumes and grown for 17 weeks. Two trays had permeable walls for air-pruning, one with vertical ribs and one without. The third tray had impermeable plastic cell walls. Harvested seedlings were analyzed for root dry weight, length, volume, surface area and number of deflected roots. Root length per volume was highest in the impermeable-walled tray for red maple and quaking aspen. The total numbers of deflected root systems were higher for all species in the impermeable-walled tray. Seedlings grown in the air-pruning trays had smaller proportions of deflected root masses. Greater substrate volume did not influence root deflection development. The air-pruning tray without vertical ribs had the lowest total number of root masses with misdirected roots and lower proportions of root masses with misdirected roots for all species. These results indicate that improved root architecture in root-air pruning tray designs is achievable in tree propagation; however, vertical plastic structures in air-pruning trays can still cause root deflections. Index words: Deflected roots, air-pruning, seedling, propagation, plugs, root architecture. Species used in the study: red maple (Acer rubrum L.); red oak (Quercus rubra L.); quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.).

Micropropagation of Adult Red Maple and Sugar Maple

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 477e-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Connolly ◽  
John E. Preece ◽  
J.W. Van Sambeek
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Axillary Shoot ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Axillary Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Woody Plant Medium ◽  
The Media

Micropropagation studies were conducted to determine the best methods to achieve axillary shoot proliferation for adult Acer rubrum (red maple) and A. saccharium (sugar maple). The first experiment was conducted to compare the effects of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 μM, 1 μM, and 10 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) using Driver-Kuniyuki-Walnut medium (DKW). The second experiment was conducted to examine the effects of DKW, Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Long and Preece (LP) media in factorial combination with 0.01 and 0.1 μM TDZ. The third experiment was conducted to study the transfer timing (14 or 28 days) and the media solidification (agar-solidified or stationary liquid) on sugar maple. Both red maple and sugar maple explants on DKW with 0.1 μM TDZ produced the most and longest axillary shoots; however, sugar maple produced fewer axillary shoots than red maple. Red maple explants produced the most callus on DKW with 10 μM TDZ and the least on DKW with 0.001 μM TDZ. Sugar maple explants produced more shoots when explants were placed horizontally and transferred every 14 days than when placed vertically or transferred less frequently.

scholarly journals Nutrient Leaching from Container-Grown Ornamental Tree Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
H. Zhu ◽  
R.H. Zondag ◽  
J. Merrick ◽  
T. Demaline ◽  
C.R. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Nutrient Leaching ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Phosphoric Acids

Economical production of marketable container-grown ornamental shade trees with minimum amounts of nutrients in leachate requires careful management of fertilizer applications during a growing season. Sixteen fertilizer treatments were evaluated for their nutrient leaching potential in container-grown ‘Red Sunset’ red maple (Acer rubrum L.) production in a commercial nursery. Tests were conducted at two sites that were irrigated with either city or recycled pond water. Two slow-release granular fertilizers (18-5-12 and 12-0-42) were applied separately or together, by incorporation, top-dressed, or both, to trees grown in #7 containers and placed above or below ground. Trees irrigated with pond water also received supplemental liquid nutrients throughout the growing season along with nitric and phosphoric acids. Compared to either top-dressed or incorporation of fertilizer, incorporation of fertilizer combined with top-dressing doubled the amounts of nutrients applied but did not increase tree growth and caused greater nutrient leaching through the container substrate. Adding nitric and phosphoric acids to the supplemental liquid nutrients had little effect on lowering pH of the container substrate to the desired level. Trees irrigated with pond water had greater caliper growth than trees irrigated with city water, but this practice caused greater nutrient loss through the leachate and required additional nutrient inputs and labor throughout the growing season. Among the 16 fertilizer practices, the top-dressed fertilizer applications in the above- and below-ground containers were the most efficient method to produce fast tree growth with low nutrient leaching.

scholarly journals Effect of Container Size at Time of Planting on Tree Growth Rates for Baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich], Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.), and Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Belinda Lambert ◽  
Steven Harper ◽  
Stephen Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
Wetland Mitigation ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Red Maple

The ecosystem restoration and wetland mitigation industries are challenged with recreating vegetative communities at an accelerated rate, while at the same time remaining cost effective. These created systems are typically bound by permit conditions to meet certain tree growth criteria in a specified time frame, commonly five years. Stock sizes of container grown trees are generally #1, #3, or #7 (gallons). The purpose of this study was to determine the relative cost effectiveness of these planting sizes for three commonly used species and to assess whether they achieve common success criteria for height, percent survival, and percent cover. These three species are baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich], red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Based on the standard planting density of 174 trees/hectare, the most cost-effective size was #3 in all cases. All three sizes of baldcypress and red maple met the 3.7 m height criterion; no size of longleaf pine met the criterion. All sizes of all species failed to meet both the 85% survival standard and a theoretical minimum 50% cover calculated from canopy diameter measurements. If planting densities are increased to meet cover requirements and to offset mortality, container size #1 may be more favorable for baldcypress and red maple, but not for longleaf pine. The study was conducted in Pinellas County, Florida, U.S.

scholarly journals Tree growth, transpiration, and water-use efficiency between shoreline and upland red maple (Acer rubrum) trees in a coastal forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 ◽  
pp. 108163
Author(s):  
Wenzhi Wang ◽  
Nate G. McDowell ◽  
Stephanie Pennington ◽  
Charlotte Grossiord ◽  
Riley T Leff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Coastal Forest ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Use Efficiency

scholarly journals Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

scholarly journals Growth, Dry Weight and Nitrogen Distribution of Red Oak and ‘Autumn Flame’ Red Maple Under Different Fertility Levels

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Jill Larimer ◽  
Daniel Struve
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
N Loading ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Root

Abstract Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings and ‘Autumn Flame’ red maple (Acer rubrum L.) rooted cuttings were grown under different fertility levels: 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/liter N from 20N–8.6P–17K water soluble fertilizer applied daily in two, 45-minute irrigation events. At one-month intervals from June to October, seedlings were harvested, and dry weights and N content of leaves, stems and roots determined. In October, red oak dry weight increased up to 400 mg N/liter fertigation. Red maple dry weight was greatest between 200 and 400 mg N/liter fertigation. For both species, as N fertigation level increased, relative stem dry weight increased while relative root dry weight decreased. There was little change in relative leaf dry weight. For both species, percent N in leaf, stem and root tissues increased with increasing N fertigation. N distribution in leaf, stem and root tissues was similar to relative dry weight accumulation. Red maple plants had greater morphological adjustment to increasing N fertigation than did red oak plants. At the highest fertigation levels, red maple plants could be N loaded, increasing N tissue concentrations without an increase in plant dry weight. Red oak plants did not exhibit N loading.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Media Consisting of a Cotton Waste for the Production of Tropical Foliage Species

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-115
Author(s):  
Yin-Tung Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Cotton Waste ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Potting Media

Abstract Media consisting of composted cotton waste (CW) alone and CW in combination with bark or peat moss or both were evaluated for producing two tropical foliage species. Asian bell tree (Radermachera sinica (Hance) Hemsl.) grew satisfactorily in media with 25% or 50% CW, but had less dry weight when produced in CW-amended media with 50% bark. Australian umbrella tree (Brassaia actinophylla Endl.) had less dry weight when produced in media having 50% or more CW. Australian umbrella tree responded the most favorably to the medium containing 25% CW, 50% bark and 25% peat moss which resulted in the poorest Asian bell tree. Plant response to media consisting of CW appeared to be species dependent. Although there were differences in the initial pH of leachates collected from potting media, the differences were small at the termination of this experiment. The electrical conductivity of the leachate varied considerably among various media.

scholarly journals Height-diameter Relationships in Longleaf Pine and Four Swamp Tree Species

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiongwen Chen ◽  
Dale G. Brockway
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Metabolic Ecology

The scaling relationship between height and diameter is important for understanding the dynamic patterns of tree growth and estimating the accrual of tree biomass. Metabolic ecology predicts that tree growth follows a universal scaling invariant relative to the height-diameter relationship (i.e., no variation based on taxonomy or resource availability). Comparing field data for different tree species across a range of site conditions should be an informative test of that prediction. Our results indicate that the scaling exponents of height and diameter for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) vary at the four locations across its natural range. As for swamp trees, the scaling exponents for red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and river birch (Betula nigra L.) were consistent with that predicted by metabolic ecology; however, those for water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich) were not. Our study confirms that high plasticity and variation in allometric scaling of the tree height and diameter relationship may very well be the rule, rather than the exception.

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