scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide–induced Changes in Color and Anthocyanin Synthesis of Stored Strawberry Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1244-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre M. Holcroft ◽  
Adel A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Storage Atmosphere ◽  
Induced Changes

Anthocyanin concentrations increased in both external and internal tissues of `Selva' strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) stored in air at 5 °C for 10 days, but the increase was lower in fruit stored in air enriched with 10 or 20 kPa CO2. Flesh red color was less intense in CO2 storage than in air storage. Activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and UDP glucose: flavonoid glucosyltransferase (GT) decreased during storage, with decreases being greater in both external and internal tissues of strawberry fruit stored in air + 20 kPa CO2 than in those kept in air. Activities of both PAL and GT in external tissues of strawberries stored in air + 10 kPa CO2 were similar to those in fruit stored in air, while enzyme activities in internal tissues more closely resembled those from fruit stored in air + 20 kPa CO2. Phenolic compounds increased during storage but were not affected by the storage atmosphere. The pH increased and titratable acidity decreased during storage; these effects were enhanced in internal tissues by the CO2 treatments, and may in turn have influenced anthocyanin expression.

scholarly journals Phytochemical changes in mango fruit in response to Alternaria alternata infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Li ◽  
Liangang Mao ◽  
Yanning Zhang ◽  
Lan Zhang ◽  
Hongyun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Mango Fruit ◽  
Malondialdehyde Content

Changes in mango fruit quality, malondialdehyde content, and enzymatic activities in response to pathogen Alternaria alternata infection were studied. A. alternata significantly affected the appearance of mango fruit at 5 and 7 days after treatment (DAT). The quality of pathogen-infected fruit first showed a significant decrease in titratable acidity and vitamin C content and a significant increase in pH since 3 DAT. The malondialdehyde content was higher than that in the untreated controls at 3 and 7 DAT. The enzyme activities of ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase showed significant increases since 3 DAT. Significant increases in l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and superoxide dismutase activities were observed at 7 DAT. These results indicate that A. alternata infection first significantly affects some biochemical constituents and enzyme activities in mango fruit since 3 DAT and that there was no significant effect on appearance until 5 DAT.

scholarly journals Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Anthocyanins, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase and Glucosyltransferase in the Arils of Stored Pomegranates

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre M. Holcroft ◽  
Maria I. Gil ◽  
Adel A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration

`Wonderful' Pomegranates (Punica granatum L.) were placed in jars ventilated continuously with air or air enriched with 10 or 20 kPa CO2 at 10 °C for 6 weeks. Samples were taken initially and after 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks, and postharvest quality attributes were measured. The arils of the pomegranates stored in air were deeper red than the initial controls and than those stored in CO2-enriched atmospheres. This increased color was associated with increased anthocyanin concentration. Arils from fruit stored in air enriched with 10 kPa CO2 had a lower anthocyanin concentration than air-stored fruit, and atmospheres enriched with 20 kPa CO2 had even lower levels, possibly from suppressed anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin concentration correlated well with the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase but not with glucosyltransferase activity. Moderate CO2 atmospheres (10 kPa) prolong the storage life and maintain quality of pomegranates, including adequate red color intensity of the arils.

scholarly journals Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the effects of grafting on anthocyanin synthesis in grapevine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixia Zhong ◽  
Zhongjie Liu ◽  
Fuchun Zhang ◽  
Xiaoming Zhou ◽  
Xiaoxia Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanidin Synthase ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Three Stages

The grafting has been commonly used in viticulture, which joints the scion from a cultivar with the stem of a rootstock. Grafting has crucial impacts on various phenotypes of the cultivar including berry metabolome and berry coloring, however, the genetics and regulation mechanisms are largely unexplored. In this study, we analyzed the phenotypic, metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles at three stages (45, 75 and105 days after flowering) of the Crimson Seedless (Vitis vinifera, CS) cultivar grafted to four rootstocks (three heterografting: CS/101-14MG, CS/SO4, CS/110R and one self-grafting CS/CS) with an own-rooted grafting-free Crimson Seedless (CS) as a control. All the heterografting plants had a significant influence on berry reddening as early as ~45 days after flowering. The grafting of rootstocks promoted anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation in grape berries. The metabolomic features showed that Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, Delphinidin 3-O-glucosid, Malvidin 3-O-glucoside, Peonidin 3-O-glucoside and Petunidin 3-O-glucoside were the pigments responsible for the purplish-red color peels. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the anthocyanins biosynthetic related genes from the upstream (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) to the downstream (anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and anthocyanidin synthase) were upregulated with the accumulations of anthocyanins in CS/101-14MG, CS/SO4 and CS/110R. At the same time, all these genes were also highly expressed and more anthocyanin was accumulated in CS/CS samples compared to CS samples, suggesting that self-grafting rootstocks might also have promoted berry reddening in grapevine. Our results provide global transcriptomic and metabolomic features in berry coloring regulation under different grafting conditions for improving the berry quality in grapevine production.

scholarly journals Changes in Anthocyanin Concentration, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, and Glucosyltransferase in the Arils of Pomegranates Stored in Elevated Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 496F-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre M. Holcroft ◽  
Maria I. Gil ◽  
Adel A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Elevated Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Storage Life ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration

The influence of CO2 on color and anthocyanin concentration in the arils of `Wonderful' pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) was investigated. Pomegranates were placed in jars ventilated continuously with air or air enriched with 10% or 20% CO2 at 10°C for 6 weeks. Samples were taken initially, and after 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks and anthocyanin concentration was measured by HPLC. The arils of the pomegranates stored in air were deeper red than those stored in CO2-enriched atmospheres. This increase in red color resulted from an increase in anthocyanin concentration. Arils from fruit stored in air+10% CO2 had a lower anthocyanin concentration than air-stored fruit, and atmospheres enriched with 20% CO2 suppressed anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin concentration was well-correlated to the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), but not to glucosyltransferase (GT) activity. Moderate CO2 atmospheres (10%) prolong the storage life and maintain the quality of pomegranates, including an adequate red color of the arils.

The effects of change in concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen on storage behaviour of Jonathan apples

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (17) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
EA Roberts ◽  
RBH Wills ◽  
KJ Scott
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Cent Oxygen ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Ground Colour ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Storage Atmosphere ◽  
High Carbon Dioxide

The behaviour of Jonathan apples in storage was studied in relation to the concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the storage atmosphere. A factorial design of 2, 4, and 6 per cent carbon dioxide and 1.2, 2.2, and 13.2 per cent oxygen was used and apples were removed from storage at 32�F after 20, 23, and 26 weeks. The concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the storage atmosphere were related quantitatively to weight loss, ground colour, firmness, titratable acidity, and to the incidence of superficial scald and breakdown. Rest retention of weight, acids, ground colour, and firmness, and least wastage from superficial scald were found in atmospheres with high carbon dioxide and low oxygen concentrations, but more of the fruit in these atmospheres had breakdown.

Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. fruits

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Petkova ◽  
Manol Ognyanov ◽  
Blaga Inyutin ◽  
Petar Zhelev ◽  
Panteley Denev
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Frap Assay ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Malus Baccata

Crab apple (Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.) was mainly distributed in Europe as an ornamental plant, but the nutritional properties of its edible fruits were not fully revealed. The aim of the current study was to characterize the phytochemical composition of ripen carb apple fruits and to evaluate their nutritional and antioxidant potentials. The fruits were assayed for moisture and ash content, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, titratable acidity (TA), pH, total phenolic compounds and natural pigments. Among the analyzed carbohydrates cellulose was found in the highest content (6% dw), followed by sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and 1.8 % dw uronic acids. The total chlorophylls and carotenoids contents in their fruits were 6.51 and 4.80 μg/g fw, respectively. Total monomeric anthocyanins were not detected. The highest content of total phenolic compounds (2.67 mg GAE/g fw) was found in 95 % ethanol extract from fruits, while the total flavonoids were relatively low – 0.1 mg QE/g fw. DPPH assay (17.27 mM TE/g fw) and FRAP assay (14.34 mM TE/g fw) demonstrated in vitro antioxidant activities of crabapple. Malus baccata fruits were evaluated as a rich source of dietary fibers and phenolic compounds with significant antioxidant potential that could be used in human nutrition.

scholarly journals Carrot hairy roots: factories for secondary metabolite production

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (22) ◽  
pp. 6861-6864
Author(s):  
María A Pedreño ◽  
Lorena Almagro
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Hairy Root ◽  
Hairy Roots ◽  
Hairy Root Cultures ◽  
Root Cultures ◽  
Black Carrot ◽  
Metabolite Production ◽  
Experimental Botany ◽  
Induced Changes

This article comments on: Barba-Espín G, Chen S-T, Agnolet S, Hegelund JN, Stanstrup J, Christensen JH, Müller R, Lütken H. 2020. Ethephon-induced changes in antioxidants and phenolic compounds in anthocyanin-producing black carrot hairy root cultures. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 7030–7045.

Ammonium application mitigates the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on the carbon/nitrogen balance of Phoebe bournei seedlings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Xiaoli Wei ◽  
Gaoyin Wu ◽  
Shengqun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Rubisco Activase ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
C And N ◽  
Phoebe Bournei

Abstract The study of plant responses to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is crucial to understand and to predict the effect of future global climate change on plant adaptation and evolution. Increasing amount of nitrogen (N) can promote the positive effect of CO2, while how N forms would modify the degree of CO2 effect is rarely studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether the amount and form of nitrogen (N) could mitigate the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on enzyme activities related to carbon (C) and N metabolism, the C/N ratio, and growth of Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Y.C. Yang. One-year-old P. bournei seedlings were grown in an open-top air chamber under either an ambient CO2 (aCO2) (350 ± 70 μmol•mol−1) or an eCO2 (700 ± 10 μmol•mol−1) concentration and cultivated in soil treated with either moderate (0.8 g per seedling) or high applications (1.2 g per seedling) of nitrate or ammonium. In seedlings treated with a moderate level of nitrate, the activities of key enzymes involved in C and N metabolism (i.e., Rubisco, Rubisco activase and glutamine synthetase) were lower under eCO2 than under aCO2. By contrast, key enzyme activities (except GS) in seedlings treated with high nitrate or ammonium were not significantly different between aCO2 and eCO2 or higher under eCO2 than under aCO2. The C/N ratio of seedlings treated with moderate or high nitrate under eCO2was significantly changed compared with the seedlings grown under aCO2, whereas the C/N ratio of seedlings treated with ammonium was not significantly different between aCO2 and eCO2. Therefore, under eCO2, application of ammonium can be beneficial C and N metabolism and mitigate effects on the C/N ratio.

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