scholarly journals 263 Photoselective Films Influence Flowering of Photoperiodic Species

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 436E-436
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Cerny ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽  
Ryu Oi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Spectral Filters ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Air Temperatures

Growth chambers constructed from photoselective plastic films were used to investigate the effects of light quality on height manipulation and flowering of photoperiodic plant species. Three types of treatment films were used; control, a far-red light intercepting film (YXE-10) and a red light intercepting film (SXE-4). The red (600-700 nm):far-red (700-800 nm) ratios and phytochrome photoequilibrium estimates for the control, YXE-10 and SXE-4 films were 1.0 and 0.71, 1.5 and 0.77, and 0.71 and 0.67, respectively. The photosynthetic photon flux was adjusted to uniformity among chambers using neutral density filters. Spectral filters did not effect minimum and maximum air temperatures. Experiments were conducted using quantitative long day (Antirrhinum majus and Petunia × hybrida), quantitative short day (Zinnia elegans and Dendranthema × grandiflorum) and day-neutral (Rosa × hydrida) plant species under natural short-day conditions. Plants produced under the YXE-10 filters were significantly shorter than the control plants, while plants produced under the SXE-4 films had similar or increased height compared to the control plants. However, both height response and flowering times varied with the crop species. Flowering time of Rosa × hybrida plants was uniform among all treatments. Flowering of quantitative long-day plants was delayed by at least 10 days under the YXE-10 film and was most responsive to the filtered light. Flowering of quantitative short-day plants was delayed by 2 days under the YXE-10. Days to flower for plants produced under the SXE-4 film were similar to the control plants for all species tested.

scholarly journals 569 Photoselective Filters Affect Flowering and Stem Extension In Viola ×wittrockiana and Pisum sativum

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 544D-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik S. Runkle ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Spectral Filters ◽  
Density Control ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Long Day Plants ◽  
Peduncle Length

For many plants, light quality has a pronounced effect on plant morphology; light with a low red (R, 600 to 700 nm) to far-red (FR, 700 to 800 nm) ratio promotes stem elongation and a high R: FR, or blue light (B, 400 to 500 nm), suppresses it. In addition, FR light is required for rapid flowering in some species, particularly for long-day plants. Our objective was to quantify how flexible spectral filters, which selectively reduce FR, B, or R, influence plant height and flowering of the quantitative long-day plants Pisum sativum L. `Utrillo' and Viola ×wittrockiana Gams. `Crystal Bowl Yellow'. Plants were grown at 20 °C with reduced FR, B, or R environments or with a neutral density control (C) filter. Calculated phytochrome photoequilebria were 0.78, 0.73, 0.71, or 0.46 for the altered FR, B, C, or R environments, respectively. All filter treatments transmitted a similar photosynthetic photon flux. Sixteen-hour photoperiods were created with natural daylight supplemented with high-pressure sodium lamps positioned above filters. Viola grown under the FR filter never reached 100% flowering within 8 weeks, and visible bud appearance was delayed by at least 17 days compared to all other filters. The R and B filters enhanced peduncle length by at least 25% compared to the C or FR filters. In Pisum, average internode length was 2.2, 2.9, 3.4, and 3.7 cm under the FR, C, B, and R filters, respectively, all statistically different. Fresh and dry shoot weights were similar under the C and FR filters but were at least 35% greater under the B filter and 35% lower under the R filter.

scholarly journals 507 Production of Compact Cucumber, Tomato, and Bell Pepper Transplants by Use of Photoselective Plastic Films

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 533A-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumin Li ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽  
Ryu Oi
Keyword(s):  
Red Light ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Control Film ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Cost

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of several photoselective plastic films in controlling height of `Sweet Success' cucumber, `Mt. Pride' tomato, and `Capistrano' bell pepper transplants. Four types of treatment films; a control, two far-red light intercepting films (YXE-1 and YXE-10), and a red light intercepting film (SXE-1), with R: FR ratios of 1.0, 2.0, 1.6, and 0.8, respectively, were used as the covering materials of experimental chambers. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) was adjusted to be the same in all chambers with cheese cloth. Treatment period for cucumber and tomato was 15 days and that for bell pepper was 20 days. At the end of the treatment, significantly shorter plants were found in both YXE-1 and YXE-10 chambers for all the three tested crops. However, YXE-10 was more effective than YXE-1 in producing compact cucumber, tomato and bell pepper transplants. SXE-4 film produced taller plants than control film. Magnitude of response to filtered light varied with the crop species. Number of leaves was not significantly affected by the light transmitted through photoselective filters, indicating that the height reduction was mainly caused by the reduction in internode length. With the commercial development of photoselective greenhouse covers or shade material in the near future, nursery and greenhouse industry could potentially reduce the cost for growth regulating chemicals, reduce the health risks to their workers and consumers, and reduce environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Photoperiodic Responses of Ten Alternative Hanging Basket Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 502C-502
Author(s):  
Millie S. Williams ◽  
Terri W. Starman ◽  
James E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Orthosiphon Stamineus ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Long Day Plants

The photoperiodic responses were determined for the following species: Abutilon hybrid `Apricot', Diascia hybrid `Ruby Fields', Evolvulus glomeratus `Blue Daze', Orthosiphon stamineus `Lavender', Portulaca oleraceae `Apricot', Scaevola aemula `Fancy Fan Falls', Sutera cordata `Mauve Mist' and `Snowflake', Tabernamontana coronaria `Double', and Tibouchina `Spanish Shaw'. Each plant species was grown at 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-h photoperiods. Photoperiods were provided by delivering 8 h of sunlight, then pulling black cloth and providing daylength extension with incandescent bulbs. Air temperatures were monitored under each black cloth. Data collected included time to flower, number of flowers, and vegetative characteristics. Diascia, Sutera `Mauve Mist' and `Snowflake', Tabernamontana, and Tibouchina were day neutral with regard to flowering; i.e., no difference in days to visible bud or days to anthesis in response to photoperiod was observed. Portulaca and Scaevola increased in bud and flower number as photoperiod increased from 8 to 16 h, performing similar to quantitative long-day plants. There was no difference in time to flower for Portulaca; however, 70% more flowers were produced under the 16-h photoperiod, compared to the 8-h photoperiod. Scaevola had 26% more flowers under the 16-h than 8-h photoperiod. Abutilon, Evolvulus,and Orthosiphon performed as quantitative short-day plants. Days to visible bud and days to anthesis increased as photoperiod increased for Evolvulus and Orthosiphon, and Abutilon had decreased flower number as photoperiod increased. Although Abutilon had no difference in time to flower, there was a 43% increase in flowers on plants under the 8-h photoperiod vs. 16-h photoperiod. Evolvulus set visible bud and reached anthesis 10 days earlier under 8-h photoperiod than 16-h. Orthosiphon reached visible bud 32 days earlier under an 8-h photoperiod than a 16-h photoperiod.

scholarly journals Influence of Spectral Filters on Height, Leaf Chlorophyll, and Flowering of Rosa × hybrida ‘Meirutral’

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-211
Author(s):  
M.J. McMahon ◽  
J.W. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Light Quality ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Textile Dye ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Spectral Filters ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Growth Chambers

Abstract Growth of Rosa × hybrida ‘Meirutral’ under different spectral filters was evaluated. Two filters that altered far-red (730 nm)/red (660 nm) light (FR/R) were developed. One, a blue textile dye, increased FR/R by filtering out a portion of red light. The second, a salt (copper sulfate) decreased FR/R by filtering out a greater portion of far-red than red light. A third filter that did not alter light quality was the control. The filters were installed in specially built growth chambers. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) was adjusted to equal values in each chamber. Plants were significantly shorter and had higher leaf chlorophyll when grown under the reduced FR/R filter. The number of flower buds and number of buds showing color at termination of the experiment was not affected by light quality treatments.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SPECTRAL FILTERS ON GROWTH OF ROSA × HYBRIDA AND EXACUM AFFINE.

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 849a-849
Author(s):  
Margaret J McMahon ◽  
John W. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Light Quality ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Textile Dye ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Spectral Filters ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Exacum Affine

The growth of Rosa × hybrida and Exacum affine under different spectral filters was evaluated. Three filters that altered light quality were developed. One, a red textile dye, filtered out much of the blue/green portion of the light spectrum but did not change far-red to red (FR/R) light ratio. Another, a blue textile dye, raised FR/R by filtering out a portion of red light. The third, a salt (copper sulfate) lowered FR/R by filtering out a greater portion of far-red than red light. Two controls were used that did not alter light quality. The filters were installed in specally built growth chambers. Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) was adjusted to equal values in each chamber. Plants of both species were significantly shorter and had higher leaf chlorophyll, when grown under the low FR/R filter.

scholarly journals Photocontrol of Flowering and Extension Growth in the Long-day Plant Pansy

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik S. Runkle ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Minimal Extension ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Light Duration

Plastics that selectively reduce the transmission of far-red light (FR, 700 to 800 nm) reduce extension growth of many floricultural crops. However, FR-deficient (FRd) environments delay flowering in some long-day plants (LDPs), including `Crystal Bowl Yellow' pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana Gams). Our objective was to determine if FR light could be added to an otherwise FRd environment to facilitate flowering with minimal extension growth. In one experiment, plants were grown under a 16-hour FRd photoperiod, and FR-rich light was added during portions of the day or night. For comparison, plants were also grown with a 9-hour photoperiod [short-day (SD) control] or under a neutral (N) filter with a 16-hour photoperiod (long day control). Flowering was promoted most (i.e., percent of plants that flowered increased and time to flower decreased) when FR-rich light was added during the entire 16-hour photoperiod, during the last 4 hours of the photoperiod, or during the first or second 4 hours after the end of the photoperiod. In a separate experiment, pansy was grown under an FRd or N filter with a 9-hour photoperiod plus 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 hours of night interruption (NI) lighting that delivered a red (R, 600 to 700 nm) to FR ratio of 0.56 (low), 1.28 (moderate), or 7.29 (high). Under the N filter, the minimum NI duration that increased percent flowering was 2 hours with a moderate or low R:FR and 4 hours with a high R:FR. Under the FRd filter, 2 or 4 hours of NI lighting with a moderate or low R:FR, respectively, was required to increase percent flowering, but a 4-hour NI with a high R:FR failed to promote flowering. Pansy appears to be day-neutral with respect to flower initiation and a quantitative LDP with respect to flower development. The promotion of reproductive development was related linearly to the promotion of extension growth. Therefore, it appears that in LDPs such as pansy, light duration and quality concomitantly promote extension growth and flowering, and cannot readily be separated with lighting strategies.

scholarly journals Effects of photoperiod and light spectra on growth and pigment composition of the green macroalga Codium tomentosum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rúben Marques ◽  
Sónia Cruz ◽  
Ricardo Calado ◽  
Ana Lillebø ◽  
Helena Abreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Pigment Composition ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Light Spectra ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day

Abstract Codium tomentosum is a marine green macroalga with multiple value-added applications that is being successfully used as an extractive species in sustainable integrated multi-trophic aquaculture systems. Nonetheless, growth conditions of this species at an early development phase still require optimization. The present study addresses, under controlled laboratory conditions, the effects of photoperiod (long vs. short-day) and light spectra (white, blue, and red light) on growth and pigment composition of C. tomentosum. Relative growth rate was approximately 2× higher under long-day photoperiod (average of 39.2 and 20.1% week−1 for long and short-day, respectively). Concentrations per dry weight of major pigments such as chlorophyll a (Chla) and siphonoxanthin (Siph) were significantly higher under long-day photoperiod. Relative growth rates were higher under red light, intermediate under white light, and lower under blue light. These last results were rather surprising, as Siph-Chla/Chlb light harvesting complexes of Codium have increased absorption in the blue-green region of the light spectra. Changes in carbon allocation patterns caused by the spectral composition of light and overgrowth of green microalgae in blue light cultures could explain the differences recorded for relative growth rate. Long-day photoperiod and light sources with preferential emission at the red region of the light spectra were identified as optimal for growth of C. tomentosum at early development stages. These lighting conditions can reduce the time required to reach the necessary biomass before transfer to grow-out systems. Overall, these findings can shorten production time, increase macroalgal productivity, and enhance aquaculture revenues.

scholarly journals Influence of Photoperiod and Minimum Overwintering Temperature on Growth of Nursery Liners

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
Carol Daggett ◽  
Gerald L. Klingaman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Woody Plant Species ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei

Ten woody plant species were rooted during the summer with half of each species overwintered at 4°C (40°F) and half at 18°C (65°F) minimum night temperature. Half of the plants in each temperature regime received long day conditions while half received short day conditions. By May 1 all species except Snow azalea (Rhododendron obtusum ‘Snow’), Emerald'n Gold euonymus (Euonymus fortunei ‘Emerald 'n Gold’), and deutzia (Deutzia gracilis) had greater dry weights with the 18°C (65°F) long day regime. Deutzia was heavier under the 4°C (40°F) regime with no difference between photoperiod treatments. At 4°C (40°F) only Judd viburnum (Viburnum x juddii) was heavier with the long day regime. Plants grown until June 1, after two flushes of vegetative growth, showed less overwintering treatment effect, but Hetzi holly (Ilex crenata ‘Hetzi’), blue rug juniper (Juniperus horizontalis ‘Wiltoni’), crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica ‘Centennial’), and Judd viburnum (Viburnum x juddii) were larger when grown under the 18°C (65°F) long day regime.

scholarly journals Specific Functions of Red, Far Red, and Blue Light in Flowering and Stem Extension of Long-day Plants

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik S. Runkle ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Stem Extension ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Long Day Plants

For many long-day plants (LDP), adding far red light (FR, 700 to 800 nm) to red light (R, 600 to 700 nm) to extend the day or interrupt the night promotes extension growth and flowering. Blue light (B, 400 to 500 nm) independently inhibits extension growth, but its effect on flowering is not well described. Here, we determined how R-, FR-, or B-deficient (Rd, FRd, or Bd, respectively) photoperiods influenced stem extension and flowering in five LDP species: Campanula carpatica Jacq., Coreopsi ×grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet, Lobelia ×speciosa Sweet, Pisum sativum L., and Viola ×wittrockiana Gams. Plants were exposed to Rd, FRd, Bd, or normal (control) 16-hour photoperiods, each of which had a similar photosynthetic (400 to 700 nm) photon flux. Compared with that of the control, the Rd environment promoted extension growth in C. carpatica (by 65%), C. ×grandiflora (by 26%), P. sativum (by 23%), and V. ×wittrockiana (by 31%). The FRd environment suppressed extension growth in C. ×grandiflora (by 21%), P. sativum (by 17%), and V. ×wittrockiana (by 14%). Independent of the R: FR ratio, the Bd environment promoted stem extension (by 10% to 100%) in all species, but there was little or no effect on flowering percentage and time to flower. Extension growth was generally linearly related to the incident wide band (100 nm) R: FR ratio or estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium except when B light was specifically reduced. A high R: FR ratio (i.e., under the FRd filter) delayed flower initiation (but not development) in C. carpatica and C.×grandiflora and inhibited flower development (but not initiation) in V.×wittrockiana. Therefore, B light and the R: FR ratio independently regulate extension growth by varying magnitudes in LDP, and in some species, an FRd environment can suppress flower initiation or development.

scholarly journals Photoperiodic Response of Nine Alternative Hanging-basket Species

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 681e-681
Author(s):  
Millie S. Williams ◽  
Terri W. Starman ◽  
James E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Long Day Plants ◽  
Pentas Lanceolata ◽  
Helichrysum Bracteatum

The photoperiodic responses were determined for the following species: Bacopa speciosa `Snowflake', Bidens ferulifolium, Brachycome multifida `Crystal Falls', Helichrysum bracteatum'Golden Beauty', Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes), Pentas lanceolata `Starburst', Scaevola aemula `New Blue Wonder', Streptocarpella hybrid `Concord Blue', and Streptosolen jamesonii (Orange Browallia). Each plant species was grown at 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-hour photoperiods. Photoperiods were provided by delivering 8 hours sunlight, then pulling black cloth and providing daylength extension with incandescent bulbs. Bacopa speciosa `Snowflake', Bidens ferulifolium, Brachycome multifida `Crystal Falls', Helichrysum bracteatum `Golden Beauty', Scaevola aemula `New Blue Wonder', and Streptocarpella hybrid `Blue Concord' were day neutral, i.e., no difference in days to visible bud or days to anthesis in response to photoperiod were observed. Pentas lanceolata `Starburst' and Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes) were quantitative long day plants, i.e., days to anthesis decreased as daylength increased. No difference in days to visible bud, number of lateral shoots, number of nodes, or internode length were observed for Pentas lanceolata `Starburst'; however, days to anthesis for 14- and 16-hour photoperiods occurred 9 days earlier than 8-hour photoperiods. Days to visible bud for Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes) occurred 7 days earlier and days to anthesis was 9 days earlier under 14- and 16-hour photoperiods than 8-hour photoperiods. By week 8, only one flower per plant developed in the 8-hour photoperiod while 11 flowers per plant developed in the 14-hour photoperiod. Streptosolen jamesonii (Orange Browallia) was a qualitative short day plant. There was no difference in the days to anthesis between 8- and 10-hour daylength, each averaging 36 days from start of photoperiod treatment. Plants under 12- to 16-hour photoperiods did not flower.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document