A Systematic Review of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. in the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Complications

(1) Background: Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. is a traditional medicine used in the treatment of diabetes and chronic renal failure in southern China, Malaysia, and Thailand. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease and the number of diabetic patients in the world is increasing. This review aimed to systematically review the effects of O. stamineus in the treatment of diabetes and its complications and the pharmacodynamic material basis. (2) Methods: This systematic review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), using the databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science. (3) Results: Thirty-one articles related to O. stamineus and diabetes were included. The mechanisms of O. stamineus in the treatment of diabetes and its complications mainly included inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, regulating lipid metabolism, promoting insulin secretion, ameliorating insulin resistance, increasing glucose uptake, promoting glycolysis, inhibiting gluconeogenesis, promoting glucagon-likepeptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and antiglycation activity. Phenolic acids, flavonoids and triterpenoids might be the main components for hypoglycemia effects in O. stamineus. (4) Conclusion: O. stamineus could be an antidiabetic agent to treat diabetes and its complications. However, it needs further study on a pharmacodynamic substance basis and the mechanisms of effective constituents.

Effect of metal content from sewage sludge on the growth of Orthosiphon stamineus

Municipal sewage sludge can be used as fertilizer as it contains a lot of nutrients. By focusing on copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) contents in municipal sewage sludge from primary oxidation ponds and in plant tissue sections, this study attempts to explain the relationship between plant yield and metal concentrations. Raw sludge samples were collected, air-dried, and ground to powder form at the beginning of fieldwork. The metal concentrations of sewage sludge were copper 6.9 mg/kg; iron 330.2 mg/kg manganese 6.7 mg/kg and zinc 9.1 mg/kg. Orthosiphon stamineus (cat’s whiskers) was selected and the plant received a different quantity of sludge application ranging from 1 g to 4 g per plant weekly for six consecutive weeks while observations were done for eleven weeks. Physical parameters such as shrub width and height were monitored to determine plant growth. Through this study, the determined optimum sewage sludge dosage for cats’ whiskers was between 2 to 3 g per plant.

Dressing percentage, giblet and abdominal fat of broiler chickens given Orthosiphon stamineus Benth leave juice in drinking water

This research was conducted to study the effects of cat whiskers leave juice (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth) (OLJ) on the dressing percentage, giblet, and abdominal fat of broiler chicken. The research used 100 chicks which were reared for five weeks. At the end of the fifth week, 40 chickens were slaughtered as samples. The diets consisted of a commercial ration with 2900 kcal.kg−1 metabolizable energy and 22% protein. The drinking water consisted of different levels of OLJ (0, 10, 20, 30 mL/L). A Completely Randomized Design was used in this research with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Dressing percentage, liver, heart, gizzard, and abdominal fat were observed. The data were analysed by Analysis of variance/ANOVA. The result showed that OLJ significantly (P<0.01) affected live bird’s weight, but not significantly different (P>0.05) for dressing percentage, giblet, and abdominal fat of broiler chicken. On broiler chicken, administration of 10 mL/L OLJ significantly (P<0.01) decreased the live bird’s weight compared to control (0 mL/L OLJ). However, drinking 20 mL/L and 30mL/L cat whiskers juice were not significantly different. The conclusion is that the broiler chicken could tolerate up to 30 mL/L cat whiskers leaves juice.

Anti-Inflammation Prediction of Orthosiphon Stamineus Extract Against Covid19 (In Silico Study)

Orthosiphon stamineus Benth (OS) due to its anti-inflammation effect is one of the possible options to fight the outbreak of coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). In this article, we evaluate in silico (molecular docking) properties of active compounds available in OS which is generally consumed by south east asian people and compare its effect with remdesivir and favipiravir as positive compounds based on docking properties. The main active compounds were grouped based on their major roles in OS. The results demonstrated that most of the studied main compounds perform better than selected drugs in inhibition of the spike protein in COVID-19. According to the combined scores in binding affinity, the drug-likeness properties of the ligand, revealed to be the best possible covid19 inhibitor as compared to the other ligands. The analysis of active site also demonstrated that OS active compounds may have the therapeutic effect against COVID19.

Medicinal compositions based on natural vegetal raw materials and individual substances for prevention and treatment of urolithiasis: substantiation of composition and biological screening

Kidney and urinary tract diseases are an urgent problem of our time. An increase in the level of kidney and urinary tract diseases occurs with a decrease in the quality of life and ecology. Recently, due to changes in nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, and the impact of various adverse environmental factors, the formation of kidney stones has become increasingly common. Numerous metabolic disorders in urolithiasis require the use of various drugs. At the same time, despite the constant expansion of the range of synthetic drugs, herbal drugs occupy a significant place in the treatment and prevention of kidney pathology. Therefore, the creation of combinations of medicinal plant raw materials and individual chemical substances that are effective in urolithiasis is an urgent issue of modern medicine and pharmacy. Purpose. Establishing optimal ratios within constructed combinations for membrane-stabilizing and antioxidant activity as an indirect measure of specific activity The scientific novelty of the study is the design of compositions effective for dissolving urinary calculus. Materials and methods. We used technological methods for designing compositions based on natural plant raw materials and individual chemical substances — indapamide, ketoprofen, and mexidol. Biological methods: the effect of the developed combinations on daphnia was studied. Biological screening characterizes the presence of membrane-stabilizing and antioxidant effects in the developed formulations and can be a preliminary indicator for determining specific activity. Results. It was found that the most effective compositions for the vital activities of daphnia were: Composition 1: Sum of individual dry extracts + Indapamide Composition 2: Sum of individual dry extracts + Ketoprofen Composition 3: Sum of individual dry extracts + Mexidol Conclusion. We have developed the following compositions: 1. Sum of individual phytoextracts (dyer’s madder rhizomes with roots (extractant — 70 % ethanol), Orthosiphon stamineus leaves (extractant — 40 % ethanol), knot grass (extractant — 70 % ethanol), birch buds (extractant — 70 % ethanol), peppermint leaves (extractant — 96 % ethanol), bay laurel leaves (extractant — 40 % ethanol), common licorice rhizomes with roots (extractant — 0.25 % ammonia solution) + indapamide. 2. Sum of individual phytoextracts (dyer’s madder rhizomes with roots (extractant — 70 % ethanol), Orthosiphon stamineus leaves (extractant — 40 % ethanol), knot grass (extractant — 70 % ethanol), birch buds (extractant — 70 % ethanol), peppermint leaves (extractant — 96 % ethanol), bay laurel leaves (extractant — 40 % ethanol), common licorice rhizomes with roots (extractant — 0.25 % ammonia solution) + ketoprofen. 3. Sum of individual phytoextracts (dyer’s madder rhizomes with roots (extractant — 70 % ethanol), Orthosiphon stamineus leaves (extractant — 40 % ethanol), knot grass (extractant — 70 % ethanol), birch buds (extractant — 70 % ethanol), peppermint leaves (extractant — 96 % ethanol), bay laurel leaves (extractant — 40 % ethanol), common licorice rhizomes with roots (extractant — 0.25 % ammonia solution) + mexidol. They have membrane-stabilizing and antioxidant activity, which has been tested by biological screening on daphnia. The presence of these two types of activity is the initial screening for a subsequent pharmacological study — the determination of specific activity.

Seven-day Oral Intake of Orthosiphon stamineus Leaves Infusion Exerts Antiadhesive Ex Vivo Activity Against Uropathogenic E. coli in Urine Samples

Orthosiphon stamineus leaves (Java tea) extract is traditionally used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. According to recent in vitro data, animal infection studies, and transcriptomic investigations, polymethoxylated flavones from Java tea exert antiadhesive activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). This antiadhesive activity has been shown to reduce bladder and kidney lesion in a mice infection model. As no data on the antivirulent activity of Java tea intake on humans are available, a biomedical study was performed on 20 healthy volunteers who self-administered Orthosiphon infusion (4 × 3 g per day, orally) for 7 days. The herbal material used for the study conformed to the specification of the European Pharmacopoeia, and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) of the infusion showed rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and cichoric acid to be the main compounds aside from polymethoxylated flavones. Rosmarinic acid was quantified in the tea preparations with 243 ± 22 µg/mL, indicating sufficient reproducibility of the preparation of the infusion. Urine samples were obtained during the biomedical study on day 1 (control urine, prior to Java tea intake), 3, 6 and 8. Antiadhesive activity of the urine samples was quantified by flowcytometric assay using pre-treated UPEC NU14 and human T24 bladder cells. Pooled urine samples indicated significant inhibition of bacterial adhesion on day 3, 6 and 8. The urine samples had no influence on the invasion of UPEC into host cells. Bacterial proliferation was slightly reduced after 24 h incubation with the urine samples. Gene expression analysis (qPCR) revealed strong induction of fitness and motility gene fliC and downregulation of hemin uptake system chuT. These data correlate with previously reported datasets from in vitro transcriptomic analysis. Increased bacterial motility was monitored using a motility assay in soft agar with UPEC UTI89. The intake of Java tea had no effect on the concentration of Tamm-Horsfall Protein in the urine samples. The present study explains the antiadhesive and anti-infective effect of the plant extract by triggering UPEC from a sessile lifestyle into a motile bacterial form, with reduced adhesive capacity.

First Report of Nigrospora osmanthi causing leaf blight on Orthosiphon stamineus in Malaysia

Orthosiphon stamineus (Java tea) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Lamiaceae and is cultivated extensively in Southeast Asia for its medicinal value (Arifullah et al. 2014). During October 2018, leaf blight symptoms were observed on leaves of ~210 plants O. stamineus grown in experimental plots of a research farm at Faculty of Engineering, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia (3°00'30.4"N 101°43'19.9"E) with 80% disease incidence. Initial symptoms were brown-to-black lesions on the leaves that enlarged and coalesced until the leaf withered and abscissed. Diseased tissues (4 × 4 mm) of six infected leaves were excised, surface disinfected with 0.5% NaOCl for 1 min, rinsed twice with sterile distilled water, placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, and incubated at 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod under fluorescent light for 7 days. A total of six single-spore isolates were obtained from sampled leaves. All isolates exhibited similar morphology and two representative isolates, MK and MK1, were characterized further. Colonies on PDA were initially white then turned dark gray with age and had a pale green underside. Hyphae were branched, septate and hyaline to pale brown. The conidia were one-celled, black, smooth-walled, spherical to subspherical in shape measuring 11.0 μm × 16.5 μm in diameter (n=30) and which are borne on hyaline vesicles at the tip of each conidiophore or formed directly from the mycelia. Based on morphological characteristics, the fungal isolates were identified as Nigrospora osmanthi (Wang et al. 2017). Total genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted from fresh mycelium using DNeasy Plant Mini kit (Qiagen, USA) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) and Beta-tubulin (TUB2) gene regions were amplified using ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999) and Bt-2a/Bt-2b primer set (Glass and Donaldson 1995), respectively. BLASTn analysis showed that the ITS, TEF1 and TUB sequences of the isolates shared 99%-100% identity with Nigrospora osmanthi ex-type strain CGMCC 3.18126 (GenBank accession nos. KX986010, KY019421, KY019461). The sequences of two representative isolates (MK and MK1) were deposited in GenBank (ITS: accession nos. MT645782, MW363019; TEF1: MW366861, MW366862; TUB: MW366863, MW366864). Phylogenetic analysis by the maximum likelihood method based on the concatenated ITS-TEF1-TUB sequences showed that the isolates in this study were clustered in a strongly supported group 98% maximum likelihood with type strain N. osmanthi (Kumar et al. 2016). The pathogenicity of all isolates was confirmed by inoculation on ten healthy leaves of five potted 4-week-old O. stamineus plants using a conidial suspension (1 x 106 spores/ml) produced on 7-days-old PDA cultures. An equal number of plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water only to serve as a control and the treated plants were kept in a growth chamber for 2 weeks at 28 ± 1°C and 95% relative humidity. The experiment was repeated twice. The inoculated leaves developed brown lesions which enlarged into blight symptoms similar to those observed on naturally infected leaves after 5 days of inoculation, while control plants remained healthy. Nigrospora osmanthi was successfully re-isolated from the infected leaves, but not from leaves of non-inoculated control plants, thus satisfying Koch’s postulates. . N. osmanthi has been recently reported to cause leaf blight on Ficus pandurata (Liu et al. 2019) and Stenotaphrum secundatum in China (Mei et al. 2019). This disease can cause a significant threat to the cultivation of O. stamineus which has been extensively grown for the production of herbal Java tea. Accurate identification of this pathogen could assist in developing an effective disease management strategy to control this disease.

Effect of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth on Hematologic Parameters in Lead Acetat Induced Wistar Rats

Introduction: Lead exposure has a negative impact on health. Lead can caused abnormality hematologic parameters. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth is one of the herbal medicines and known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenesis. Objective: This study aims to prove the effect of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth on hematologic parameters in lead acetate induced Wistar rat. Method: The study used posttest only control group design. The samples were 30 male Wistar rats, divided into 5 groups. Normal control group (NC) was given normal saline. Negative control group (NG) was induced by lead acetate 30 mg/kg/day. GT-50, GT-100, GT-200 was induced by lead acetate and orally administered by 50,100, and 200 mg/kg Orthosiphon extract once daily for 14 days respectively. One-way Anova and post hoc LSD were used for statistical analysis. Result: Hemoglobin level and leukocyte count in all group were not different (p=0.56 and p=0.25). There was a significant difference in platelet count between all group (p=0.035). Platelet count in NC group (900 ±171 x103/μl) was significantly higher than NG group (656±201 x103/μl, p=0.016), NG group was significantly lower than GT-50 (869±134 x103/μl, p=0.032), GT-100 (930±162 x103/μl, p=0.008) and GT-200 (938±148 x103/μl, p=0.006) Conclusion: There is a decrement of platelets number in lead acetate exposure. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth may increase platelet counts in lead acetate induced Wistar rat. Keywords: Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, hemoglobin, leukocytes, platelets

Pengaruh Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Kumis Kucing Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus Mutans

Pendahuluan; streptococcus mutans adalah bakteri patogen dan penyebab utama karies gigi. Maka diperlukan suatu tindakan pencegahan karies gigi dengan bahan antibakteri alami dengan kumis kucing. Tujuan; mengetahui pengaruh efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun kumis kucing terhadap bakteri streptococcus mutans. Metode; penelitian menggunakan eksperimental laboratoris dengan desain posttest only control group in vitro. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengukur diameter zona hambat menggunakan shear caliper. Kemudian, data dianalisis dengan uji statistik oneway ANOVA dan posthoc LSD. Hasil; bahwa diameter rata-rata zona hambat antibakteri ekstrak daun kumis kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus) dengan konsentrasi 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125% terhadap Streptococcus mutans. bakteri adalah 11,50 ± 0,38 mm, 10,78 ± 0,22 mm, 9,90 ± 0,13 mm, 9,10 ± 0,08 mm dan 8,25 ± 0,25 mm, sedangkan kontrol negatif pada penelitian ini yaitu DMSO tidak memiliki diameter hambat (0 mm). Kesimpulan; bahwa terdapat efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun kumis kucing terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans.