scholarly journals Photoperiodic Responses of Ten Alternative Hanging Basket Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 502C-502
Author(s):  
Millie S. Williams ◽  
Terri W. Starman ◽  
James E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Orthosiphon Stamineus ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Long Day Plants

The photoperiodic responses were determined for the following species: Abutilon hybrid `Apricot', Diascia hybrid `Ruby Fields', Evolvulus glomeratus `Blue Daze', Orthosiphon stamineus `Lavender', Portulaca oleraceae `Apricot', Scaevola aemula `Fancy Fan Falls', Sutera cordata `Mauve Mist' and `Snowflake', Tabernamontana coronaria `Double', and Tibouchina `Spanish Shaw'. Each plant species was grown at 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-h photoperiods. Photoperiods were provided by delivering 8 h of sunlight, then pulling black cloth and providing daylength extension with incandescent bulbs. Air temperatures were monitored under each black cloth. Data collected included time to flower, number of flowers, and vegetative characteristics. Diascia, Sutera `Mauve Mist' and `Snowflake', Tabernamontana, and Tibouchina were day neutral with regard to flowering; i.e., no difference in days to visible bud or days to anthesis in response to photoperiod was observed. Portulaca and Scaevola increased in bud and flower number as photoperiod increased from 8 to 16 h, performing similar to quantitative long-day plants. There was no difference in time to flower for Portulaca; however, 70% more flowers were produced under the 16-h photoperiod, compared to the 8-h photoperiod. Scaevola had 26% more flowers under the 16-h than 8-h photoperiod. Abutilon, Evolvulus,and Orthosiphon performed as quantitative short-day plants. Days to visible bud and days to anthesis increased as photoperiod increased for Evolvulus and Orthosiphon, and Abutilon had decreased flower number as photoperiod increased. Although Abutilon had no difference in time to flower, there was a 43% increase in flowers on plants under the 8-h photoperiod vs. 16-h photoperiod. Evolvulus set visible bud and reached anthesis 10 days earlier under 8-h photoperiod than 16-h. Orthosiphon reached visible bud 32 days earlier under an 8-h photoperiod than a 16-h photoperiod.

scholarly journals Photoperiodic Response of Nine Alternative Hanging-basket Species

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 681e-681
Author(s):  
Millie S. Williams ◽  
Terri W. Starman ◽  
James E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Long Day Plants ◽  
Pentas Lanceolata ◽  
Helichrysum Bracteatum

The photoperiodic responses were determined for the following species: Bacopa speciosa `Snowflake', Bidens ferulifolium, Brachycome multifida `Crystal Falls', Helichrysum bracteatum'Golden Beauty', Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes), Pentas lanceolata `Starburst', Scaevola aemula `New Blue Wonder', Streptocarpella hybrid `Concord Blue', and Streptosolen jamesonii (Orange Browallia). Each plant species was grown at 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-hour photoperiods. Photoperiods were provided by delivering 8 hours sunlight, then pulling black cloth and providing daylength extension with incandescent bulbs. Bacopa speciosa `Snowflake', Bidens ferulifolium, Brachycome multifida `Crystal Falls', Helichrysum bracteatum `Golden Beauty', Scaevola aemula `New Blue Wonder', and Streptocarpella hybrid `Blue Concord' were day neutral, i.e., no difference in days to visible bud or days to anthesis in response to photoperiod were observed. Pentas lanceolata `Starburst' and Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes) were quantitative long day plants, i.e., days to anthesis decreased as daylength increased. No difference in days to visible bud, number of lateral shoots, number of nodes, or internode length were observed for Pentas lanceolata `Starburst'; however, days to anthesis for 14- and 16-hour photoperiods occurred 9 days earlier than 8-hour photoperiods. Days to visible bud for Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes) occurred 7 days earlier and days to anthesis was 9 days earlier under 14- and 16-hour photoperiods than 8-hour photoperiods. By week 8, only one flower per plant developed in the 8-hour photoperiod while 11 flowers per plant developed in the 14-hour photoperiod. Streptosolen jamesonii (Orange Browallia) was a qualitative short day plant. There was no difference in the days to anthesis between 8- and 10-hour daylength, each averaging 36 days from start of photoperiod treatment. Plants under 12- to 16-hour photoperiods did not flower.

scholarly journals 263 Photoselective Films Influence Flowering of Photoperiodic Species

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 436E-436
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Cerny ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽  
Ryu Oi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Spectral Filters ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Air Temperatures

Growth chambers constructed from photoselective plastic films were used to investigate the effects of light quality on height manipulation and flowering of photoperiodic plant species. Three types of treatment films were used; control, a far-red light intercepting film (YXE-10) and a red light intercepting film (SXE-4). The red (600-700 nm):far-red (700-800 nm) ratios and phytochrome photoequilibrium estimates for the control, YXE-10 and SXE-4 films were 1.0 and 0.71, 1.5 and 0.77, and 0.71 and 0.67, respectively. The photosynthetic photon flux was adjusted to uniformity among chambers using neutral density filters. Spectral filters did not effect minimum and maximum air temperatures. Experiments were conducted using quantitative long day (Antirrhinum majus and Petunia × hybrida), quantitative short day (Zinnia elegans and Dendranthema × grandiflorum) and day-neutral (Rosa × hydrida) plant species under natural short-day conditions. Plants produced under the YXE-10 filters were significantly shorter than the control plants, while plants produced under the SXE-4 films had similar or increased height compared to the control plants. However, both height response and flowering times varied with the crop species. Flowering time of Rosa × hybrida plants was uniform among all treatments. Flowering of quantitative long-day plants was delayed by at least 10 days under the YXE-10 film and was most responsive to the filtered light. Flowering of quantitative short-day plants was delayed by 2 days under the YXE-10. Days to flower for plants produced under the SXE-4 film were similar to the control plants for all species tested.

scholarly journals Influence of Photoperiod and Minimum Overwintering Temperature on Growth of Nursery Liners

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
Carol Daggett ◽  
Gerald L. Klingaman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Woody Plant Species ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei

Ten woody plant species were rooted during the summer with half of each species overwintered at 4°C (40°F) and half at 18°C (65°F) minimum night temperature. Half of the plants in each temperature regime received long day conditions while half received short day conditions. By May 1 all species except Snow azalea (Rhododendron obtusum ‘Snow’), Emerald'n Gold euonymus (Euonymus fortunei ‘Emerald 'n Gold’), and deutzia (Deutzia gracilis) had greater dry weights with the 18°C (65°F) long day regime. Deutzia was heavier under the 4°C (40°F) regime with no difference between photoperiod treatments. At 4°C (40°F) only Judd viburnum (Viburnum x juddii) was heavier with the long day regime. Plants grown until June 1, after two flushes of vegetative growth, showed less overwintering treatment effect, but Hetzi holly (Ilex crenata ‘Hetzi’), blue rug juniper (Juniperus horizontalis ‘Wiltoni’), crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica ‘Centennial’), and Judd viburnum (Viburnum x juddii) were larger when grown under the 18°C (65°F) long day regime.

Eucalyptus Physiology. I. Photoperiodic Responses

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Paton
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Response To Temperature

Seedlings of selected Eucalyptus species grown under factorial combinations of temperature and photoperiod showed greater response to temperature than to photoperiod. In a few cases maximum growth occurred at an optimum photoperiod of about 12 hr. Growth responses to an increase of low intensity light from 8 to 12 hr were usually of the quantitative, long-day type. The 12 hr optimum was associated with quantitative, short-day responses that may occur with an increase ;n photoperiod from 12 to 16 hr. These optima rarely occurred at more than one growing temperature for any one species or seed source. Such temperature dependence, combined with the small magnitude of the two types of response and with the variability among species, may explain many of the hitherto equivocal results on the effect of photoperiod in Eucalyptus. Long-day responses were more common than short-day responses but whether associated with a photoperiod optimum or not, both response types appeared to be largely unrelated to the latitude and to altitude of the seed source. This contrasts with the behaviour of northern hemisphere vegetation.

Application of Photoperiodic Manipulation in Vegetative Specialty Floral Crop Propagation and Flowering

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 554d-554
Author(s):  
Millie S. Williams ◽  
Terri Woods Starman
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Stock Plant ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses

Photoperiod requirements are important for optimum flower development, decreasing production time, year-round flowering, and/or for increasing vegetative growth necessary in stock plant production. The photoperiodic responses were determined for 24 vegetatively propagated specialty floral crops. Each plant species was grown at 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-h photoperiods. Photoperiods were provided by 8 h of sunlight, then pulling black cloth and providing daylength extension with incandescent bulbs. Data collected included time to flower, flower number, and vegetative characteristics. Evolvulus nuttallianus `Blue Daze', Heliotropium arborescens `Fragrant Delight', and Orthosiphon stamineus `Lavender' were facultative short-day plants with respect to flowering. Time to flower increased as photoperiod increased. Duranta repens `Blue', Verbena hybrid `Tapien Lavender', and Verbena peruviana `Trailing Katie' were facultative long day plants with respect to flowering. Days to visible bud and first open flower decreased as photoperiod increased. Argeranthemum frutescens `Sugar Baby', Scaevola aemula `Fancy Fan Falls', and Portulaca hybrid `Apricot' had increased flower number as photoperiod increased from 8- to 16-h, although time to first flower initiation was not affected. Abutilon hybrid `Apricot', Duranta repens `Blue', Evolvulus nuttallianus `Blue Daze', Lotus berthelotii `Parrot's Beak', Lysimachia nummularia `Aurea Creeping Golden', Rhodanthe anthemoides `Milkyway', and Scaevola aemula `Fancy Fan Falls' had increased vegetative growth as photoperiod increased. All other species studied were day-neutral with regard to flowering and vegetative parameters.

scholarly journals Inheritance of seasonal cycles in Chrysoperla (Insecta: Neuroptera)

1987 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Tauber ◽  
Maurice J. Tauber
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Reproductive Diapause ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Genetic Systems ◽  
Geographical Populations ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Polygenic System

SummaryTwo separate, but interacting, genetic systems underlie the variation in seasonal cycles among members of the Chrysoperla carnea species-complex. The two systems are expressed as all-or-none reproductive responses to photoperiod and prey (i.e. short-day/long-day requirement for reproduction versus long-day reproduction and prey requirement for reproduction versus reproduction without prey). In each case the alternative to reproduction is reproductive diapause. The photoperiodic responses are determined by alleles at two unlinked autosomal loci. The expression of dominance by the alleles at these loci varies among geographical populations. The genes that determine the photoperiodic responses also act as suppressors of the genes that govern responsiveness to prey. An autosomal, polygenic system, with a threshold for the expression of diapause, determines responsiveness to prey. The two genetic systems are important to seasonal diversification and speciation within the C. carnea species-complex.

scholarly journals Reversion of the photoperiod dependence of flowering in rice with synthetic Hd1-microProteins

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tenai Eguen ◽  
Jorge Gomez Ariza ◽  
Kaushal Kumar Bhati ◽  
Bin Sun ◽  
Fabio Fornara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Yield Analysis ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Long Day Plants

SUMMARYRice (Oryza sativa) is a facultative short-day plant that flowers very late when grown in non-inductive long day conditions. Photoperiod-dependent flowering in rice is regulated by heading date (Hd1) which acts as both an activator and repressor of flowering in a day length-dependent manner. In order to regulate flowering of rice in long days (LD), overexpression of a synthetic Hd1miP, which is capable of interacting with Hd1, was employed. Transgenic Hd1miP rice plants flowered significantly earlier when grown in LD compared to SD, showing that synthetic microProteins can be used to revert short-day plants to long-day plants. Yield analysis revealed that although the OX-Hd1miP grains are comparable to WT in terms of the size of the grains produced, OX-Hd1miP plants like hd1 knockout plants, are compromised in the number of grains produced and the grain maturity rate, suggesting an additional unrecognized role of Hd1 in grain maturity.

Effects of melatonin on long-day responses in short-day housed adult Siberian hamsters

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (5) ◽  
pp. R823-R830 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bartness ◽  
B. D. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Siberian Hamsters ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Secretion Profile ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Epididymal White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Total Body

Testis growth is stimulated when short photoperiod-regressed Siberian hamsters are exposed to a lengthening photoperiod, an effect presumably mediated by the pineal gland through a decrease in the peak nocturnal duration of secretion of its hormone melatonin (MEL)(D. S. Carter and B. D. Goldman, Endocrinology 113: 1268-1273, 1983). We examined this stimulatory or "progonadal" effect of MEL in short photoperiod-regressed, adult male Siberian hamsters that were pinealectomized (PINX) and given timed daily subcutaneous 1) injections of MEL (1 or 10 micrograms/day) or saline or 2) infusions of MEL that were "long day-like" (4 h, 10 or 100 ng/day), "short day-like" (10 h, 10 ng/day), or control saline infusions (4 h/day). Photoregressed sham PINX hamsters were transferred to long days at this time. After 5 wk of treatment, 1-microgram MEL-injected hamsters and both groups of 4-h MEL-infused hamsters had stimulatory responses that mimicked those of the long-day-exposed, sham PINX group [i.e., increased testes, body, and epididymal white adipose tissue (EPIWAT) weights, total body fat, EPIWAT lipoprotein lipase activity, and serum prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone levels]. These effects were not observed in 10-micrograms MEL- or saline-injected and 10-h MEL- or saline-infused hamsters. Thus the peak nocturnal duration of serum MEL is the critical parameter of the MEL secretion profile for stimulating a variety of photoperiodic responses when photoregressed hamsters are exposed to lengthening daylengths.

scholarly journals Influence of Photoselective Films and Growing Season on Stem Growth and Flowering of Six Plant Species

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Cerny ◽  
James E. Faust ◽  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Control Film ◽  
Long Day Plants

Growth chambers constructed of photoselective plastic films were used to investigate light quality effects on flowering and stem elongation of six flowering plant species under strongly inductive and weakly inductive photoperiods. Three films were used: a clear control film, a far red (FR) light absorbing (AFR) film and a red (R) light absorbing (AR) film. The AFR and AR films intercepted FR (700 to 800 nm) and R (600 to 700 nm) wavelengths with maximum interception at 730 and 690 nm, respectively. The phytochrome photoequilibrium estimates of transmitted light for the control, AFR, and AR films were 0.71, 0.77, and 0.67. The broad band R:FR ratios were 1.05, 1.51, and 0.77, respectively. The photosynthetic photon flux was adjusted with neutral density filters to provide similar light transmission among chambers. Zinnia elegans Jacq., Dendranthema×grandiflorum Kitam. (chrysanthemum), Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., and Petunia×hybrida Vilm.-Andr. plants grown under the AFR film were shorter than control plants. The AFR film had no effect on height of Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) or Rosa×hybrida (miniature rose). Anthesis of zinnia, chrysanthemum, cosmos (short-day plants), and miniature rose (day-neutral plant) was not influenced by the AFR films. Anthesis of petunia and snapdragon (long-day plants) was delayed up to 13 days by AFR films under weakly inductive photoperiods. In petunia, initiation and development of floral structures were not affected by the AFR films during strongly inductive photoperiods. However, during weakly inductive photoperiods, initiation of the floral primordia was significantly delayed and overall development of the floral meristem was slower than control plants indicating that the AFR films could increase the production time if long-day plants were produced off-season. Daylength extension with electric light sources could overcome this delay in anthesis yet achieve the benefit of AFR films for height reduction without the use of chemical growth regulators.

scholarly journals Promotion of Flowering from Far-red Radiation Depends on the Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Garrett Owen ◽  
Qingwu Meng ◽  
Roberto G. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Led Lighting ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Long Day Plants ◽  
African Marigold ◽  
Light Integral

Under natural short days, growers can use photoperiodic lighting to promote flowering of long-day plants and inhibit flowering of short-day plants. Unlike traditional lamps used for photoperiodic lighting, low-intensity light-emitting diode (LED) lamps allow for a wide array of adjustable spectral distributions relevant to regulation of flowering, including red (R) and white (W) radiation with or without far-red (FR) radiation. Our objective was to quantify how day-extension (DE) photoperiodic lighting from two commercially available low-intensity LED lamps emitting R + W or R + W + FR radiation interacted with daily light integral (DLI) to influence stem elongation and flowering of several ornamental species. Long-day plants [petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Vilm.-Andr. ‘Dreams Midnight’) and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L. ‘Oh Snap Pink’)], short-day plants [african marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Moonsong Deep Orange’) and potted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ‘Pacino Gold’)], and day-neutral plants [pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana Gams. ‘Matrix Yellow’) and zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq. ‘Magellan Cherry’)] were grown at 20/18 °C day/night air temperatures and under low (6–9 mol·m−2·d−1) or high (16–19 mol·m−2·d−1) seasonal photosynthetic DLIs from ambient solar radiation combined with supplemental high-pressure sodium lighting and DE LED lighting. Photoperiods consisted of a truncated 9-hour day (0800–1700 hr) with additional 1-hour (1700–1800 hr, 10 hours total), 4-hour (1700–2100 hr, 13 hours total), or 7-hour (1700–2400 hr, 16 hours total) R + W or R + W + FR LED lighting at 2 μmol·m−2·s−1. Days to visible bud, plant height at first open flower, and time to first open flower (TTF) of each species were influenced by DLI, lamp type, and photoperiod though to different magnitudes. For example, plant height of african marigold and potted sunflower at first open flower was greatest under R + W + FR lamps, high DLIs, and 16-hour photoperiods. Petunia grown under R + W lamps, high DLI, and 10- and 13-hour photoperiods were the most compact. For all species, TTF was generally reduced under high DLIs. For example, regardless of the lamp type, flowering of african marigold occurred fastest under a high DLI and 10-hour photoperiod. Flowering of petunia and snapdragon occurred fastest under a high DLI, R + W + FR lamps, and a 16-hour photoperiod. However, only under high DLIs, R + W or R + W + FR lamps were equally effective at promoting flowering when used to provide DE lighting. Our data suggest that under low DLIs, flowering of long-day plants (petunia and snapdragon) occurs more rapidly under lamps providing R + W + FR, whereas under high DLIs, flowering is promoted similarly under either R + W or R + W + FR lamps.

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