scholarly journals Shoot and Root Characterization of Rudbeckia hirta L. Mowed at Different Heights

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1247-1248
Author(s):  
Amy L. Neigebauer ◽  
Garald L. Horst ◽  
Donald H. Steinegger ◽  
Greg L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rudbeckia Hirta ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Sod Production

Significant research has been conducted on wildflower sod, but the reasoning behind the production system methods is not clear. The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of mowing height on the subsequent leaf growth and root biomass distribution in a wildflower sod production system. Rudbeckia hirta was grown in sand in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes in simulating field conditions. Plants were either not mowed (control) or hand-clipped to 5.1, 7.6, or 10.2 cm to simulate mowing. After the initial mowing, plants were mowed at ≈7-day intervals. Total root depth, number of root axes in the top 2.5 cm, root: shoot ratio, total root dry weight, and root dry weight at depths of 0.0-2.5, 2.5-21.7, 21.7-40.8, and 40.8-60.0 cm were measured at the end of the study. Comparing the total root dry weight of all segments indicates that mowing significantly reduces root biomass. As mowing height increased, the depth of longest root increased linearly. Plants not mowed or plants mowed to 10.2 cm produced significantly more root axes in the top 2.5 cm of sand than did mowing heights of 5.1 or 7.6 cm. Root dry weight in the top 2.5 cm was considerably greater in nonmowed plants. Increased root axes in sod with higher mowing heights indicated a greater root density, which may also increase wildflower sod stability.

scholarly journals 282 Shoot and Root Characteristics of Rudbeckia hirta L. at Different Clipping Heights in a Model Wildflower Sod Production System

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 491A-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Neigebauer ◽  
Greg L. Davis ◽  
Garald L. Horst ◽  
Donald H. Steinegger
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Production System ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Rudbeckia Hirta ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Sod Production

Field-grown wildflower sod has been in production for several years, but as with any crop management system, the reasoning behind the methods is not always known. One characteristic of wildflower sod production that has been debated is the height at which the plant is maintained. The above-ground shoot growth is managed to reduce the damage to plants when undercut and to allow for ease of shipping. Growers typically use a height of 7.6 cm because this is the highest height allowed by many mowers. Also, root production is the key to forming a sod that will hold together well and withstand the rigors of undercutting, lifting, storage, and transplanting. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of cutting height on the plant's ability to produce a sod. Rudbeckia hirta L. was used as a model wildflower species and was seeded into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes 10.2 cm in diameter with a depth of 60 cm to simulate a field situation. To characterize shoot and root growth, during a period of 12 weeks plants either received no clipping or continuous clipping at heights of 5.1, 7.6, and 10.2 cm. Root dry weights were measured at depths of 0-2.54, 2.54-21.7, 21.7-40.8, and 40.8--60.0 cm. Leaf area measurements of the clippings were recorded to determine productivity. Results indicated that clipping the shoots of Rudbeckia hirta caused a decrease in root biomass.

scholarly journals Growth and Landscape Performance of Three Landscape Plants Produced in Conventional and Pot-In-Pot Production Systems

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
C 23 ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Container Production

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the growth of Ilex × attenuata Ashe ‘Savannah’, Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei ‘Natchez’, and Magnolia × Soulangiana Soul.-Bod. grown in a conventional above-ground container production system in #7 containers compared to an in-ground “pot-in-pot” (PIP) production system. Container production system had little or no effect on the shoot growth of the species used in this study after seven months. For the container phase of the study, root dry weight and total root dry weight increased for Lagerstroemia and Magnolia grown in the PIP system and the root: shoot ratio of Lagerstroemia increased 87%. Between 4 to 5 PM EST (July 1, 1991), root-zone temperatures in the western quadrant of plants in the PIP system were 13°C (23°F) cooler than aboveground containers in the conventional production system. Root ratings were higher for all three species in the PIP system. After being transplanted in the field for several months, few differences in landscape establishment between production systems could be seen for Ilex and Lagerstroemia. Results of these studies indicate that for Lagerstroemia, production advantages seen during the container-phase of the PIP system may not be evident after one season in the field.

scholarly journals Characterization of Isolates of Fusarium spp. Obtained from Asparagus in Spain

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 1441-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Corpas-Hervias ◽  
J. M. Melero-Vara ◽  
M. L. Molinero-Ruiz ◽  
C. Zurera-Muñoz ◽  
M. J. Basallote-Ureba
Keyword(s):  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Microbial Analysis ◽  
And Storage

Microbial analysis of asparagus plants (Asparagus officinalis) obtained from four nurseries in Spain in 2002 to 2003 indicated high frequencies of Fusarium proliferatum, F. oxysporum, and F. moniliforme in the rhizomes and storage roots. Out of 201 isolates of Fusarium obtained from nursery crowns and from plants sampled in nine established asparagus fields, the highest frequency of highly pathogenic isolates was observed from samples collected from fields, and included some extremely virulent isolates of F. solani. For isolates of low to moderate virulence, the percentage of those significantly (P = 0.01) associated with root dry weight loss was larger for F. proliferatum (53.8%) than for the other Fusarium species (10.3 to 23.1%). Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of 19 isolates of Fusarium spp. grouped all F. proliferatum and F. moniliforme isolates together and, in a second cluster, five of the eight isolates of F. oxysporum. Asparagus cultivars Verde-Morado and Dariana were the least susceptible of 11 cultivars commonly grown in Spain; isolates of F. solani and F. moniliforme proved highly virulent; and a significant interaction was observed among pathogen isolates and asparagus cultivars when representative pathogenic isolates of F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme, and F. solani were tested on those cultivars. Larger reductions in root dry weight were associated with F. proliferatum and F. solani than with F. oxysporum and F. moniliforme, and differences in root and stem dry weights among cultivars were significant.

scholarly journals A Three-dimensional Analysis of Summer Dormancy in the Red Spider Lily (Lycoris radiata)

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1459-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhuo Cai ◽  
Junjun Fan ◽  
Xuying Wei ◽  
Lu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Activity ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Summer Dormancy ◽  
Lycoris Radiata ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation

Lycoris radiata has beautiful bright-red flowers with both medicinal and ornamental value. However, the mechanisms underlying an unusual characteristic of Lycoris radiata, flowering without leaves, remain unclear. In this study, climatic influences, biomass composition, and yearly variations in bulb contents across eight developmental stages of L. radiata were analyzed. Thus, L. radiata summer dormancy was investigated in three dimensions: climate-associated phenology, biomass distribution characteristics, and physiologic bulb changes. The results showed that dormancy was most strongly affected by high ambient temperature, followed by scape development, flowering, leafing out, vigorous leaf growth, flower bud differentiation, flower bud predifferentiation, and leaf maturation. Biomass allocation, bulb contents, oxidoreductase activity, and root activity fluctuated significantly in L. radiata among developmental stages. Relative bulb dry weight was greatest during the dormant period (95.95% of total dry weight) and lowest during vigorous leaf growth (November–December). Root biomass was also significantly greater during dormancy than during flowering, leaf maturation, and flower bud differentiation. Only root biomass during vigorous leaf growth was greater than root biomass during dormancy. However, in dormant bulbs, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, root activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and peroxidase (POD) activity decreased. Thus, summer dormancy in L. radiata only constitutes a morphologic dormancy of the aboveground plant; the bulb and root remain physiologically active. The results suggest that L. radiata is sensitive to both ambient temperature and light, and that summer dormancy is triggered by the synergistic stimulation of these two factors. Although temperature controls dormancy, it plays only a limited regulatory role during the L. radiata flowering period. Thus, it is difficult to induce flowering or regulate annual flowering in this species through temperature control alone.

Growth and water relationships of red spruce seedlings exposed to atmospheric deposition and drought

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Roberts ◽  
William N. Cannon Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio

Two-year-old containerized seedlings of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) were subjected to ozone (O3) fumigation (0.25 ppm), simulated acid rain (pH 4.2 or 3.0), and drought prior to measurement of changes in growth and plant water status. Drought caused a significant decline in terminal height growth and new-shoot dry weight, but old-shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root/shoot ratio were not appreciably affected. Deposition treatment (O3 and (or) acid rain) influenced both shoot and root dry weight but did not significantly affect height or root/shoot ratio. Treatment with either 0.25 ppm O3 alone or pH 3.0 rainfall alone caused the greatest reduction in growth, while treatment with 0.25 ppm O3 + pH 4.2 rain had the least effect. The influence of deposition treatment generally was more pronounced in seedlings subjected to drought than in well-watered plants. Seedlings subjected to drought had lower (more negative) water potentials than well-watered plants regardless of deposition treatment. While there were no significant differences in the water status of well-watered seedlings exposed to various deposition treatments, xylem water potential and osmotic potential of drought-stressed seedlings treated with O3 alone were consistently lower than these characteristics in seedlings treated with O3 + acid rain together. Except for one deposition treatment (0.25 ppm O3 + pH 3.0 rain) there was no evidence for osmotic adjustment of red spruce seedlings in response to stress factors imposed in this study.

scholarly journals Seedling Growth of Atlantic White-Cedar as Influenced by Photoperiod and Day/Night Temperature

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Laura G. Jull ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
L. Eric Hinesley
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Chamaecyparis Thyoides ◽  
Atlantic White Cedar ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Total Plant

Abstract Seedlings of Atlantic white-cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P.] were grown in controlled-environment chambers for 12 weeks under short-or long-day conditions with 9-hr days at 18, 22, 26 or 30C (64, 72, 79 or 86F) in factorial combination with 15-hr nights at 14, 18, 22 or 26C (57, 64, 72 or 79F). Dry matter production was influenced by photoperiod and day/night temperature. For all day temperature × photoperiod interactions, except root:shoot ratio, growth was highest under long days. Day × night temperature interactions occurred for all growth measurements except root dry weight. Root dry weight was highest at 30/22C (86/72F); top (shoot) dry weight at 26/22C (79/72F). Nights of 14C (57F) resulted in the lowest top dry weight. Total plant dry weight was highest at nights of 22C (72F) for all day temperatures. At days of 30C (86F), total plant dry weight was highest with nights ≤ 22C (72F); however, data for 30/22C (86/72F) and 26/22C (79/72F) were similar. The highest root: shoot ratio occurred at nights of 14C (57F) with days ≤ 26C (79F). Mean relative growth rate was highest at nights of 22C (72F) with days of 26C (79F) or 30C (86F). Maximum stem caliper occurred at days of 22C (72F) with nights ≥ 18C (64F). Height and crown width were highest at 26/22C (79/72F). A day/night cycle of 30/22C (86/72F) with long days was optimal for seedling growth.

scholarly journals (111) Establishment of Root-bound Plumbago auriculata Lam. in a Landscape

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1078D-1078
Author(s):  
Sudeep Vyapari ◽  
Edmund L. Thralls ◽  
Michele S. Scheiber
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Harvest Dates

A study was conducted to evaluate establishment of root-bound vs. nonroot-bound container-grown Plumbago auriculata Lam. in a landscape. A total of 144 plants were transplanted from #1 containers in a rain-out shelter at Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Apopka, Fla., in June 2004. The field soil type was amended with composted yard waste. The three treatment types used for the study were: 1) root-bound plants; 2) root-bound plants with a vertical slice made through the root ball at a 90° angle; and 3) nonroot-bound plants. To evaluate the effect of these three treatments during the course of establishment period, harvesting was done once every 2 weeks. Data on growth indices (height × width × width), shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and length of the longest root were recorded. The experimental design was a completely randomized design consisting of three treatments, 12 harvest dates (days after planting), and four replicates per harvest date. Plants were maintained according to the best management practices recommended by the UF/IFAS, and were irrigated once a day using microirrigation. Experimental data were analyzed for significance of correlation among variables using SAS version 9.1. Results of the correlation and regression analysis indicated that the increase in the shoot dry weights (g), root dry weights (g), growth indices (m3), and root: shoot ratio had significant relationship with the harvest dates. Correlation among harvest dates and shoot dry weight, root dry weight, or growth indices was found to be positive. However, results of the study indicated that as the number of days after planting increased, the root to shoot ratio decreased.

scholarly journals Production System and Copper Hydroxide Influences on Growth and Photosynthesis of Magnolia grandiflora `St. Mary'

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 795A-795
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Aboveground Production ◽  
Growth Production

A study was conducted with Magnolia grandiflora `St. Mary' to evaluate the effects of a pot-in-pot production system compared to a conventional aboveground production system and containers treated with or without copper hydroxide (Spin Out™). At 4 and 12 months after beginning the study, plants grown pot-in-pot were taller than plants in the conventional system. Stem diameters of plants grown pot-in-pot were also larger at 12 months. Production system influenced root dry weight in the outer 50% of the container, total root dry weight, percent root dry weight in the inner 50% of the container, percent root dry weight in the outer 50% of the container, and total biomass. Production system had no effect on shoot dry weight. Treatment with copper hydroxide had no effect on root or shoot growth. Production system and copper treatment influenced degree of root coverage. Plants grown pot-in-pot had higher rates of Ps and gs with increased Ci levels compared to plants above-ground. Production system had no effect on calculated transpiration rates.

scholarly journals 841 PB 387 PHOSPHORUS RATES AND MEDIA FOR PRODUCTION OF TOMATO TRANSPLANTS USING THE FLOAT SYSTEM

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 553f-553
Author(s):  
Jim E. Wyatt ◽  
Marla C. Akridge
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Production System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Plastic Foam ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Tomato transplants were grown in plastic foam trays floated in nutrient solutions using a system adapted from tobacco transplant growers. Nutrient solutions were compared which contained equivalent amounts of nitrogen and potassium and either 35 or 70 mg·liter-1 phosphorus (P). Growing media tested were 1) Jiffy-Mix*, 2) Pro-Mix®, 3) horticultural vermiculite, or 4) perlite. The higher P rate caused increases in stem diameter, and in plant fresh and dry weight. Plant height, root dry weight and leaf area were not affected by P rate. Transplants grown in Pro-Mix® had significantly greater plant height and stem diameter than other media. Leaf area, and plant fresh and dry weight did not differ between Pro-Mix* and Jiffy-Mix@. Vermiculite and perlite produced smaller tomato transplants and should not be considered when using this production system.

Physiological determinants of storage root yield in three cassava genotypes under different nitrogen supply

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. PHUNTUPAN ◽  
P. BANTERNG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Root Dry Weight

SUMMARYPhysiological traits can be used to improve the efficiency of selecting suitable genotypes to grow under nitrogen (N) limitation. The objective of the current study was to investigate the relationship between physiological characteristics and storage root yield of three cassava genotypes under three rates of N fertilizer. The experiments were conducted from 2014 to 2016 at farm fields in Thailand. A split-plot randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Three different rates of N fertilizer, i.e., 46·9, 90·0 and 133·2 kg N/ha and three cassava genotypes, Rayong 9, Rayong 11 and Kasetsart 50, were used. Kasetsart 50 had the highest mean performance for most crop traits. Growth rate of stem (SGR), storage root (SRGR) and crop (CGR) during 180–210 days after planting (DAP) and leaf area index (LAI) at 120 DAP were related to storage root dry weight for all three rates of N fertilizer. Storage root growth during 90–120 DAP, CGR during 180–210 DAP and specific leaf area (SLA) at 210 DAP contributed most to storage root dry weight of the three genotypes grown at 46·9 kg N/ha, while the combination of SRGR during 90–120 DAP, SRGR during 180–210 DAP, LAI at 210 DAP and SLA at 210 DAP was best for N fertilizer at 90·0 kg N/ha and the combination of leaf growth rate (LGR) during 180–210 DAP and LAI at 210 DAP was best for N fertilizer at 133·2 kg N/ha.

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