scholarly journals Identifying Flavor Metabolites Under Ethylene Regulation in Apples

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 781B-781
Author(s):  
Bruno Defilippi* ◽  
Abhaya Dandekar ◽  
Adel Kader
Keyword(s):  
Headspace Analysis ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Aroma Production ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Ethylene Regulation ◽  
Malic Acid Degradation ◽  
Apple Fruits

To understand the role of ethylene in overall flavor of apple fruits, ethylene production, and action were reduced using apple trees lines transformed for suppressing activity of ACC-synthase or ACC-oxidase enzymes, and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene action inhibitor. A major reduction in ethylene biosynthesis and respiration rates was measured in fruits from these treatments. As expected, we found differential levels of dependence of flavor components on ethylene biosynthesis and action. Regarding aroma production, an ethyleneassociated event, headspace analysis showed a reduction in ester production in the ethylene-suppressed lines and in the apples treated with 1.0 μL·L-1 1-MCP for 20 hours at 20 °C. However, no major differences were observed in concentrations of alcohol and aldehyde volatiles. Other flavor metabolites that showed an ethylene-dependent pattern were organic acids and sugars. Malic acid degradation was significantly reduced under ethylene suppressed conditions, showing a recovery after exposing the fruit to ethylene. Sucrose and fructose concentrations were influenced by suppression or enhancement of ethylene. Total phenolics and individual phenolics showed an ethylene-dependent behavior only when ethylene biosynthesis was reduced, but not when ethylene action was affected. These results suggest that the regulatory mechanisms of aroma biosynthesis in apple are under partial ethylene regulation. Therefore, we are using the ethylene suppressed apple fruits study the channeling and regulation of other metabolic pathways that lead to the manifestation of a complex trait like fruit quality.

In Silico Study of Ethylene Biosynthesis: Seeking New Effectors of ACC Synthase and ACC Oxidase

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-356
Author(s):  
Nada Ayadi ◽  
Sarra Aloui ◽  
Rabeb Shaiek ◽  
Oussama Rokbani ◽  
Faten Raboud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
In Silico Study

scholarly journals Aroma Volatile Production in Preharvest AVG-treated `Golden Delicious' Apple Fruit and the Effect of Poststorage Ethylene Treatment

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 781E-782
Author(s):  
Jun Song ◽  
Fritz Bangerth
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Aroma Production ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Volatile Production ◽  
Apple Fruits

Changes in the profile of aroma volatiles during ripening and after ethylene treatment in apple fruit have revealed a close relationship exists between ethylene production and the timing and magnitude of volatile synthesis. Therefore, AVG (ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) was used to study the relationship between volatile biosynthesis and metabolic processes affected by ethylene in apple fruits. AVG-treated fruit were stored either for 1 month at 2C in air or 5 months in ULO condition. During the post-storage ripening, the fruits were exposed to 50 μl·liter–1 of ethylene at least 12 h/day. Aroma production was determined at 20C. Total volatile compound production by AVG-treated fruit was much lower than that of untreated fruit. A significant increase in the production of most aroma volatile after 1 month storage in air was induced by ethylene treatment to AVG-treated fruits. I was noted that branched-chain volatile, such as 2-methylbutylacetate, which originates from branched-chain amino acids, has increased prior to butylacetate and hexylacetate, which are derived from fatty acids. Ethylene treatment was unable to stimulate the production of straight-chain volatile compounds following the 5 months of ULO storage. These results are consistent with observations suggesting apple fruit lose their sensitivity to ethylene after long ULO storage.

scholarly journals Delaying Broccoli Floret Yellowing by Phytosulfokine α Application During Cold Storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Soleimani Aghdam ◽  
Majid Alikhani-Koupaei ◽  
Raheleh Khademian
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Postharvest Life ◽  
Cysteine Desulfhydrase ◽  
Pheophorbide A Oxygenase

During postharvest life, broccoli suffers from floret yellowing confining its economic and nutritional value. The objective of the present study was to explore the mechanisms employed by phytosulfokine α (PSKα) at 150 nM for delaying floret yellowing in broccoli during storage at 4°C for 28 days. Our results showed that the higher endogenous accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) resulting from the higher gene expression and activities of l-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) and d-cysteine desulfhydrase (DCD) in broccoli floret treated with 150 nM PSKα may serve as an endogenous signaling molecule for delaying senescence. Moreover, the suppressed ethylene biosynthesis in broccoli floret treated with 150 nM PSKα might be ascribed to lower gene expression and activities of ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO). Furthermore, lower gene expression and activities of Mg2+ dechelatase (MDC), pheophytinase (PPH), and pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) might be the reasons for the higher accumulation of chlorophyll in broccoli floret treated with 150 nM PSKα. Based on our findings, exogenous PSKα application could be employed as signaling bioactive hormone for retarding floret yellowing of broccoli during storage at 4°C for 28 days.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Action in Cut Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by Aminotriazole

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Altman ◽  
Theophanes Solomos
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Acc Content

Treating `Elliott's White' cut carnations with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 4 days inhibits the respiratory climacteric and significantly extends vase life. Aminotriazole induced time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of ethylene evolution and onset of the ethylene climacteric by inhibiting ACC synthase activity. Flowers treated with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 2 days exhibited concentration-dependent increases in ethylene evolution, respiratory activity, ACC synthase activity, and petal ACC content in response to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1. Senescence-associated morphological changes, increased ACC synthase activity, ACC content, and ethylene evolution were completely inhibited in flowers treated for 4 days with 100 mm aminotriazole. Although treatment with 50 mm aminotriazole for 4 days did not completely inhibit components of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, no morphological or respiratory responses to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1 were observed, a result indicating that prolonged aminotriazole treatment inhibited ethylene action. Chemical names used: 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals Reduced ethylene synthesis of mangoes under high CO2 atmosphere storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e51540
Author(s):  
Renar João Bender ◽  
Jeffrey Karl Brecht ◽  
Steven Alonzo Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Atmosphere Storage ◽  
Co2 Atmosphere

. High CO2 atmospheres have been reported to be accountable for slower ripening processes of many fruit species. In modified or controlled atmosphere storage of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) delayed ripening is attributed to the effects of CO2 on ethylene biosynthesis, which is reduced under CO2 concentrations beyond 10%. In the present work the objective was to determine if those elevated CO2 atmospheres on ethylene synthesis could be attributed to the action of CO2 upon ACC oxidase. Mature green or tree ripe `Tommy Atkins` mangoes were, in four experiments, held in a flow through system of either 10 or 25% CO2 mixed to 5% O2 or only air for 14 or 21 days at 5, 8 or 12°C. Mangoes in the 25% CO2 atmosphere did not produce detectable levels of ethylene, whereas under 10% CO2 the production rates were significantly suppressed at 5 or 8°C. However, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations in mango mesocarp tissue at retrieval from storage were similar to the air controls and ACC synthase activity was not completely inhibited. The direct effects of CO2 concentrations on ACC oxidase activity is to be considered the most important factor in inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis of mangoes under 25% CO2 atmospheres.

scholarly journals Low Oxygen and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres Inhibit Ethylene Biosynthesis in Preclimacteric and Climacteric Apple Fruit

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Gorny ◽  
Adel A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Rate Limiting Step

Autocatalytic C2H4 biosynthesis in preclimacteric apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. `Golden Delicious') was prevented by storage in atmospheres of 20% CO2-enriched air (17% O2 + 63% N2) or 0.25% O2 (balance N2). In preclimacteric fruit, both treatments inhibited C2H2 biosynthesis by suppressing expression of ACC synthase (ACC-S) at the mRNA level. ACC oxidase (ACC-O) mRNA abundance and in vitro enzyme activity also were impaired by these treatments. However, the conversion of ACC to C2H4 never became the rate limiting step in C2H4 biosynthesis. C2H4 biosynthesis also was effectively inhibited in climacteric apple fruit kept in air + 20% CO2 or 0.25% O2. Climacteric apples also exhibited suppressed expression of ACC-S at the mRNA level, while ACC-O transcript abundance, enzyme activity, and protein abundance were reduced only slightly. ACC-S is the key regulatory enzyme of C2H4 biosynthesis and is the major site at which elevated CO2 and reduced O2 atmospheres inhibit C2H4 biosynthesis, irrespective of fruit physiological maturity. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxcylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 and/or Low O2 Atmospheres Influence ACC Synthase and ACC Oxidase during Long-term Storage of `Golden Delicious' Apple Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 782C-782
Author(s):  
James R. Gorny ◽  
Adel A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Compare And Contrast

The objective of this study was to compare and contrast the mode of action by which elevated carbon dioxide and/or reduced oxygen atmospheres inhibit ethylene biosynthesis. `Golden Delicious' apple fruit were placed at 0C in one of the following four atmospheres: 1) air; 2) air + 5% CO2; 3) 2% O2 + 98% N2; or 4) 2% O2 + 5% CO2 + 93% N2 and then sampled monthly for 4 months. Ethylene biosynthesis rates and in vitro ACC synthase activities were closely correlated in all treatments. In vitro ACC synthase activity and ethylene biosynthesis rates were lowest in fruit treated with 5% CO2 + 2% O2, while air-treated fruit had the highest ethylene biosynthesis rate and in vitro ACC synthase activity. Fruit treated with air + 5% CO2, or 2% O2 + 98% N2, had intermediate ethylene and in vitro ACC synthase activities. In vitro ACC oxidase was significantly different among treatments, but not as closely correlated with the ethylene biosynthesis rate as in vitro ACC synthase activity. Western blot analysis of the ACC oxidase protein was performed to determine if activity differences among treatments were correlated with the amount of enzyme present in vivo. ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNA transcript of abundance was determined via Northern blot analysis. Results will be discussed regarding how ethylene biosynthesis is inhibited at the molecular level by elevated CO2 and/or reduced O2.

Regulation by Carbon Dioxide of Wound-induced Ethylene Biosynthesis in the Peel of Citrus Fruit

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-504
Author(s):  
L. Zacarías ◽  
F. Alférez
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
High Concentrations

The effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) on wound-induced ethylene biosynthesis in flavedo discs of mature orange fruits (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is investigated. Wounding induced a marked and rapid increase on the rate of ethylene production, the content of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and on the in vivo ACC oxidase (ACO) activity. Incubation of flavedo discs in a 15% CO2 atmosphere suppressed activation of these processes. Wound-induced ethylene production was inhibited by CO2 in a concentration-dependent manner but ACO activity was enhanced at concentrations between 1% and 5%. Kinetic analysis of the interaction between CO2 and ACO activity indicated that high CO2 acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor. Removal of CO2 after 24 h incubation did not restore normal rates of ethylene production. CO2 partially counteracted the increase in ethylene production and ACO activity induced by a pretreatment with an ethylene action inhibitor (STS, silver thiosulfate). This suggested that part of CO2 action on ethylene biosynthesis might be due to interfering ethylene action. Collectively, the results indicated that ACS activity appeared to be the major regulatory step by which CO2 suppresses wound-induced ethylene production. ACO was differentially modulated by CO2, which is being stimulated at low concentrations and inhibited at high concentrations.

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