Aroma Volatile Production in Preharvest AVG-treated `Golden Delicious' Apple Fruit and the Effect of Poststorage Ethylene Treatment

Changes in the profile of aroma volatiles during ripening and after ethylene treatment in apple fruit have revealed a close relationship exists between ethylene production and the timing and magnitude of volatile synthesis. Therefore, AVG (ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) was used to study the relationship between volatile biosynthesis and metabolic processes affected by ethylene in apple fruits. AVG-treated fruit were stored either for 1 month at 2C in air or 5 months in ULO condition. During the post-storage ripening, the fruits were exposed to 50 μl·liter–1 of ethylene at least 12 h/day. Aroma production was determined at 20C. Total volatile compound production by AVG-treated fruit was much lower than that of untreated fruit. A significant increase in the production of most aroma volatile after 1 month storage in air was induced by ethylene treatment to AVG-treated fruits. I was noted that branched-chain volatile, such as 2-methylbutylacetate, which originates from branched-chain amino acids, has increased prior to butylacetate and hexylacetate, which are derived from fatty acids. Ethylene treatment was unable to stimulate the production of straight-chain volatile compounds following the 5 months of ULO storage. These results are consistent with observations suggesting apple fruit lose their sensitivity to ethylene after long ULO storage.

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Effect of 1-MCP on Apple Fruit Ripening and Volatile Production

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.536d ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 536D-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. Song ◽

M.S. Tian ◽

D.R. Dilley ◽

R.M. Beaudry

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Ethylene Production ◽

Quality Criterion ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Climacteric Fruit ◽

Aroma Production ◽

Ethylene Action ◽

Important Quality ◽

The Relationship ◽

Volatile Production

Aroma production by apple fruit is an important quality criterion and has been found to be a fruit-ripening-related process. 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an effective ethylene action inhibitor, was used to study the relationship between volatile biosynthesis, ethylene action, and fruit ripening in `Golden Delicious' apple fruit. Pre-climacteric fruit were treated with 1-MCP vapors at a concentration of 500 parts per billion (v/v) at 23°C. 1-MCP prevented the climacteric rise of ethylene production, respiration, and volatile production, while untreated fruits developed typical climacteric changes in ethylene production, respiration and volatile production. Applying ethylene at 15–20 parts per million for 24 hr 11 days after 1-MCP treatment could not overcome the effect of 1-MCP, suggesting that 1-MCP inhibited ethylene action irreversibly. Interestingly, when 1-MCP-treated tissue were fed butanol and butyric acid, they converted these compounds to their corresponding esters butylacetate and butylbutanoate. Thus precursor supply is apparently limiting and appears to be ethylene-dependent.

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Biological activity of 2,4-D esters on rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora): dependence on vapour pressure and molecular weight and isomerism of the alcohol substituent

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9890685 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 685

Author(s):

GJ Harvey

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Vapour Pressure ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Straight Chain ◽

Biological Efficacy ◽

Cryptostegia Grandiflora ◽

Normal Series ◽

Branched Chain ◽

The Relationship ◽

Volatile Esters

The relationship between molecular structure and biological efficacy was investigated for 16 esters of 2,4-D [(2,4-dich1orophenoxy)acetic acid] on rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora). These included the normal (n) or straight-chain esters from C-1 (methyl) to C-8 (octyl), the n-decyl, n-dodecyl, isobutyl, amyl (iso-pentyl), 2-ethylhexyl (iso-octyl), and the methoxy-, ethoxy-, and butoxyethyl esters. For the normal series esters, biological efficacy was found to be a function of both the molecular weight and the vapour pressure of the esters. This relationship was linear for the higher molecular weight, low volatile esters, biological efficacy decreasing with increasing molecular weight and the accompanying decrease in vapour pressure of the esters. The low molecular weight, volatile esters were more active than the higher molecular weight, low volatile esters, and increases in the vapour pressure of these low molecular weight, volatile esters were sufficient to account for the deviation from linearity of those esters. When all esters are considered, the same relationships hold but the branched-chain (iso) and chemically substituted (alkoxy alcohol) esters are less effective than the corresponding normal esters. Possible reasons for these results are discussed.

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Research of algorithms for recognizing and determining the coordinates of apple fruits on the crown of a tree

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/202032905003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 329 ◽

pp. 05003

Author(s):

Igor G. Smirnov ◽

Vladimir V. Krasnoborodko ◽

Dmitry A. Syrovatsky ◽

Artyom Yu. Spiridonov

Keyword(s):

Recognition System ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Optimal Parameters ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Apple Fruits ◽

Shooting Distance

This paper presents the results of a study of the Apple fruit recognition system on the crown of a tree based on the use of an artificial neural network (ANN). The article describes the process of conducting a multi-factor experiment to determine the relationship between the operating conditions of ANN: illumination, shooting distance, photo resolution, and determining their optimal parameters that allow obtaining the highest quality results. The obtained mathematical model reflects the relationship of such factors as illumination, distance to the object, shooting resolution and their influence on the reliability (accuracy) of object recognition in the photo. The optimal parameters of these factors are determined, at which the maximum value of recognition reliability of the desired objects is reached.

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Characterization of sunburn damage to apple fruits and leaves

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/16/4/909 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Racskó ◽

T. Szabó ◽

J. Nyéki ◽

M. Soltész ◽

P. T. Nagy

Keyword(s):

Great Majority ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Gene Bank ◽

Leaf Damage ◽

Frequent Type ◽

Different Types ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Fruit Damage ◽

Apple Fruits

The specific conditions of the formation of three different types of sunburn (sunburn browning, sunburn necrosis, and photooxidative sunburn) have been recently characterized on apple fruit. However, no information is still available on leaf damage. Therefore, the aims of this study were i) to extend the knowledge on fruit damage, ii) characterize leaf damage and iii) find relationship between fruit and leaf damage. The observations were made on 586 apple accessions in a gene bank orchard located in Hungary. The incidence of the three different types of fruit symptoms were recorded and based on the visual symptoms, two different types of leaf sunburn (sunburn yellowing and sunburn necrosis) were characterized. The most frequent type of fruit sunburn observed was sunburn browning. Photooxidative sunburn was found for less number of accessions, and only some accessions were affected by sunburn necrosis. Fruit were far more susceptible than leaves; (>60%) of the examined accessions were affected by fruit damage and (<3%) by leaf damage. Although a large number of accessions were affected, the percentage of fruit damaged within accessions was not that excessive; ~6% of the fruit assessed showed the symptoms of sunburn browning. Significantly fewer fruit were damaged by sunburn necrosis (~1%) or photooxidative sunburn (~1.4%) than sunburn browning. The percentage of leaves damaged within accessions were simlarly very low (~1%). Close relationship between fruit and leaf damage was found. Accesions with relatively heavily sunburned leaves usually had severe fruit damage as well. Leaves showing sunburn symptoms were usually closely located around those fruit which were sunburned severely. Leaf damage of sunburn was found on spur leaves in a great majority of the accessions damaged, shoot leaves did not seem to be susceptible to sunburn.

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Identifying Flavor Metabolites Under Ethylene Regulation in Apples

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.781b ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 781B-781

Author(s):

Bruno Defilippi* ◽

Abhaya Dandekar ◽

Adel Kader

Keyword(s):

Headspace Analysis ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Complex Trait ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Aroma Production ◽

Ethylene Action ◽

Ethylene Regulation ◽

Malic Acid Degradation ◽

Apple Fruits

To understand the role of ethylene in overall flavor of apple fruits, ethylene production, and action were reduced using apple trees lines transformed for suppressing activity of ACC-synthase or ACC-oxidase enzymes, and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene action inhibitor. A major reduction in ethylene biosynthesis and respiration rates was measured in fruits from these treatments. As expected, we found differential levels of dependence of flavor components on ethylene biosynthesis and action. Regarding aroma production, an ethyleneassociated event, headspace analysis showed a reduction in ester production in the ethylene-suppressed lines and in the apples treated with 1.0 μL·L-1 1-MCP for 20 hours at 20 °C. However, no major differences were observed in concentrations of alcohol and aldehyde volatiles. Other flavor metabolites that showed an ethylene-dependent pattern were organic acids and sugars. Malic acid degradation was significantly reduced under ethylene suppressed conditions, showing a recovery after exposing the fruit to ethylene. Sucrose and fructose concentrations were influenced by suppression or enhancement of ethylene. Total phenolics and individual phenolics showed an ethylene-dependent behavior only when ethylene biosynthesis was reduced, but not when ethylene action was affected. These results suggest that the regulatory mechanisms of aroma biosynthesis in apple are under partial ethylene regulation. Therefore, we are using the ethylene suppressed apple fruits study the channeling and regulation of other metabolic pathways that lead to the manifestation of a complex trait like fruit quality.

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Predicting the Dose of Warfarin for Therapeutic Anticoagulation

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1657174 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 47 (03) ◽

pp. 230-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

N K Sharma ◽

P A Routledge ◽

M D Rawlins ◽

D M Davies

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Range ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Maintenance Dose ◽

Warfarin Dose ◽

Loading Dose ◽

Intravenous Injections ◽

Therapeutic Anticoagulation ◽

Close Relationship ◽

The Relationship ◽

Anticoagulant Response

SummaryThe validity of a previously described technique for predicting warfarin requirements based on the anticoagulant response to a fixed loading dose was assessed prospectively in 57 patients. There was a close relationship between the predicted and initially observed daily warfarin dose required to maintain the patient within the therapeutic range for anticoagulation. The significant relationship between predicted and observed maintenance dose persisted at 4 and 12 weeks although it decreased with increasing time.The relationship between observed and predicted maintenance requirement of warfarin was not affected by the concomitant use of intermittent intravenous injections of heparin when 9 hr was allowed to elapse between the previous dose of heparin and the thrombotest estimation on which the prediction was based.It is concluded that the method is valuable in predicting an individual’s warfarin requirement, although it does not obviate the need for regular monitoring of anticoagulant control.

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Hubungan antara Luas Lesi pada Foto Toraks Penderita TB Paru Dewasa yang Memiliki Riwayat Diabetes Melitus dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh di Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin Bandung

Jurnal Radiologi Indonesia ◽

10.33748/jradidn.v1i3.18 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 138-144

Author(s):

Ina Edwina ◽

Rista D Soetikno ◽

Irma H Hikmat

Keyword(s):

Chest Radiograph ◽

Chi Square ◽

Pulmonary Tb ◽

X Ray ◽

Consecutive Sampling ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Chest X Ray ◽

The Relationship ◽

Diabetes Melitus

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence rates are increasing rapidly, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. There is a relationship between TB and DM that are very prominent, which is the prevalence of pulmonary TB with DM increased by 20 times compared with pulmonary TB without diabetes. Chest X-ray picture of TB patients with DM is atypical lesion. However, there are contradictories of pulmonary TB lesion on chest radiograph of DM patients. Nutritional status has a close relationship with the morbidity of DM, as well as TB.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the lesions of TB on the chest radiograph of patients who su?er from DM with their Body Mass Index (BMI) in Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung.Material and Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Radiology RSHS Bandung between October 2014 - February 2015. We did a consecutive sampling of chest radiograph and IMT of DM patients with clinical diagnosis of TB, then the data was analysed by Chi Square test to determine the relationship between degree of lesions on chest radiograph of pulmonary TB on patients who have DM with their BMI.Results: The results showed that adult patients with active pulmonary TB with DM mostly in the range of age 51-70 years old, equal to 62.22%, with the highest gender in men, equal to 60%. Chest radiograph of TB in patients with DM are mostly seen in people who are obese, which is 40% and the vast majority of lesions are minimal lesions that is equal to 40%.Conclusions: There is a signifcant association between pulmonary TB lesion degree with BMI, with p = 0.03

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TAFSIR AYAT-AYAT ZAKAT SEBAGAI PENGUAT KONSEP FILANTROPI EKONOMI KEUMMATAN (Tafsir Verses Of Zakat As The Booster Of Public Economic Philanthropy Concept)

Qawãnïn: Journal of Economic Syaria Law ◽

10.30762/q.v3i2.1539 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 117-137

Author(s):

Mustaqim Makki

Keyword(s):

Economic Crisis ◽

Human Life ◽

Minimum Level ◽

Relationship With God ◽

Public Economic ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Vertical Relationship ◽

The Relationship ◽

Very High ◽

Functional Content

Zakat merupakan salah satu sendi pokok ajaran Islam. Urgensi zakat yang merupakan anjuran agama Islam untuk menunaikan zakat dan memberikannya kepada yang berhak dengan ketentuan mencapai nishabnya, (kadar minimum harta tertentu) mempunyai nilai sangat signifikan dalam kehidupan manusia. Seorang insan yang sarat akan segala permasalahan pada fitrahnya menuntut untuk selalu berinteraksi kepada sesama, baik berupa materi maupun non materi. Zakat merupakan maliyah ijtima’iyyah yang mengandung nilai-nilai filantropi yang sangat tinggi, karena ketika mengaplikasikan kewajiban zakat kita telah membantu sesama serta mengurangi kesenjangan yang disebabkan beberapa sifat manusia diantaranya adalah sifat kikir, dengki dan iri hati. Menguatnya kembali harapan banyak kalangan terhadap implementasi filantropi Islam, baik dalam bentuk zakat, infak, sedekah, dan wakaf, memiliki keterkaitan erat dengan kondisi bangsa yang belum sepenuhnya bangkit dari keterpurukan sebagai dampak dari krisis ekonomi yang berkepanjangan. Kondisi ini berakibat kesenjangan penguasaan perekonomian antar warga negara menjadi kian lebar. Pada saat itulah, ziswaf (zakat, infak, sedekah, dan wakaf) kembali dilirik dan diharapkan menjadi alternatif solusi terhadap problem kemiskinan umat. Manusia sebagai khalifah fil ardh dalam Al Qurán menekankan muatan fungsional yang harus diemban oleh manusia dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas kesejarahan dalam kehidupannya di muka bumi. Kaitan dengan konsep tersebut, ada dua fungsi manusia. Pertama: Manusia sebagai hamba (ábid), dituntut untuk sukses menjalin hubungan secara vertikal dalam hal ini hubungannya dengan ketuhanan (Teologis). Kedua adalah manusia sebagai khalifah, dituntut untuk sukses menjalin hubungan secara horizontal dalam hal ini hubungan terhadap manusia.Kata kunci: tafsir ayat zakat, filantropi, ekonomi keummatanAbstract:Zakat is one of the main points of Islamic teachings. The urgency of zakat which is suggested by Islam to fulfill and give it to those who are referred to with the provisions to reach their nishab, (minimum level of certain assets) has a very significant value in human life. A person who is full of all problems in his/her natural demands will always get interaction with other people, either material or non-material. Zakat is maliyah ijtima’iyyah which contains very high philanthropic values, because when applying the obligation of zakat we have helped others and reduced the gaps caused by some human traits including miser, jealousy and envy. The reinforcement of the expectations (estimation) from any levels on the implementation of Islamic philanthropy, which in the form of zakat, donation, alms and endowments, has a close relationship with the condition of the country that has not fully risen from bad economic adversity due to economic crisis. This condition causes a widening of the economic mastery among the citizens. At that moment, ziswaf (zakat, infaq, alms, and waqf) was again given a serious attentition and expected to be an alternative solution to the problem of poverty among citizens. Humans as khalifah fil ardh in the Qur'an emphasize the functional content that must be carried by humans in carrying out historical tasks in their lives on earth. In accordance with this concept, there are two human functions. First: Humans as servants (ábid), are required to succeed in establishing a vertical relationship in this case the relationship with God (Theological). Second, humans as caliphs, are required to succeed in establishing horizontal relationships in this case the relationship to humans.

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INTER AKSI AGAMA DAN BUDAYA

EMPIRISMA ◽

10.30762/empirisma.v27i1.1443 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Arif Dan Yuli Darwati

Keyword(s):

Human Life ◽

Belief System ◽

Cultural Interaction ◽

Cultural Economic ◽

Modern Period ◽

Or Groups ◽

Close Relationship ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Determining Factor

This paper will try to explain the relationship between religion and culture. These two topics are the most important items that are inseparable in the history of human civilization from the classical to the modern period. Religion is ahuman belief system that is related to God. If the rule comes from God, then it cannot be said to be a culture, because it is not human creation, but God’s creation that is absolute. Religion is interpreted as part of the life (culture) ofindividuals or groups, each of which has the authority to understand religion and apply it. With the characteristics as indicated by Fazlur Rahman, wherever religion is located, it is hoped that it can provide guidance on values or moralsfor all activities of human life, whether social, cultural, economic or political. Not infrequently also religion becomes a determining factor in the adhesive process of social cultural interaction of the community as well as unifying thenation. Culture and religion are something different but can influence each other so that new cultures or mixing of cultures emerge. The opinion of Endang Saifudin Anshari who said in his writing that religion and culture do notinclude each other, in principle one is not part of the other and each consists of itself. Between them, of course, they are closely related like us, we see in everyday life and human life. As also seen in the close relationship between husband and wife who can give birth to a son but the husband is not part of the wife, and vice versa. Religion and culture are two different things but cannot be separated. The existence of a religion will be greatly influenced and affect thepractice of a religion in question. And conversely, a culture will be greatly influenced by the beliefs of the society in which culture develops. Therefore religion is not only an individual problem but religion is also a social affair whichultimately religious people are not only able to give birth to individual piety but also must be able to give birth to social piety.Key words: Interaction, Religion, Culture,

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Administrasi Hubungan Sekolah Dan Masyarakat

10.31219/osf.io/94mdk ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Siti Aliifah Deka Putri

Keyword(s):

Personal Growth ◽

Social System ◽

Educational Needs ◽

Educational Goals ◽

Close Relationship ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between the school and the community is essentially a very instrumental tool in fostering and developing the personal growth of students in schools. school as a social system is an integral part of a larger social system that is society. Schools and communities have a very close relationship in achieving school or educational goals effectively and efficiently. Instead the school must also support the achievement of goals or fulfillment of society, especially educational needs. So it is clear between the school and the community must be fostered a harmonious relationship.

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