scholarly journals (99) Development of an Ohio Tree Liner Production System in Retractable Roof Houses; Field Comparisons with West Coast-grown Liners

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1048C-1048
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Mathers ◽  
Elizabeth Grosskurth ◽  
Michele Bigger ◽  
Luke Case ◽  
Jenny Pope
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Production System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
State University ◽  
The West ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
The Ohio State University

Currently, the majority of tree liners used in the Ohio nursery industry are imported, mainly from the West Coast. The Ohio growing season is 156 days, whereas the Oregon season is 225 days. We are developing an Ohio liner production system, utilizing a retractable roof greenhouse (RRG) that extends the growing season. Liners grown in a RRG have shown greater caliper, height, and root and shoot dry weight than those grown outside of a RRG (Stoven, 2004). The objective of this research was to compare the growth of RRG-grown liners, outdoor-grown liners, and West Coast-grown liners when planted in the field. Four tree species [Quercus rubra, Malus `Prairifire', Acer ×freemannii `Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze®), and Cercis canadensis] were started from either seed or rooted cuttings in early 2003. They were grown in a glass greenhouse and then moved to their respective environments in March (RRG) and May (outside). In Oct. 2003, the Ohio-grown liners were planted in the field at the Waterman Farm of The Ohio State University, Columbus. In Spring 2004, liners from the West Coast were purchased and planted in the same field setting. Caliper and height were measured in June and Sept. 2004. After one season in the field, trees grown from the RRG and outdoor environments resulted in greater height and caliper than the West Coast liners in Malus, Acer, and Cercis. Acer liners from Oregon had a greater increase in height from June to September than those grown outdoors or in the RRG. Quercus liners from the RRG and outdoor environments displayed greater caliper growth and growth in height than those from the West Coast. Across all species, liners grown from the RRG had the greatest increase in caliper growth.

scholarly journals (39) Determination of the Optimum Species for Ohio Tree Liner Production in Retractable Roof Greenhouses

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1026D-1027
Author(s):  
Luke Case ◽  
Hannah Mathers ◽  
Elizabeth Grosskurth
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ohio State University ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
State University ◽  
The West ◽  
The Ohio State University ◽  
Flat Roof

Many Ohio growers import liners from the West Coast due to the increased growing season on the West Coast. Lengthening the season in Ohio may provide a way for Ohio growers to produce liners of their own. Retractable roof greenhouses (RRG) are one possible way to extend the growing season in Ohio. Research done previously at The Ohio State University suggests that retractable roof greenhouses do in fact lengthen the growing season, and tree liners can be produced using RRG. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the optimal growing environment from three different environments; and 2) to determine the optimal species for tree liner production in Ohio. In Oct. 2004, 180 liners each of Cladrastis kentuckea, Quercus rubra, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Syringa reticulata, and Tilia cordata were upshifted to 3-gallon pots. In Mar. 2005, 90 of each species were transferred to either a flat roof retractable house (FRRG), peak roof retractable house (PRRG), or polyhouse. Growth was measured in Mar. (initial), June, Aug., and Oct. 2005 by taking leaf area, shoot and root dry weights, height, and caliper. There were no differences across species and dates between the environments for any of the parameters measured. Tilia showed the greatest increase in growth from June to October in all the parameters measured except leaf area. Cladrastis showed the greatest increase in leaf area from June to October. There were species by date interactions. Quercus had the greatest root weight in October. Syringa and Quercus were not significantly different from each other and had the highest shoot weights and leaf areas in October. Tilia, Quercus, and Syringa had the highest calipers in October.

scholarly journals Rust and leaf spot diseases on American elderberry plants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kaley Hensel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Conservative Estimate ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
High Level

Elderberry rust (Puccinia sambuci Schewin.) Arthur (=P. bolleyana) and leaf spot diseases are frequently found in commercial American elderberry (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis L.) plantings throughout the growing season in Missouri. Thus, studies were conducted to ascertain if rust infections affect plant growth, fruiting, or berry puree quality. Rust symptoms were observed in early April at 9 to 18[degrees] C, [greater than or equal to] 3 h leaf wetness, and [greater than or equal to] 85% relative humidity. When young, potted elderberry plants averaged 3 to 6 rust pustules/plant, vegetative growth was not adversely affected. However, field-grown elderberry plants heavily infected with rust (137 pustules/cane) lost nearly twice as many leaves as controls during the growing season, indicating rust-induced defoliation. Shoot dry weight of these heavily infected canes was also 32% less than that of controls. First and last harvest dates were advanced by the high level of rust infection on 'Wyldewood' elderberry canes, but not by low pustules numbers ([less than] 6 pustules/plant) on 'Bob Gordon' or 'Ozark' plants. Similarly, berry yields were not significantly different at low infection levels, even though rust-infected 'Bob Gordon' plants had a 31% reduction in yield with an estimated $440/ha loss of income. Heavily-infected 'Wyldewood' canes had a significant loss in berry yield (47%) and potential income ($2,295/ha), assuming a conservative estimate of five canes/plan. In another study, Colletotrichum was isolated from elderberry leaf spot lesions and identified before subsequent re-inoculation of elderberry plants with this pathogen. Three species of Colletotrichum (C. salicis Funkel, C. kahawae subsp. ciggaro Wollenw., and C. aenigma C.M. Tian and Z. Li) were putatively identified as being casual agents of leaf spot indicating the diversity of species within this genus on elderberry plants.

scholarly journals Pot-In-Pot Production and Cyclic Irrigation Influence Growth and Irrigation Efficiency of ‘Okame’ Cherries

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Production System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratio ◽  
Irrigation Application ◽  
Application Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Daily Water

Abstract A study was conducted with Prunus x incamp ‘Okame’ to evaluate the effects of a pot-in-pot production system (PIP) compared to a conventional above-ground system (CAG) and cyclic irrigation on plant growth and water loss. Plants were grown in #7 (26 liter) containers with a pinebark: sand (8:1 by vol) substrate. Cyclic irrigation provided the same total volume of water, but was applied one, three, or four times per day. Final plant height and stem diameter, shoot and root dry weight, total biomass, and root:shoot ratio all increased for plants grown pot-in-pot compared to above-ground. Multiple irrigation cycles increased stem diameter, shoot dry weight and total biomass compared to a single irrigation application. Multiple irrigation cycles also decreased the root:shoot ratio. Mean daily water loss (plant transpiration + evaporative loss from the substrate) was influenced by production system, irrigation, and date. Mean daily water loss was 30% higher for pot-in-pot grown plants compared to above-ground. Cyclic irrigation resulted in a two-fold decrease in average leachate volume and a 27% increase in overall irrigation application efficiency compared to a single application. Production system had no affect on leachate volume or irrigation application efficiency. Substrate pH increased when cyclic irrigation was used. Production system and irrigation had no affect on soluble salts. Nitrate-N concentrations were less in the leachate of plants grown pot-in-pot compared to above-ground.

scholarly journals Pot-in-pot Production and Cyclic Irrigation Influences Growth and Evapotranspiration of `Okame' Cherry

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 546B-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Production System ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratio ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Ground System

A study was conducted with Prunus × incamp `Okame' to evaluate the effects of a pot-in-pot production system compared to a conventional above-ground system and cyclic irrigation on plant growth and water loss. Plants were grown in #7 (26-L) containers with a 8:1 pinebark:sand (v/v) substrate. Cyclic irrigation provided the same total volume of water, but was applied one, three, or four times per day. Final plant height and stem diameter, shoot and root dry weight, total biomass, and root:shoot ratio were all increased for plants grown pot-in-pot compared to above-ground. Multiple irrigation cycles increased stem diameter, shoot dry weight, and total biomass, compared to a single irrigation application. Multiple irrigation cycles decreased the root:shoot ratio. Evapotranspiration was influenced by production system, irrigation, and date. Amount of water lost as leachate was influenced by irrigation and date. Cyclic irrigation resulted in a two-fold decrease in leachate volume. Soluble salts and nitrate-nitrogen in the leachate were influenced by an interaction between production system, irrigation, and date.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT WATERING REGIMES ON THE GROWTH OF TALINUM TRIANGULARE JACQ. (WATER LEAF)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surukite O. Oluwole ◽  
Mautin Lawrence Ogun ◽  
Olusesan O. Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
State University ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Talinum Triangulare ◽  
Optimum Water

Introduction: Climate change is an ecological challenge faced by the whole world especially Lagos state. This has resulted into water stress problems faced by plants and animals; thus, reducing their availability, production and yield. Aim: Talinum triangulare (water leaf) growth is hinged on the availability of optimum water in soil. It is against this that this requirement study tends to determine the effects of different watering regimes on the growth of water leaf. Materials and methods: Seeds obtained from Lagos State Agricultural Inputs Supply, Ojo, Lagos State were planted in pots filled with loamy soil. Watering regime experiments viz adequately watered (control), moderately water stressed, strongly watered stressed and very wet were carried out on the growth of T. triangulare for 7 weeks at the greenhouse, Department of Botany, Lagos State University. Results: The data collected were analyzed and results revealed that the adequately watered (control) and moderately water stressed (dry treated) seedlings performed better in terms of stem height, root and shoot dry weight, number of leaves and total biomass. The strongly watered stressed seedlings also experienced growth which was rapid initially but later slowed down abruptly. The very wet treated seedlings had stunted growth but flowered first alongside the strongly watered stressed seedlings. It was also observed that the control and strongly water stressed seedlings contained higher mineral nutrients. Conclusion: Adequately watered (control) and moderately water stressed (dry treated) treatments are the best watering regimes for the growth of T. triangulare.

Effect of alfalfa cultivars and ages on the occurrence of Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium alfalfae

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Li ◽  
Yan Zhong Li
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The West ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Different Ages

In August 2019, Verticillium wilt was observed in commercial alfalfa fields in Jinta County, Jiuquan, located to the west of Gansu, China, where Verticillium wilt of alfalfa was first observed in this region. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of alfalfa cultivars (‘Galaxie Max’, ‘Liangmu No. 2’, and ‘Danon VNS’ planted in 2017) and ages (cultivar ‘Adrenalin’ planted in 2014, 2015, and 2016) on the occurrence of Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium alfalfae. The results showed that V. alfalfae was successfully isolated from both symptomatic and asymptomatic plants. The percentage of V. alfalfae colonization ranged from 22% to 83% in symptomatic plants and 19% to 31% in asymptomatic plants. Among the three cultivars tested, the lowest incidence of disease symptoms was observed in the plants of cultivar ‘Galaxie Max’, In addition, the plants of cultivar ‘Galaxie Max’ had a lower rate of infection with V. alfalfae in the field than the cultivar ‘Danon VNS’. Moreover, the diseased plants of ‘Galaxie Max’ had a higher shoot dry weight and levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), starch, sucrose, and chlorophyll than the diseased plants of ‘Liangmu No. 2’ and ‘Danon VNS’. This demonstrated the cultivar ‘Galaxie max’ has higher resistance/tolerance to Verticillium wilt than ‘Danon VNS’. An examination of the different ages of ‘Adrenalin’ indicated that the plants in 2014 had a higher incidence of disease and rate of infection in the field than the plants in 2016. In addition, the diseased plants in 2016 had a higher shoot dry weight and contents of N, P, sucrose and starch than the diseased plants in 2014 and 2015. This result indicated an increase in the age of alfalfa plants contributes to the occurrence and development of Verticillium wilt. The infection of V. alfalfae significantly decreased the shoot dry weights and the contents of chlorophyll, N, P, and starch of alfalfa plants. These results provide a better understanding on the physiological mechanisms of the response of alfalfa plants to Verticillium wilt caused by V. alfalfae.

scholarly journals Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

scholarly journals Sweet Basil Requires an Irradiance of 500 μ mol·m−2·s−1 for Greatest Edible Biomass Production

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela R. Beaman ◽  
Richard J. Gladon ◽  
James A. Schrader
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Ambient Relative Humidity ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Energy conservation in controlled-environment agriculture is a major concern for both commercial and research facilities as well as extraterrestrial facilities for food production. Supplying optimal irradiance by using electrical lighting for the greatest edible biomass production potentially is the greatest draw on energy during earth-based or extraterrestrial food production in controlled environments. Our objective was to determine the optimal irradiance for greatest edible biomass production of three cultivars of basil (Basilicum ocimum L.) in a controlled-environment production system. Seedlings of the three cultivars were transplanted into soilless medium, one plant per pot, and grew for 17 days in reach-in growth chambers maintained at 25 ± 4 °C with a 16-h photoperiod. Canopy-level irradiances of 300, 400, 500, and 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 were provided by cool-white fluorescent and incandescent lamps. Shoot growth was measured as height, diameter, and number of leaves 0.5 cm long or greater; and edible biomass was measured as leaf fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight. There was no irradiance × cultivar interaction, but main effects of irradiance and cultivar were observed. Plant growth and edible biomass production were least at 300 μmol·m−2·s−1 and greatest at 500 or 600 μmol·m−2·s−1. In several cases, 400 μmol·m−2·s−1 yielded intermediate growth or edible biomass. Within the main effect of cultivar, Italian Large Leaf produced greater edible biomass than ‘Genovese’, and ‘Nufar’ yielded an intermediate amount of shoot fresh weight and dry weight. Under our environmental conditions that included ambient CO2 concentration and ambient relative humidity, the rate of growth peaked at 500 μmol·m−2·s−1, and no additional accumulation of edible biomass occurred at 600 μmol·m−2·s−1. Based on our results, canopy-level irradiance of 500 μmol·m−2·s−1 provides maximum edible biomass production of basil in a controlled-environment production system.

scholarly journals Growth of Capillary-Irrigated Andorra Juniper and Sarcoxie Euonymus as Affected by Controlled Release Fertilizer Type and Placement

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-95
Author(s):  
Peter R. Hicklenton
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei ◽  
Capillary Bed

Abstract Juniperus horizontalis Moench. ‘Plumosa compacata’ and Euonymus fortunei Turcz. ‘Sarcoxie’ were grown on a sand capillary bed with two types of controlled release fertilizer (3:1 Type 100:Type 40 Nutricote 16N-4.4P-8.1K (16-10-10),and Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.7K (18-6-12) either medium-incorporated, surface-applied or dibbled below the roots. Throughout the growing season, neither leaf area, root or shoot dry weight of euonymus was affected by fertilizer type or placement. Branch length growth and dry weight of juniper was not affected by fertilizer type when fertilizer was surface-applied or medium incorporated. Dibbled Osmocote produced similar results, but dibbled Nutricote resulted in poor root and shoot development in juniper throughout the season. Medium soluble salt concentration (determined on container leachate) was 2800 dS/m in the dibbled Nutricote treatments in June (approximately 2.5 times higher than that in the other treatments). Soluble salts decreased between June 21 and August 16 in all treatments and then remained quite constant until the end of the season (September 13).

scholarly journals Effect of Mulching on Plant and Weed Growth, Substrate Water Content, and Temperature in Container-grown Giant Arborvitae

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Amoroso ◽  
Piero Frangi ◽  
Riccardo Piatti ◽  
Alessio Fini ◽  
Francesco Ferrini
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Container Capacity

This research evaluated the effectiveness of biodegradable mulches for weed control in container-grown ‘Martin’ giant arborvitae (Thuja plicata) and measured the effects of these mulches on evaporation and substrate temperature. The experiment was carried out in the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. Four biodegradable mulching materials were tested and compared with a chemical control (oxadiazon) and a non-mulched/non-treated control. Two levels of overhead irrigation were evaluated: 1) daily irrigation to container capacity (well watered) and 2) daily irrigation to 30% of container capacity (water stressed). Two weed management regimes were used: 1) hand weeding three times during the growing season and 2) no weeding until the end of the growing season. Plants were potted in 3-L containers and arranged in a split–split plot design in an experimental nursery. Ornamental shoot dry weight was measured at the end of the growing season. Weed shoot dry weight per container was recorded after each hand weeding. Water content per pot (as a percentage of water-holding capacity) was measured by weighing containers every 2 hours during the day. Substrate temperature was measured in the warmest period of the day. Mulches limited weed growth to the same extent as the chemical control. In 2008, mulched plants resulted in a higher shoot dry weight than non-treated and non-mulched plants, while in the second year, no differences were observed. The black color of the 3-L containers was probably the main factor driving substrate temperature increase, indicating mulching materials did not affect substrate temperatures. In both experiments, container water content was unaffected by mulching materials. Results seem to demonstrate that transpiration is the main component of water loss from container-grown giant arborvitae plants.

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