scholarly journals Non-irrigation in Fall and Winter Improves Florida Citrus Fruit Quality

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 971A-971
Author(s):  
Larry Parsons ◽  
Ed Etxeberria
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Late Variety ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Citrus Trees

Moderate water stress applied to citrus trees can increase fruit °Brix. Florida citrus growers have been required to use less irrigation as competition for water increases. The goal of this study was to see if irrigation could be eliminated in the fall and winter with few negative consequences. Water stress was imposed over a 3-year period on `Hamlin' and `Valencia' oranges (an early and late variety, respectively) by stopping irrigation in late October and restarting it in March. `Hamlin' fruit was harvested after 2 months of stress and `Valencia' fruit was harvested after 4 to 5 months of stress. In most years, °Brix was increased by water stress. Over a 3-year period, `Hamlin' yield was not affected by the water stress, but `Valencia' yield decreased slightly in the 3rd year. The increase in °Brix is beneficial economically, and, over 3 cm of irrigation water per year can be saved.

scholarly journals Effects of Reduced Fall and Winter Irrigation on Citrus Fruit Quality

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 886C-886
Author(s):  
Larry R. Parsons* ◽  
Ed Etxeberria
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Orange Fruit ◽  
Stem Water

Earlier work has shown that moderate water deficits imposed on citrus trees can increase fruit Brix without adversely affecting yield. Increased water restrictions have been imposed on citrus growers as Florida's population continues to increase. The objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the effects of no irrigation in the fall and winter on orange fruit quality parameters in Florida; and 2) amount of potential irrigation water savings. Trees were irrigated identically in the spring and summer. A non-irrigation treatment was started on Hamlin and Valencia oranges in September and October, respectively, while controls continued to be irrigated following established irrigation practices. An additional non-irrigated treatment was started at the same time on the Valencias that consisted of a soil covering with a water barrier (Tyvek) to exclude rainfall. Stem water potential was monitored during the fall and winter to estimate differences in water stress among the treatments. Brix and organic acids increased in fruit from non-irrigated treatments when compared to fruit from irrigated trees. Results also demonstrate that reduced irrigation did not affect yield greatly. Amount of irrigation savings was determined for both cultivars that differ in maturity dates.

2016 Planting and Annual Cultural Maintenance Costs for Reset-Replacement Trees in a Florida Citrus Grove

EDIS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Burani Arouca ◽  
Stephen Hubbard Futch ◽  
Ariel Singerman
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Grove ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Cultural Maintenance ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Citrus Trees

We provide estimates for the costs of planting and maintaining reset citrus trees in Florida in the era of HLB, The estimates are useful as a benchmark but also to inform industry stakeholders and policymakers regarding the costs growers have to incur in when planting new trees.

Navel Orange Pitting Stimulated by Waxing and High Storage Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 520b-520
Author(s):  
Huating Dou ◽  
Peter D. Petracek ◽  
Craig Davis
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Navel Orange ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
C Storage ◽  
High Storage Temperature ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Citrus Varieties

Navel oranges are reportedly susceptible to postharvest peel disorders, including chilling injury and aging/stem end rind breakdown. These and other physiological disorders are sometimes given the common term “navel rind breakdown.” California citrus industry reports on recent incidences of navel rind breakdown suggested that some instances of this disorder were similar to “postharvest pitting,” a disorder that we have observed in a number of Florida citrus varieties. Thus, we decided to define the morphology and etiology of pitting of `Washington' navel orange (Citrus sinensis L.) peel. The disorder was characterized by the collapse of clusters of oil glands and was stimulated by wax application and high temperature (≥13 °C) storage. Internal ethanol levels of waxed fruit stored at high temperature (13 or 21 °C) were significantly higher among fruit that developed pitting than those that did not. The pitting observed in these studies is comparable to previously observed navel orange disorders that have occurred without known cause. Navel orange pitting is morphologically and etiologically distinct from chilling injury and aging/stem end rind breakdown, but is similar to postharvest pitting of Florida citrus fruit.

scholarly journals Effects of Various Quantities of Three Irrigation Water Types on Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Succary’ Date Palm

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Mattar ◽  
Said S. Soliman ◽  
Rashid S. Al-Obeed
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Palm Trees

A field experiment was conducted on date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera ‘Succary’) cultivated on sandy loam soil from 2017 to 2018. This study investigated the effects of providing water of three different qualities, namely freshwater (FR) and two saline water sources: reclaimed wastewater (RW) and well-water (WE) applied through three irrigation levels representing 50% (I50), 100% (I100), and 150% (I150) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), on the soil water and salt distribution patterns, yield, water productivity (WP), and fruit quality of the ′Succary′ date palm. The electrical conductivity (ECw) of FR, RW, and WE were 0.18, 2.06, and 3.94 dS m−1, respectively. Results showed that WE applied by the I150 treatment had the highest soil water content, followed by RW used in the I100 irrigation level and FR with I50, whereas the soil salt content was high for WE applied in the I50 level and low for FR applied by the I150 treatment. Deficit irrigation (I50) of date palms with either RW or WE reduced date yields on average 86 kg per tree, whereas the yield increased under over-irrigation (I150) with FR to 123.25 kg per tree. High WP values were observed in the I50 treatments with FR, RW, or WE (on average 1.82, 1.68, and 1.67 kg m−3, respectively), whereas the I150 treatment with each of the three water types showed the lowest WP values. Fruit weight and size were the lowest in the full irrigation (I100) with WE, whereas the I150 treatment with RW showed the highest values. There were no significant differences in either total soluble solids (TSS) or acidity values when the irrigation level decreased from 100% to 50% ETc. Compared with both I50 and I100 treatments, reduced values of both TSS and acidity were observed in the I150 treatment when ECw decreased from 3.94 to 0.18 dS m−1,. Fruit moisture content decreased with the application of saline irrigation water (i.e., RW or WE). Total sugar and non-reducing sugar contents in fruits were found to be decreased in the combination of RW and I150, whereas the 50% ETc irrigation level caused an increment in both parameters. These results suggest that the application of deficit irrigation to date palm trees grown in arid regions, either with FR or without it, can sufficiently maximize WP and improve the quality of fruits but negatively affects yield, especially when saline water is applied. The use of saline water for irrigation may negatively affect plants because of salt accumulation in the soil in the long run.

Can heat-pulse sap flow measurements be used as continuous water stress indicators of citrus trees?

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1053-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ballester ◽  
J. Castel ◽  
L. Testi ◽  
D. S. Intrigliolo ◽  
J. R. Castel
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Sap Flow Measurements ◽  
Citrus Trees

Single hyperspectral bands are highly sensitive to water stress in adult mandarin trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Berríos ◽  
Abdelmalek Temnani ◽  
Susana Zapata ◽  
Manuel Forcén ◽  
Sandra Martínez-Pedreño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Severe Water Stress

<p>Mandarin is one of the most important Citrus cultivated in Spain and the sustainability of the crop is subject to a constant pressure for water resources among the productive sectors and to a high climatic demand conditions and low rainfall (about 250 mm per year). The availability of irrigation water in the Murcia Region is generally close to 3,500 m<sup>3</sup> per ha and year, so it is only possible to satisfy 50 - 60% of the late mandarin ETc, which requires about 5,500 m<sup>3</sup> per ha. For this reason, it is necessary to provide tools to farmers in order to control the water applied in each phenological phase without promoting levels of severe water stress to the crop that negatively affect the sustainability of farms located in semi-arid conditions. Stem water potential (SWP) is a plant water status indicator very sensitive to water deficit, although its measurement is manual, discontinuous and on a small-scale.  In this way, indicators measured on a larger scale are necessary to achieve integrating the water status of the crop throughout the farm. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity to water deficit of different hyperspectral single bands (HSB) and their relationship with the midday SWP in mandarin trees submitted to severe water stress in different phenological phases. Four different irrigation treatments were assessed: i) a control (CTL), irrigated at 100% of the ETc throughout the growing season to satisfy plant water requirements and three water stress treatments that were irrigated at 60% of ETc throughout the season – corresponding to the real irrigation water availability – except  during: ii) the end of phase I and beginning of phase II (IS IIa), iii) the first half of phase II (IS IIb) and iv) phase III of fruit growth (IS III), which irrigation was withheld until values of -1.8 MPa of SWP or a water stress integral of 60 MPa day<sup>-1</sup>. When these threshold values were reached, the spectral reflectance values were measured between 350 and 2500 nm using a leaf level spectroradiometer to 20 mature and sunny leaves on 4 trees per treatment. Twenty-four HVI and HSB were calculated and a linear correlation was made between each of them with SWP, where the ρ940 and ρ1250 nm single bands reflectance presented r-Pearson values of -0.78** and -0.83***, respectively. Two linear regression curves fitting were made: SWP (MPa) = -11.05 ∙ ρ940 + 7.8014 (R<sup>2</sup> =0.61) and SWP (MPa) = -13.043 ∙ ρ1250 + 8.9757 (R<sup>2</sup> =0.69). These relationships were obtained with three different fruit diameters (35, 50 and 65 mm) and in a range between -0.7 and -1.6 MPa of SWP. Results obtained show the possibility of using these single bands in the detection of water stress in adult mandarin trees, and thus propose a sustainable and efficient irrigation scheduling by means of unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with sensors to carry out an automated control of the plant water status and with a suitable temporal and spatial scale to apply precision irrigation.</p>

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