Photoperiod, Irradiance, and Cool Temperature Effects on Gymnocalycium, Rebutia, Lobivia, and Sulcorebutia sp. Growth and Flowering

A study was conducted to determine if photoperiod, irradiance, and/or a cool temperatures impacted flowering of selected species in five cactus genera. Gymnocalycium, Rebutia, Lobivia, and Sulcorebutia plants were grown for 4 months under natural daylight conditions (August–November) in a greenhouse maintained at 26 ± 2 °C. Plants were then placed in either of two greenhouses: 1) a greenhouse maintained at 22 °C day/18 ± 1 °C night temperature with an 8-h daylength (SD) or natural daylight plus night interruption lighting (NI; 2200–0200 HR), or 2) a greenhouse maintained at 5 ± 2 °C under natural daylight conditions (8–10 h). After 12 weeks at 5 °C, plants were moved to the SD and NI lighting treatments in the before mentioned greenhouse and additional lighting treatment [natural daylight plus supplemental high-pressure sodium lighting (85–95 μmol·m-2·s-1; 0800–0200 HR)]. In all cases, plants were moved out of lighting treatments after 6 weeks and were then grown under natural daylight conditions in a greenhouse maintained at constant 22 ± 1 °C. Data were collected on the approximate date growth commenced, the date when each flower opened (five flowers only), flower number per plant, and individual flower longevity (five flowers only). Species were classified into photoperiodic and irradiance response groups where appropriate and whether species exhibited a vernalization requirement was reported. Lastly, whether dormancy occurred and what conditions overcame that dormancy was reported.

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(76) Photoperiod, Irradiance, and/or Cool Temperature Effects on Mamillopsis senilis, Echinopsis Hybrid, and Trichocereus Hybrid Growth and Flowering

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1065d ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1065D-1066

Author(s):

John Erwin ◽

Esther Gesick ◽

Ben Dill ◽

Charles Rohwer

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Temperature Effects ◽

Cool Temperature ◽

Vernalization Response ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Flower Number ◽

Hybrid Growth ◽

Response Groups ◽

Incandescent Lamps ◽

The Impact

The impact of photoperiod, irradiance, and/or cool temperature on flowering and/or dormancy in Mamillopsis senilis and Echinopsis and Trichocereus hybrids was studied. Two- to 3-year-old plants (180 plants of each type) were grown for 4 months under natural daylight (DL) conditions (August–November) in a greenhouse maintained at 26 ± 2 °C. Plants were then placed in either of two greenhouses: a cool temperature house (5 ± 2 °C; DL), or a lighting treatment house (22/18 ± 1 °C day/night temperature, respectively). The lighting treatment house had eight light environments: 1) short day (SD; 8 h; 0800–1600 hr); 2) SD+25–35 μmol·m-2·s-1; 3) SD+45–50 μmol·m-2·s-1; 4) SD+85–95 μmol·m-2·s-1; 5) DL plus night interruption lighting (NI; 2200–0200 hr; 2 μmol·m-2·s-1 from incandescent lamps); 6) DL+25–35 μmol·m-2·s-1 (lighted from 0800–0200 hr); 7) DL+45–50 μmol·m-2·s-1; and 8) DL+85–95 μmol·m-2·s-1. Supplemental lighting was provided using high-pressure sodium lamps. Plants were placed in the cool temperature house for 0, 4, 8 or 12 weeks before being placed under lighting treatments. All plants received lighting treatments for 6 weeks and were then placed in a finishing greenhouse (DL; 22 ± 2 °C). Data were collected on approximate day when growth resumed, the date when each flower opened (five only), total flower number per plant, and how long each flower stayed open (five only). Whether species exhibited dormancy and what conditions, if any, broke that dormancy was identified. Species were also classified into photoperiodic, irradiance, and vernalization response groups with respect to flowering.

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Photoperiod, Irradiance, and/or Cool Temperature Effects on Lobivia × Chamaecereus Hybrid `Rose Quartz' Flowering

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.992c ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 992C-992

Author(s):

John Erwin ◽

Esther Gesick ◽

Ben Dill ◽

Charles Rohwer

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Temperature Effects ◽

Cool Temperature ◽

Flower Longevity ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Flower Number ◽

Long Day ◽

Temperature Environment ◽

Incandescent Lamps ◽

The Impact

Photoperiod, irradiance, and/or a cool temperature effects on Chamaelobivia hybrid `Rose Quartz' flowering was studied. Two- to 3-year-old plants were grown for 4 months under natural daylight (DL; August–November) in a greenhouse maintained at 26 ± 2 °C. Plants were then placed in either of two greenhouses: a cool temperature house (5 ± 2 °C; natural daylight), or a lighting treatment house (22 °C day/18 ± 1 °C night temperature, respectively). The lighting treatment house had eight light environments: 1) short day (SD; 8 h; 0800–1600 HR); 2) SD+25–35 μmol·m-2·s-1; 3) SD+45-50 μmol·m-2·s-1; 4) SD+85-95 μmol·m-2·s-1; 5) DL plus night interruption lighting (NI; 2200–0200 HR; 2 μmol·m-2·s-1 from incandescent lamps); 6) DL+25-35 μmol·m-2·s-1 (lighted from 0800–0200 HR); 7) DL+45-50 μmol·m-2·s-1; and 8) DL+85-95 μmol·m-2·s-1. Supplemental lighting was provided using high-pressure sodium lamps. Plants were placed in the cool temperature environment for 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks before being placed under lighting treatments. All plants received a 6-week lighting treatment and were then placed in the finishing greenhouse (22 ± 2 °C). Data were collected on the date when each flower opened (five only), the flower number per plant, and flower longevity (five only). Vernalization interacted with photoperiod to affect flowering. Unvernalized plants exhibited an obligate long-day requirement for flowering. Vernalized plants exhibited a facultative long-day requirement for flowering. The impact of vernalization, photoperiod, and irradiance on flower number, time to flower, and longevity will also be discussed.

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Photoperiod, Irradiance, and Temperature Affect Echinopsis ‘Rose Quartz’ Flowering

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci10387-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (12) ◽

pp. 1494-1497

Author(s):

John Erwin ◽

Rene O’Connell ◽

Ken Altman

Keyword(s):

Flower Development ◽

Flowering Plants ◽

Cool Temperature ◽

Total Production ◽

Spray Application ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Flower Number ◽

Production Time ◽

Supplemental Lighting ◽

Short Days

Photoperiod, irradiance, cool temperature (5 °C), and benzyladenine (BA) application effects on Echinopsis ‘Rose Quartz’ flowering were examined. Plants were placed in a 5 °C greenhouse under natural daylight (DL) for 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks, then moved to a 22/18 °C (day/night temperature) greenhouse under short days (SD, 8-hour DL) plus 0, 25, 45, or 75 μmol·m−2·s−1 supplemental lighting (0800–1600 hr; 8-hour photoperiod), long days (LD) delivered with DL plus night-interruption lighting (NI) (2200–0200 hr), or DL plus 25, 45, or 75 μmol·m−2·s−1 supplemental lighting (0800–0200 hr) for 6 weeks. Plants were then grown under DL only. Percent flowering plants increased as irradiance increased from 0–25 to +75 μmol·m−2·s−1 on uncooled plants, from 0% to 100% as 5 °C exposure increased from 0 to 8 weeks under subsequent SD and from 25% to 100% as 5 °C exposure increased from 0 to 4 weeks under subsequent LD. As 5 °C exposure duration increased from 0 to 12 weeks (SD-grown) and from 0 to 8 weeks (LD-grown), flower number increased from 0 to 11 and from 5 to 21 flowers per plant across irradiance treatments, respectively. Total production time ranged from 123 to 147 days on plants cooled from 8 to 12 weeks (SD-grown) and from 52 to 94 days on plants cooled for 0–4 weeks to 119–153 days on plants cooled for 8–12 weeks (LD-grown). Flower life varied from 1 to 3 days. BA spray application (10–40 mg·L−1) once or twice after a 12-week 5 °C exposure reduced flower number. Flower development was not photoperiodic. High flower number (17–21 flowers/plant) and short production time (including cooling time, 120–122 days) occurred when plants were grown at 5 °C for 8 weeks, then grown under LD + 45–75 μmol·m−2·s−1 for 6 weeks (16 hours; 10.9–12.8 mol·m−2·d−1) at a 22/18 °C day/night temperature. Taken together, Echinopsis ‘Rose Quartz’ exhibited a facultative cool temperature and facultative LD requirement for flowering.

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SUPPLEMENTAL HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LIGHTING AND NIGHT TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SEED GERANIUMS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps82-022 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 149-153

Author(s):

M. J. TSUJITA

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽

Temperature Effects ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Active Radiation ◽

Natural Lighting ◽

Delayed Flowering

F1 seed-propagated geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) flowered earlier when plants received in excess of 400 E∙m−2 cumulative photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Two out of three cultivars grown at 17 °C night temperature which received 443 E∙m−2 natural lighting or 341 E∙m−2 natural plus 102 E∙m−2 high pressure sodium lighting (HPS) over a 4-wk period following transplanting flowered earlier. Flowering was accelerated by 2 wks when a total of 920 E∙m−2 cumulative PAR (726 E∙m−2 natural plus 194 E∙m−2 HPS) was received by plants over an 8-wk period. Reducing night temperature from 17 to 13 °C delayed flowering by 2 wk. Supplementary HPS irradiation for 6–8 wk overcame the delay in flowering induced by low night temperature and produced compact plants with more shoots.

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Gibberellin, Light, and Low-temperature Effects on Flowering of Aquilegia

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.11.1422 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 1422-1424 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.W. White ◽

H. Chen ◽

D.J. Beattie

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Cold Exposure ◽

Temperature Effects ◽

Floral Development ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Developmental Rate ◽

Flower Number ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Pot Plants

Aquilegia ×hybrida `Bluebird' and `Robin', grown as greenhouse pot plants, initiated flower buds before cold exposure (4.5C) under supplemental high-pressure sodium lamps in mid-December, 5.5 months from sowing. Low temperature was the primary environmental factor that affected floral development in `Bluebird'. As the length of the cold exposure increased, the time between appearance of visible buds, anthesis, and petal shattering decreased, as did inflorescence number and total flower number per plant. Gibberellic acid (GA3) at 100 or 200 mg·liter-1 accelerated the appearance of visible buds during forcing in treatments without cold exposure. Soil drench applications of GA3 2 weeks before cold treatment accelerated floral development more than GA3 applied after cold exposure. Inflorescence number and total flower number per plant were reduced by 4 or 8 weeks but not by 2 weeks of exposure to cold. The developmental rate of “Robin', i.e., appearance of visible buds and anthesis, was quicker in plants with 18 to 20 leaves than in those with 12 to 14 leaves.

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Reduced night temperature effects on poinsettias

Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.1080/00221589.1980.11514900 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 45-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.J. Tsujita ◽

W.E. Craig

Keyword(s):

Temperature Effects ◽

Night Temperature

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Ancymidol Drenches, Reversed Greenhouse Temperatures, Postgreenhouse Cold Storage, and Hormone Sprays Affect Postharvest Leaf Chlorosis in Easter Lily

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.125.2.248 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 125 (2) ◽

pp. 248-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Anil P. Ranwala ◽

William B. Miller ◽

Terri I. Kirk ◽

P. Allen Hammer

Keyword(s):

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Lilium Longiflorum ◽

Early Growth ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Flower Longevity ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Leaf Chlorosis ◽

Easter Lily ◽

Severe Leaf

The interactions of ancymidol drenches, postgreenhouse cold storage, and hormone sprays on postharvest leaf chlorosis and flower longevity of `Nellie White' Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were investigated. Ancymidol drenches (0.5 mg/plant twice) during early growth resulted in leaf chlorosis in the greenhouse which intensified further during postharvest. Cold storage (4 °C) of puffy bud stage plants for 2 weeks also accelerated leaf chlorosis. The combination of ancymidol treatment with cold storage resulted in the most severe leaf chlorosis. Promalin (GA4+7 and BA each at 100 mg·L-1) sprays completely prevented postharvest leaf chlorosis, whereas ProGibb (GA3 at 1000 mg·L-1) was ineffective. Cold storage reduced flower longevity and increased bud abortion, however, the degree of bud abortion varied among experiments in different years. Both ProGibb and Promalin sprays increased flower longevity. Compared to positive DIF (difference between day and night temperature) grown plants, forcing under negative DIF (-8 °C) increased the severity of postharvest leaf chlorosis. Leaves were sampled from basal, middle, and upper sections of the stem after 4 and 12 days in a postharvest evaluation room, and analyzed for soluble carbohydrates and N. Total leaf soluble carbohydrates and N concentrations were less in basal and middle sections of negative DIF-grown plants than in positive DIF-grown plants. Leaf chlorosis was associated with depletion of soluble carbohydrates and N in the leaves. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); gibberellic acid (GA3); gibberellins A4A7 (GA4+7); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine 6-amine (benzyladenine).

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