Development and Testing of a Modular Sunlight Transport System Employing Free-Form Mirrors

The energy consumption of artificial lighting and its impacts on health have stimulated research into natural lighting systems. However, natural lighting system designs are mainly custom, making them costly and difficult to replicate. This study took an office space as a testing field in order to develop a highly adaptable and adjustable modular natural light illumination system. We divided the system into multiple module designs, demonstrated the use of simple development and fabrication processes and integrated a freeform reflector into the system. In creating a freeform mirror, the optical simulation results of the tested field were regressed (through polynomial regression) to achieve a uniformly illuminated plane, and a high-efficiency light-emitting system was produced. Finally, an active heliostat was used to collect sunlight, combined with actual manufacturing verification and measurement results, in order to create an excellent indoor lighting system. As a result, we presented a low-cost and easy-to-design natural light illumination system for the assisted lighting of office areas.

ENVIRONMENTAL TENDENCIES FOR THE ARCHITECTURE FORMATION OF MODERN EXHIBITION AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES

The ecological tendencies of forming of architecture of modern exhibition and educational buildings for revealing of ways of creation of ecological design decisions of this type of structures and expedient use of leading principles of eco-design of interior spaces are highlighted. The analysis of architectural decisions of existing ecological exhibition and educational institutions is carried out. It is revealed that the main task in designing buildings of this type is to ensure speed, ease and accessibility of human perception of information to initiate the process of thinking, analyzing and invoking positive feelings, as well as ensuring the predicted impact of contemporary art on the subconscious, while creating eco-safety of visitors and environment. This is achieved through the rational design of the building's multifunctionality, the use of environmentally friendly materials for construction and decoration, energy conservation, the use of alternative sources of energy, energy-saving and advanced technologies, environmental waste management, efficient use of natural lighting, design and phyto design, the location of the building on the site, to create an unbroken connection between the interior and exterior space, etc.

Valuation growing cocktail-type cucumber hybrids in a vertical farm

На сегодняшний день главные искусственные источники освещения растений – натриевые лампы высокого давления. Однако в 2021 году уже во многих тепличных комбинатах РФ и других стран мира активно используют светодиодные лампы с различными спектральными режимами в основном в качестве досвечивания. Анализ научных работ показал, что практически отсутствуют достоверные данные по выращиванию основных тепличных культур в условиях использования только светодиодов без естественного освещения. Это не дает полной объективной картины эффективности использования светодиодных ламп. Цель исследований: определить эффективность применения светодиодных ламп при выращивании коктейльных гибридов огурца при повышенной густоте посадки в условиях вертикальной фермы. Исследования проводили в летне-осеннем и весенне-летнем оборотах в 2020–2021 годах на территории УНПЦ «Овощная опытная станция имени В.И. Эдельштейна» РГАУ – МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева в стеклянных теплицах без досвечивания и ООО «Вертикальные фермы» в закрытом помещении без доступа солнечного света (Москва). Объект исследования – гибриды огурца F1 Ларино, F1 Кватрино, F1 Квирк. В теплице выращивали огурец по малообъемной технологии, в качестве субстрата использовали верховой торф. Для облучения растений применяли светодиодные модули производства ООО «Вертикальные фермы» (30 Вт, 50×7,2 см, в рабочем режиме 2,8–2,9 мкМоль/Дж), которые располагались на расстоянии 0,4 м от растений. Облучали растения по 16 часов в сутки. Установлено, что выращивание растений огурца в вертикальных фермах с использованием полноспектральных светодиодных облучателей и густоты посадки 11,4 раст/м2способствует увеличению общей урожайности огурца в сравнении с остекленной теплицей. При выращивании огурца в условиях вертикальной фермы в плодах огурца накапливалось меньшее количество нитратов (102–105 мг/кг), отмечено более высокое количество содержания сахаров (1,90–1,98%) и сухого вещества (6,21–6,28%) по сравнению с плодами, полученными при выращивании в теплице. Перспективно дальнейшее изучение выращивания культуры огурца в вертикальных фермах с использованием светодиодов. Today, the main artificial sources of plant illumination are high pressure sodium lamps. However, in 2021, many greenhouse plants of the Russian Federation and other countries of the world are actively using LED lamps with various spectral modes mainly as additional illumination. The analysis of scientific papers has shown that there is practically no reliable data on the cultivation of the main greenhouse crops in conditions of using only LEDs without natural lighting. This does not give a complete objective picture of the efficiency of using LED lamps. The purpose of the research: to determine the effectiveness of the use of LED lamps in the cultivation of cucumber cocktail hybrids with increased planting density in a vertical farm. The research was carried out in summer-autumn and spring-summer turns in 2020–2021 on the territory of the V.I. Edelstein Vegetable Experimental Station of the K.A. Timiryazev Russian State Agricultural Academy in glass greenhouses without additional illumination and Vertical Farms LLC indoors without access to sunlight (Moscow). The object of research: cucumber hybrids F1 Larino, F1 Kvatrino, F1Kvirk. Cucumber was grown in the greenhouse using low-volume technology, riding peat was used as a substrate. For irradiation of plants, LED modules manufactured by Vertical Farms LLC (30 W, 50×7.2 cm, in operating mode 2.8–2.9 mmol/J) were used, which were located at a distance of 0.4 m from the plants. Plants were irradiated for 16 hours a day. It was found that the cultivation of cucumber plants in vertical farms using full-spectrum LED irradiators and a planting density of 11.4 rast/m2 contributes to an increase in the total yield of cucumber in comparison with a glazed greenhouse. When growing cucumbers in a vertical farm, fewer nitrates (102–105 mg/kg) accumulated in cucumber fruits, a higher amount of sugar content (1.90–1.98%) and dry matter (6.21–6.28%) were noted compared to fruits obtained when grown in a greenhouse. It is promising to further study the cultivation of cucumber culture in vertical farms using LEDs.

EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL LIGHTING IN OFFICE BUILDINGS ON THE EXAMPLE OF A BUILDING LOCATED IN POLAND

It is important for sustainability to reduce the energy demand of both existing and planned buildings. The requirements for workspace lighting clearly define the minimum light intensity that must be provided. The aim of the study was to verify if the selected office layouts independently fulfill the requirements of the Polish Norm for lighting of workplaces without the use of artificial light sources. The analysis took into consideration standard working hours of office buildings, that is from January to December, from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Interpretation of the obtained data allowed to select the layouts that maintain the most stable efficiency of natural daylight.

Quarantine Hotels: The Adaptation of Hotels for Quarantine Use in Australia

The COVID-19 global health crisis has spatial implications concerning social isolation to control the spread of the virus. The preventive measures require travelers to stay in mandatory quarantine for 14 days upon arrival from another country. Due to a shortage of government facilities, more hotels have started to function as quarantine facilities. This research focuses on quarantine hotels in Australia, as one of the first countries to implement an international border restriction, to evaluate the spatial needs of users and what see outcomes can be identified. By primarily focusing on hotel users’ well-being during the isolation period, this paper responds to an information gap regarding the quarantine hotel system by providing user opinions on the negative and positive factors affecting their well-being. A survey with multiple-choice and open-ended questionnaire items was conducted with 54 participants to investigate their experiences in quarantine hotels. Among the nine key sources of well-being, the three highest-scored responses were an operable window (4.7), ventilation (4.5), and natural lighting (4.3). Access to the outdoor environment via a balcony or operable window was an acute and fundamental requirement for guests. Additionally, participants mentioned that they are unwilling to return to the hotel where they spent their quarantine, which raises issues regarding the future of hotels.

KONSEP PENCAHAYAAN ALAMI PADA DESAIN RUANG GALERI MENGGUNAKAN DIALUX EVO 9.2 (Studi Kasus: Desain Perancangan Gedung Pusat Pertunjukan Seni Dan Budaya di Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta Timur)

The Gallery in the design of the Center for the Performing Arts and Culture has a function as an art exhibition using natural or artificial lighting by having standard of light intensity based on the Indonesian National Standard 03-6575-2001 Light Strength in the Gallery is 500 Lux and Greenship Rating Tools from Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI), the minimum standard for natural lighting areas is 30% of the total area. The purpose of this research was to determine the design of the gallery according to the standards based on the simulation results using these standards as a reference for assessment identification. Writing with quantitative methods using DIALux Evo 9.2 software for building simulation by adjusting the coordinates of the building location, 3D building, and the effective hours from the sun source in the morning (06.00 WIB & 08.00 WIB), afternoon (12.00 WIB & 14.00 WIB), and evening (16.00 WIB). The simulation results contains lux calculations, lighting contours, and lighting distribution. Based on the analysis, the gallery has complied the standard of natural lighting needs around 08.00 WIB to 16.00 WIB and the distribution of lighting is 42-76% based on factors in the form of size, shape, dimensions of light openings, and building orientation. The results are used as the basis for the layout of the exhibition and artificial lighting points.Keyword: Gallery, Natural Lighting, DIALux Evo 9.2 Abstrak: Ruang Galeri pada desain Gedung Pusat Pertunjukan Seni dan Budaya memiliki fungsi sebagai ruang pameran karya seni dengan memanfaatkan pencahayaan alami ataupun buatan dengan standar kuat intensitas cahaya berdasarkan Standar Nasional Indonesia 03-6575-2001 Kuat Cahaya dalam Ruang Galeri yaitu 500 Lux dan Greenship Rating Tools dari Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI) yaitu standar minimal untuk area pencahayaan alami adalah 30% dari total area. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui desain ruang galeri sesuai standar berdasarkan hasil simulasi menggunakan standar tersebut sebagai acuan identifikasi penilaian. Penulisan dengan metode kuantitatif menggunakan perangkat lunak untuk simulasi bangunan yaitu DIALux Evo 9.2 dengan mengatur koordinat lokasi bangunan, 3D bangunan, dan jam efektif pencahayaan dari sumber matahari yaitu pagi hari (06.00 WIB & 08.00 WIB), siang hari (12.00 WIB & 14.00 WIB), dan sore hari (16.00 WIB). Data hasil simulasi berupa perhitungan lux, kontur penerangan, dan distribusi pencahayaan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis perangkat lunak, ruang galeri sudah memenuhi standar yaitu sekitar pukul 08.00 WIB hingga 16.00 WIB dan pesebaran pencahayaan 42-76% berdasarkan faktor ukuran, bentuk, dimensi bukaan cahaya pada ruangan, dan orientasi bangunan. Hasil analisis digunakan sebagai dasar tata letak pameran dan titik pencahayaan buatan.Kata Kunci: Ruang Galeri, Pencahayaan Alami, DIALux Evo 9.2

The Design of Boarding School in Simanindo, Samosir (Green Architecture)

Simanindo is one of the priority areas that is the heart of tourist destinations on Lake Toba because of the potential for beautiful landscapes, cultural heritage, and city landmarks that show the existence of Toba Batak culture. In terms of the education sector, Simanindo residents generally complete primary and secondary education. This is because the educational infrastructure in the Simanindo sub-district is inadequate. Boarding schools can be a solution to educational problems in Simanindo District with a design concept that uses a green architectural approach to create a school that is energy efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly. The data collection method used is qualitative that collects the data and information about the condition directly from the community about the behavior observed in the region thoroughly, a field survey and then clarified with image and video documentation, as well as by collecting secondary data through studies and case study literature. Boarding School in Simanindo, Samosir Regency as an energy efficient and environmentally friendly school by maximizing the use of natural lighting and ventilation, reducing the use of chemicals, and maximizing the use of local vegetation in accordance with the context of the surrounding environment which is dominated by the function of green open spaces. This research is expected to be able to explain the application of green architecture in educational buildings that can create energy-efficient buildings and follow the cultural context in the surrounding environment.

The orientation of residential development in Mashhadthat takes account of daylight

Introduction. Due to population growth and urbanisation, energy consumption by urban buildings, especially in developing countries, is increasing dramatically. Limited energy resources and the need to save on consumption necessitate the optimal design in the field of residential development. Building walls are an important boundary between indoor and outdoor spaces, since daylight has a direct impact on energy consumption in buildings. The optimal use of daylight in living spaces reduces energy consumption dramatically. In this regard, the proper orientation of residential buildings is an effective method of energy consumption optimisation. If the layout of an urban development fits the climate of a region, residential buildings are constructed with account taken of the optimal orientation to daylighting. Materials and methods. The aim of this study is the optimal orientation of a part of residential development in Mashhad. To achieve the goal of the study, comprehensive studies of the city of Mashhad and its environs were conducted and Mashhad climate data were collected. Hence, daylight scattering was analysed for a given area with regard to the optimal angle of orientation to daylighting. Daylight was analysed in the two modes, including the present-day layout and the angular position (the north side), that were compared later. The study area has the angle of 20 degrees from the north to the west. All analyses and simulations were performed on the longest (June 22) and shortest (December 22) days of the year using parametric software programmes Grasshopper and Ladybug. Results. A comparative analysis of the two modes shows that the study area, located in the north, receives more daylight, regardless of the angle of rotation. Mashhad summers are hot and dry, and winters are cold and humid; a lot of light can penetrate into buildings during the hot season. In winter, overshadowing by buildings does not allow enough daylight due to the unfavourable location of the residential development. According to the standard, the optimal rotation angle of buildings in Mashhad varies from 5 degrees northeast to 20 degrees northwest. Conclusions. The results show that the optimal daylight orientation in Mashhad is 20 degrees southeast. This value is in the standard range for the residential orientation, and the amount of light, received in summer and winter seasons, is proportional to the needs of indoor space users; natural lighting makes residential spaces more comfortable and reduces energy consumption.

Houses amid COVID-19: Environmental challenges and design adaptation

Pandemics recur every 30 to 40 years. Every pandemic that has ever occurred brings changes in architectural design. This study conducts a literature study of the effect of pandemics on adaptation of the design of the artificial environment. Particularly the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on changes in human behavior and its adaptation to residential architectural designs. In this paper, a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis methods is used to get a deep and a very basic understanding based on the problem being observed. The uncertain conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic have resulted in humans realizing that they cannot avoid the spread of this virus, so that a new environment and lifestyle are formed to live with this virus in a better way. During Covid-19, a house must adapt so it can effectively protect its residents from infectious diseases and facilitate all activities that were previously carried out outside the house. Some of the adaptations needed for residential design during this pandemic are in: housing characteristics; housing layout; interior, building material and furniture; natural lighting and indoor air quality; exterior, outdoor, and landscape; and value.