scholarly journals Growth and Physiology of Newly Planted Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri) and Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens) Christmas Trees in Response to Mulch and Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 660-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert M. Cregg ◽  
Pascal Nzokou ◽  
Ron Goldy
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Hand Weeding

We evaluated height growth, diameter growth, and survival of newly planted fraser fir and colorado blue spruce Christmas trees in southwest Michigan in response to mulch, weed control, and irrigation. Mulches included black polyethylene, white polyethylene, VisPore mulch mats, and wood chips. Seedlings were also established with or without raised beds and with or without complete weed control. Weed control (mulches or a combination of chemical weed control and hand weeding) improved survival and growth of both species after 2 years. Growth was similar for trees in irrigated plots or with wood chip mulch without irrigation. Polyethylene mulch increased growth compared with similar production systems with raised beds and bare ground. Among production systems, variation in growth and survival reflected patterns of predawn water potential and midday shoot gas exchange, suggesting that differences were largely related to plant moisture stress. White mulch improved growth relative to similar production systems with black mulch and wood chip mulch improved growth compared with similar production systems without irrigation. Overall, the ranking of magnitude of growth response effects were weed control > irrigation > mulch. These results underscore the importance of weed control for establishment and maintenance of high-quality Christmas tree plantations.

scholarly journals Weed Control in Christmas Trees with Flumioxazin and Other Residual Herbicides Applied Alone or in Tank Mixtures

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Richardson ◽  
Bernard H. Zandstra
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Tree Injury

Four studies were conducted from 2001 to 2004 in Michigan to determine Christmas tree tolerance and weed control with flumioxazin and other herbicide treatments. In Study 1, fraser fir (Abies fraseri) leader length was greater with fall-applied flumioxazin (0.38 lb/acre) than with halosulfuron (0.21 lb/acre), isoxaben (1 lb/acre), oxyfluorfen (1 lb/acre), simazine (2 lb/acre), or sulfentrazone (0.5 lb/acre). Flumioxazin applied in the fall provided preemergent control of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), field violet (Viola arvensis), and hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana) 79% to 98% the following summer. Preemergence weed control with the other herbicides was more variable. In Study 2, fraser fir treated in the spring with oxyfluorfen had the shortest leader length (terminal stem growth of the current growing season) at 4.3 inches. Trees treated in the spring with flumioxazin, isoxaben, simazine, and sulfentrazone had leader lengths of 6.7 to 8.7 inches. Flumioxazin applied preemergence in the spring controlled common ragweed 80%, but controlled field violet, hoary alyssum, and white campion (Silene alba) only 43% to 64%. In Study 3, fall-applied flumioxazin alone did not injure colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens). However, mixtures of flumioxazin plus pendimethalin (3 lb/acre) caused 5% and 6% tree injury at 6 months after treatment (MAT) and sulfentrazone plus pendimethalin caused 9% and 23% injury at 6 MAT in 2003 and 2004, and 52% injury at 9 MAT in 2004. There was no significant injury to the trees treated with isoxaben plus pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen plus pendimethalin, or simazine plus pendimethalin in 2003 and 2004. Leader length was reduced by sulfentrazone plus pendimethalin compared with flumioxazin plus pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen plus pendimethalin. Flumioxazin plus pendimethalin provided 84% to 88% preemergence control of annual grasses, common catsear (Hypochoeris radicata), horseweed (Conyza canadensis), and virginia pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum). In Study 4, spring-applied mixtures of flumioxazin plus pendimethalin resulted in minor (2%–10%) visual injury to colorado blue spruce, although leader length at the end of the season did not differ significantly from the control. In summary, flumioxazin controlled several weed species with acceptable selectivity in colorado blue spruce and fraser fir Christmas trees.

scholarly journals (415) Evaluation of Weed Control Practices in an Organic Bell Pepper Production System

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071D-1071
Author(s):  
Derek M. Law ◽  
Brent Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Flat Ground

A 2-yearfield study in Lexington, Ky., evaluated the use of mulches in two organic production systems for bell peppers. Two planting strategies, flat ground and plastic-covered raised beds, and five weed control practices, straw mulch, compost mulch, wood chip mulch, corn gluten, and “living mulch” clover were tested. In 2003, the mulches were applied at planting, while in 2004, shallow soil cultivation was used for 6 weeks prior to mulch application. In 2003, the experimental field had been under a winter wheat cover crop; in 2004, the field had been cover cropped for more than a year prior to planting with sudex/cowpea (Summer 2003) and rye/hairy vetch (Winter/Spring 2004). Bell pepper yields in both bed treatments were very low in 2003 due to extensive weed competition. In 2004, plastic-covered raised beds coupled with mulching in-between beds resulted in significantly higher yields than the peppers grown on flat ground. These yields were as high as yields from a conventional pepper trial conducted on the same farm. Compost mulch, continuous cultivation, and wood chip mulch provided excellent weed control in 2004. Straw mulch was variable in its weed control efficacy; corn gluten and “living mulch” clover were ineffective.

scholarly journals Fraser Fir Tolerance and Weed Control with Hexazinone + Sulfometuron-methyl

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linglong Wei ◽  
Jarrod J. Morrice ◽  
Rodney V. Tocco ◽  
Bernard H. Zandstra
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Sulfometuron Methyl ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Second Year

Experiments were conducted to test a new herbicide for posttransplant application in Christmas trees. A premix containing 68.6% hexazinone and 6.5% sulfometuron-methyl was applied at 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 oz/acre plus 0.25% v/v nonionic surfactant (NIS) to recently transplanted fraser fir (Abies fraseri) Christmas trees and trees transplanted for 1 year in Spring 2008. The treatments were repeated on the same plots in 2009 and 2010. At Gobles, MI, trees treated with 7.5 oz/acre of hexazinone plus sulfometuron had increased stem diameter, after one growing season, and trees treated with 9.0 oz/acre had reduced leader length the second year. After 3 years, fraser fir trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron at 9.0 oz/acre had reduced tree height. Stem diameter, leader length, and number of leader buds were not statistically different from the untreated control. At Horton, MI, trees treated with 9.0 oz/acre of hexazinone plus sulfometuron had reduced leader length after 1, 2, and 3 years. After 3 years, trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron at 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 oz/acre were shorter than the untreated controls. There were no differences from the untreated trees in stem diameter of trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron after 3 years.

Effects of Frequency of Chemical Weed Control on Growth and Quality of Christmas Trees1

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Brown ◽  
Martin A. Spetich ◽  
Randall B. Heiligmann
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Foliage Density ◽  
Tree Quality ◽  
Christmas Tree Species

Abstract Effective weed control is essential to the production of high-quality Christmas trees on most planting sites. Many growers use herbicides applied along rows of trees, in combination with mowing between rows, to control competing grasses and broadleaved weeds. This study evaluated one-time, biannual, and annual applications of herbicide during a 6-year period on growth and quality of different Christmas tree species planted on moderately dry and moist planting sites. Increased height growth from more frequent applications was limited primarily to the drier site, and even on that site rotation length would have been reduced by only 1 year. Christmas tree quality, as reflected by foliage density and tree weights, generally improved on both areas as herbicides were applied more frequently. Colorado spruce, Douglas-fir, and Fraser fir benefited more than Scotch and white pines. North. J. Appl. For. 6:15-17, March 1989.

scholarly journals Weed Control Strategies for Field Grown Herbaceous Perennials

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-227
Author(s):  
James B. Calkins ◽  
Bert T. Swanson ◽  
Debra L. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial

Abstract Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, wood chip mulch, chipped rubber tire mulch, and newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field growing conditions. The effect of herbicide application time was monitored by applying herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicide and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and non-weeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity was dependent on age and species of herbaceous perennial and time of herbicide application. Herbicide injury was generally greater for young plants compared to established plants and phytotoxicity was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant rather than actively growing plants. Injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied in early spring compared to applications made after complete herbaceous perennial emergence. Injury to young shoots that had emerged prior to the earliest possible time that herbicides could be applied in the spring was probably involved. Applying herbicides in the fall may avoid such injury. Mulching field grown perennials with wood chips provided the most effective weed control and often the best quality plants. With the exceptions of Hemerocallis ‘After Dark’ and Phlox maculata ‘Omega’, the herbaceous perennials evaluated were tolerant of most of the herbicides applied. Several herbicides, including Balan 2.5G at 3.36 kg ai/ha (3.0 lb ai/A), Snapshot 80DF at 4.48 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb ai/A), and Stomp 60WDG at 4.48 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb ai/A), demonstrated potential for weed control in herbaceous perennial production systems and landscape plantings. Goal 1.6EC at 1.68 kg ai/ha (1.5 lb ai/A) and Ronstar 50WP at 3.92 kg ai/ha (3.5 lb ai/A) were often phytotoxic when applied to herbaceous perennials.

scholarly journals (219) Organic Watermelon Production Systems: Varieties and Weed Control

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1034C-1034
Author(s):  
Charles L. Webber ◽  
Angela R. Davis ◽  
James W. Shrefler ◽  
Penelope Perkins-Veazie ◽  
Vincent M. Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Point Location ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Center Point ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
The Impact

The increasing perception by consumers that organic food tastes better and is healthier continues to expand the demand for organically produced crops. The objective of these experiments was to investigate the impact of different weed control systems on yields of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) varieties grown organically. Six watermelon varieties were transplanted at two locations (Lane and Center Point, Okla.). The six varieties included three seeded varieties (`Early Moonbeam', `Sugar Baby', and `Allsweet') and three seedless varieties (`Triple Crown', `Triple Prize', and `Triple Star'). The weed control system at Lane utilized black plastic mulch on the crop row, while the area between rows was cultivated to control weeds. The no-till organic system at Center Point used a mowed rye and vetch cover crop, hand weeding, and vinegar (5% acetic acid) for weed control. When averaged across watermelon varieties, Lane produced significantly more fruit per plant (4.2 vs. 2.3 fruit/plant), greater marketable yields (16.0 vs. 8.4 kg/plants), and higher average marketable weight per fruit (6.1 vs. 4.0 kg) than at Center Point. When comparing locations, four of six varieties had significantly greater number of fruit per plant and higher marketable yields at Lane than at Center Point. Except for `Early Moonbeam', all other varieties produced significantly heavier fruit at Lane than at Center Point. In contrast, the Center Point location produced a greater percentage of marketable fruit for all varieties except `Allsweet'. Fruit quality (lycopene and °Brix) was as good or greater when harvested from the weedier Center Point location.

scholarly journals Weed Control in Dune Sedge Transplants

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-170
Author(s):  
Chuck Ingels ◽  
John Roncoroni
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Reduced Risk

Dune sedge (Carex pansa) can be used as either a groundcover or mowed turf. It is planted as plugs or small pots, but at 9-inch spacing, it may take over 1 year to completely fill in as turf, allowing weeds to grow between plants. This research was conducted to evaluate control of annual weeds and crop phytotoxicity with several conventional and reduced-risk herbicides in newly transplanted dune sedge. Three experiments were conducted on the same planting over a 5-month period, with dune sedge plants and weeds recovering well to permit subsequent evaluations. In Expt. 1, four preemergent and four reduced-risk postemergent herbicides and shredded fir bark mulch were compared shortly after planting. The use of oryzalin, dithiopyr, an experimental fatty acid herbicide (experimental FA), and mulch led to good control of the young weeds; all others resulted in less than 50% control. The experimental FA and ammoniated soap of fatty acids caused phytotoxicity to the dune sedge. In Expt. 2, four postemergent conventional herbicides, the same four reduced-risk postemergent herbicides (including two at increased rates) and the continued mulch treatment were tested. Most reduced-risk herbicides severely burned back the weeds initially, but regrowth ensued. In Expt. 3, a grass herbicide, a broadleaf herbicide combination, and a mix of the two were compared on the remaining plots with healthy dune sedge and actively growing weeds. Fluazifop provided good control of wild oat, carfentrazone + 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba largely controlled broadleaf weeds, and the combination controlled most weeds; no phytotoxicity occurred to the dune sedge. The results of the three experiments suggest that an application of dithiopyr, oryzalin, or a 2-inch layer of mulch shortly after planting, followed if necessary by hand weeding or treating weeds with carfentrazone + 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba tank-mixed with fluazifop would be an ideal strategy for management of annual weeds during the establishment of dune sedge. For organic or reduced-risk management, bark or wood chip mulch followed by hand weeding would be the best approach.

scholarly journals Weed Control Strategies for Field- and Container-grown Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 894E-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert T. Swanson ◽  
James B. Calkins
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial

Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, a wood chip mulch, a chipped rubber tire mulch, and a newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and potential phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field-growing conditions. Nineteen herbicides or herbicide combinations were similarly evaluated under container-growing conditions using 11 species of herbaceous perennials. The effect of herbicide application time also was monitored through application of herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicides and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and nonweeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity effects were dependent on the age and species of the herbaceous perennial and herbicide application timing. Herbicide injury was generally greater for newly established plants compared to established plants. Although injury was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant plants, injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied in early spring compared to applications made in late spring after complete herbaceous perennial emergence. This effect resulted in injury to young shoots that had emerged before the earliest possible time that herbicides could be applied in early spring. A wood chip mulch provided the most effective weed control and highest quality plants under field growing conditions. Several of the herbicides evaluated demonstrated potential for weed control in both field and container herbaceous perennial production systems and landscape plantings.

Russian Thistle (Salsola iberica) and Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Control in Dryland Corn (Zea mays)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Salsola Iberica

Field studies were conducted in 1987, 1988, and 1989 at Lethbridge, Alberta to determine suitable herbicides for the control of Russian thistle and kochia in field corn grown in a dryland cropping system. Soil-applied atrazine or cyanazine provided inconsistent control of these weeds under dryland conditions. Combining inter-row tillage or 2,4-D applied postemergence with soil-applied atrazine improved the consistency of weed control over years. Postemergence atrazine and dicamba plus 2,4-D controlled Russian thistle and kochia in all years. Corn yields reflected the level of weed control attained with each treatment. The suitability of the various treatments for weed control in corn grown under dryland crop production systems is discussed.

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