scholarly journals Common Smut Reduces Sweet Corn Yield and Ear Processing Quality

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1507-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Clough ◽  
Sarah Blatchford ◽  
Philip B. Hamm
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spring Planting

The impact of natural infection of Ustilago maydis (causal agent of common smut) on processing characteristics of three F1 hybrid sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars was evaluated in a 2-year study with early and late spring planting dates. At harvest maturity, size and location of galls were recorded and quality characteristics measured. Galls on the lower stalk, upper stalk, and tassel reduced fresh weight and diameter of husked ears, whereas galls on the base of the stalk reduced fresh weight only. Ear length was reduced by galls on the upper stalk. As gall size increased from 0 to greater than 10.2 cm in diameter, ear fresh weight and diameter decreased. The presence of galls greater than 10.2 cm in diameter reduced ear length. Kernel depth was unaffected by size or location of gall. Additional ears of the same three cultivars were sampled from commercial fields planted in midseason near Walla Walla and Patterson, WA. Galls located on the upper and lower stalk reduced fresh weight, length, and diameter, whereas galls on the base of the stalk reduced fresh weight only. As gall size increased, fresh weight, length, diameter, and kernel depth decreased.

scholarly journals Common Smut Infection Reduces Sweet Corn Ear Processing Quality

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 870C-870
Author(s):  
Sarah Blatchford ◽  
George H. Clough* ◽  
Philip B. Hamm
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Processing Quality ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
Spring Planting ◽  
Corn Smut

Impact of natural infection of common corn smut (Ustilago maydis) on processing characteristics of three F1 hybrid sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars was evaluated in a two-year study with early and late spring-planting dates. At harvest maturity, size and location of galls were recorded and quality characteristics measured. Galls on the lower stalk, upper stalk and tassel reduced fresh weight and diameter of husked ears while galls on the base of the plant reduced fresh weight only. Ear length was reduced by galls on the upper stalk. As gall size increased from 0 to >10.2 cm. diameter, ear fresh weight and diameter decreased. The presence of galls >10.2 cm diameter reduced ear length. Kernel depth was not affected by size or location of gall. Additional ears of the same three cultivars were sampled from commercial fields planted in mid-season near Walla Walla and Patterson, Wash. Galls located on the upper and lower stalk reduced fresh weight, length, diameter and kernel depth, while galls on the tassel or base had reduced or no effect on these parameters. As gall size increased, fresh weight, length, diameter, and kernel depth decreased.

scholarly journals Influence of sweet corn harvest date on kernels quality

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Szymanek
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Compression Force ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Puncture Force ◽  
Harvest Maturity

Sweet corn has a very short period of optimum harvest maturity, and its quality changes rapidly close to and following the peak. The aim of this study was to determine the sweet corn quality on the ground of some physicochemical properties of intact kernels (moisture content, compression, shear and puncture force, bulk density, sugar and starch contents) and cut kernels (processing recovery, cut corn yield) at four subsequent harvest dates. The moisture content, sugars level, and ear yield decreased. The starch level, bulk density (intact and cut kernels), compression force, shear force and puncture force, processing recovery and cut corn yield increased. The first harvest date showed a greater advantage in the higher sweet corn quality for processing than the following harvest date. The moisture decreased from 77.41% to 69.83% with delayed harvest date. A decline was observed of sweet corn quality (increase of force in compression, shear and puncture tests, raise in the starch level). However, the following harvest date had an advantage in a higher processing recovery and cut corn yield.

scholarly journals Low-temperature Germination Response of su, se, and sh2 Sweet Corn Cultivars

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Hassell ◽  
Robert J. Dufault ◽  
Tyron L. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Seed Processing ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Spring Planting

Early spring sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa) is usually planted in cold soils at sub-optimal temperatures for seed germination. It is important for growers to understand the relationships among temperature, germination, and vigor of sweet corn in order to plan the earliest planting dates that will not significantly reduce plant stand. The objectives of this research were 1) to determine the minimum temperatures to germinate to 75%, (the minimum germination percent for interstate commerce) for 27 new sweet corn su (sugary), se (sugar enhancer), and sh2 (shrunken-2) cultivars; 2) to determine vigor differences among the phenotypes; and 3) to select the most promising se, su, and sh2 cultivars for cold tolerance and vigor for early spring planting. Seeds of each cultivar were placed along a temperature gradient on a thermogradient table, Type 5001 (Seed Processing Holland, Enkhuizen, The Netherlands), and allowed to germinate over a 7-day period. The gradient treatments were [±2 °F (1.1 °C)] 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 80, 84, and 86 °F (11.1, 13.3, 15.6, 17.8, 20.0, 22.2, 24.4, 26.7, 28.9, and 30.0 °C). Germination data from thermogradient testing were used to determine the minimum temperatures and time required for su, se, and sh2 cultivars to germinate at ≥75%, defined as minimum acceptable germination percent (MAGP); and the minimum temperature to reach the maximum germination rate (MGR) for a cultivar, defined as the ability to germinate to MAGP at the same rate equally at low and high temperatures. Generally, su phenotypes germinated to MAGP within 4 days, with sh2 requiring 6 days, but with se requiring 5 days. We found that within each phenotype, however, cultivars reacted uniquely to temperature. The most vigorous and cold tolerant su cultivars were `NK 199' and `Merit' which germinated to MAGP at 52 °F with `NK 199' more vigorous than `Merit'. The su cultivar `Sweet G-90' was vigorous at warm temperatures, but the least cold tolerant and desirable for planting under cold conditions. Within the se cultivars, `Precious Gem', `July Gold', and `Imaculata' germinated to MAGP at 52 °F with `Precious Gem' requiring 6 days and `July Gold' and `Imaculata' requiring 7 days. `Accord' was the least cold tolerant se cultivar, requiring at least 60 °F for MAGP with a slow MGR, even at warm temperatures. None of the sh2 cultivars reached MAGP within 7 d at 52 °F, as was also observed for certain su and se cultivars.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF BAND AND BROADCAST APPLICATIONS OF PHOSPHORUS ON SWEET CORN YIELD

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 757f-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Kemble ◽  
E.A. Guertal
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
P Application ◽  
Leaf P

In 1994 and 1995, a study was conducted in Crossville, Ala., to determine if differences in leaf P concentration and crop yield occurred when P was broadcast or band-applied. Phosphorus (0, 34, 67, 101, and 134 kg P/ha) was banded (2 × 2) or broadcast and incorporated before planting. Other nutrients were applied based on current recommendations and soil testing. In 1994, as level of P increased from 0 to 150 kg P/ha, fresh weight of harvested ears increased quadratically. In 1995, fresh weight of harvested ears did not differ among broadcast treatments; however, there was a linear increase in yield among banded P treatments. There was no difference in fresh weight of harvested ears between banding and broadcasting in either year. Percent P in corn ear leaves did not differ among treatments. There was no difference in P leaf concentrations between the banded and broadcast treatments, indicating that yield response occurred because of rate of P application as opposed to method.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF RATE OF BANDED PHOSPHORUS ON SWEET CORN YIELD

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 436g-436
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Kemble ◽  
Elizabeth A. Guertal
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
P Application ◽  
Leaf P

In 1994, a study was conducted in Crossville, Ala., to determine if differences in leaf P concentration and crop yield occurred when P was applied as either a broadcast or banded treatment. Phosphorus (0, 34, 67, 101, and 134 kg·ha–1) was banded (2 × 2) or broadcast applied and incorporated before planting. Other nutrients were applied based on current recommendations and soil testing. As level of P increased from 0 to 134 kg·ha–1, fresh weight of harvested ears increased quadratically. There was no difference in fresh weight of harvested ears between banding and broadcasting. Yields were not maximized within the range of applied P, although it seems that yield reaches a plateau near the highest rate of applied P. Percent of P in corn ear leaves did not differ among treatments. There was no difference in P leaf concentrations between the banded and broadcast treatments, indicating that response in yield occurred due to rate of P application, not method.

scholarly journals Natural Infection of Dairy Cows with Bovine Leukemia Virus Affects Immunoglobulin Levels in Saliva and Serum but Not Milk

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 907
Author(s):  
Monika Dziuba ◽  
Vickie J. Ruggiero ◽  
Catherine Wilson ◽  
Paul C. Bartlett ◽  
Paul M. Coussens
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Bovine Leukemia Virus ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Retroviral Infection ◽  
Serum Iga ◽  
The Impact

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retroviral infection that disrupts the immune function of infected animals. It is widespread among U.S. dairy cattle. In this pilot study, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations in milk, saliva, and serum samples from BLV ELISA-positive (ELISA+) dairy cows were compared against samples from BLV ELISA-negative (ELISA−) cows using the Kruskal–Wallis test (with ties). The results from ELISA+ cows were also stratified by lymphocyte count (LC) and proviral load (PVL). In milk and saliva from ELISA+ cows, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations were decreased compared to ELISA− cows, although this was only statistically significant for saliva IgM in cows with low PVL (p = 0.0424). Numerically, the average total IgA concentrations were 33.6% lower in milk and 23.7% lower in saliva, and the average total IgM concentrations were 42.4% lower in milk and 15.5% lower in saliva. No significant differences were observed in the total serum IgA concentrations, regardless of PVL and LC. The total serum IgM from ELISA+ cows was significantly decreased (p = 0.0223), with the largest decreases occurring in the highest PVL and LC subgroups. This pilot study is a first step in investigating the impact of BLV on mucosal immunity and will require further exploration in each of the various stages of disease progression.

STUDY ON THE PROCESS OF RAPESEED HULLING BY THE IMPACT

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.О. РЕНЗЯЕВ ◽  
О.П. РЕНЗЯЕВ ◽  
С.Н. КРАВЧЕНКО ◽  
Р.В. КРЮК
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Siberian Region ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Исследованы прочностные и физико-механические свойства оболочки рапса с точки зрения ее разрушения и удаления. Установлено, что наиболее рациональным является двухстадийный способ обрушивания: 1-я стадия – на вальцовых мельницах, 2-я – на центробежной обрушивающей машине. Определены параметры центробежной обрушивающей машины для обеспечения минимальной необходимой линейной скорости 10,81 м/с: угол наклона отбойной пластины (90 ± 2)°, частота вращения барабана (2400 ± 150) об/мин. Установлено, что правильно подобранные условия и угол, под которым происходит удар, позволяют значительно снизить количество не до конца обрушенного семени и содержание расколотого ядра. При этом при свободном ударе об отбойную пластину под углом, отличным от 88–91°, или подаче недостаточно равномерного потока семян значительно увеличивается содержание необрушенных семян. На разрушение 1 кг семян необходимо затратить 58,45 Дж. Таким образом, по расчетным данным, для семян рапса диаметром 1,5 мм частота вращения барабана должна находиться в диапазоне от 2221 до 2565 об/мин при ударе семени под углом 90°. Диаметр семян рапса, выращиваемого в Сибирском регионе, составляет от 0,8 до 1,8 мм. Установлено, что подсушивание семян рапса в течение 30–40 с при температуре 100°С позволяет увеличить эффективность разрушения оболочки до полного ее отделения от ядра рапса. Представленные результаты позволяют повысить качество очистки семян рапса от оболочки и улучшить качественные характеристики получаемого масла, облегчить последующие технологические процессы получения пищевого масла, снизить затраты на рафинацию и дезодорацию на 2%. The strength and physico-mechanical properties of the shell of rapeseed in terms of its destruction and removal are investigated. It is established that the most rational is a two-stage method of seed hulling: the 1st stage – on roller mills, the 2nd – on a centrifugal hulling machine. The parameters of the centrifugal hulling machine to provide the minimum required linear speed of 10,81 m/s are defined: the angle of inclination of the turnback plate (90 ± 2)°, the rotational speed of drum (2400 ± 150) RPM. It is established that the correctly selected conditions and the angle at which the impact occurs, can significantly reduce the amount is not completely hulling seed and the substance of the split nucleus. At the same time, with a free impact on the turnback plate at an angle different from 88–91°, or the supply of an insufficiently uniform flow of seeds, the content is not completely hulling seed increases significantly. On hulling of 1 kg of seeds it is necessary to spend 58,45 J. Thus, according to the calculated data, for rape seeds with a diameter of 1,5 mm, the rotational speed of drum should be in the range from 2221 to 2565 RPM when the seed is struck at an angle of 90°. The diameter of rapeseed grown in the Siberian region ranges from 0,8 to 1,8 mm. It was found that drying of rapeseed for 30–40 s at a temperature of 100°C, can increase the efficiency of destruction of the shell to its complete separation from the core of rapeseed. The presented results make it possible to improve the quality of cleaning of rape seeds from the shell and improve the quality characteristics of the obtained oil, facilitate the subsequent technological processes of obtaining edible oil, reduce the cost of refining and deodorization by 2%.

Effects of Tillage and Mulch on Weed Biomass and Sweet Corn Yield

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Mohler
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
No Till

Sweet corn was grown with a living mulch of white clover, a dead mulch of rye, and without mulch, in both till and no-till conditions. Unplanted controls were also included in the experimental design. Corn yields were highest in clover treatments early in the experiment but lowest in later years. The declining yields in the clover living mulch were related to the strip application of glyphosate which allowed establishment of perennial and biennial weeds, notably dandelion and horseweed. These overwintering weeds apparently prevented effective control of summer annuals, especially redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters and large crabgrass, by atrazine and metolachlor. Presence of a rye mulch decreased weed biomass and had no detrimental effect on corn yield. In general, corn yield was not affected by tillage, although the number of marketable ears was reduced in the no-till treatments during the drought year of 1988. The much greater weed biomass in the unplanted control treatments showed the importance of crop competition for weed control in sweet corn cropping systems.

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