scholarly journals Effect of a Physical Barrier on Adult Emergence and Egg Survival Associated with the Fungus Gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae), under Laboratory Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 905-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Raudenbush ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd ◽  
Erik R. Echegaray
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Recycled Glass ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Rove Beetle ◽  
Fungus Gnat ◽  
Series Of Experiments

This study was conducted to assess the direct and indirect effects of Growstones™ aggregates, which are made from recycled glass, on fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae), adult emergence, female egg-laying capacity, and egg survival. A series of experiments were performed under laboratory conditions to evaluate the effect of different sizes (2.0 to 10.0 mm) of Growstones™ aggregates, layer thicknesses (0.63 to 3.18 cm), and the use of the biological control agent, the rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria, along with different thicknesses (1.27 and 3.18 cm) of small Growstones™ aggregates on fungus gnat adult emergence. For each experiment, Growstones™ aggregates were applied to the surface of the growing medium in 473-mL polypropylene deli containers. This study demonstrated that the thickest (3.18 cm) layer of small (2.0 mm) Growstones™ aggregates significantly reduced or delayed the emergence of fungus gnat adults. In addition, the thickest layer of small Growstones™ aggregates may have indirectly affected egg survival. However, the use of Growstones™ along with rove beetle adults did not significantly reduce fungus gnat adult emergence.

scholarly journals Field demonstration of a semiochemical treatment that enhances Diorhabda carinulata biological control of Tamarix spp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Gaffke ◽  
Sharlene E. Sing ◽  
Tom L. Dudley ◽  
Daniel W. Bean ◽  
Justin A. Russak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Weed Biological Control ◽  
Single Well ◽  
Tamarix Spp

Abstract The northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) was approved for release in the United States for classical biological control of a complex of invasive saltcedar species and their hybrids (Tamarix spp.). An aggregation pheromone used by D. carinulata to locate conspecifics is fundamental to colonization and reproductive success. A specialized matrix formulated for controlled release of this aggregation pheromone was developed as a lure to manipulate adult densities in the field. One application of the lure at onset of adult emergence for each generation provided long term attraction and retention of D. carinulata adults on treated Tamarix spp. plants. Treated plants exhibited greater levels of defoliation, dieback and canopy reduction. Application of a single, well-timed aggregation pheromone treatment per generation increased the efficacy of this classical weed biological control agent.

PARASITISM OF MOSQUITO LARVAE BY THE NEMATODE, DD136 (NEMATODA: NEOAPLECTANIDAE)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1263-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Welch ◽  
Joan F. Bronskill
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Host Reaction ◽  
Nematode Larvae ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Host Death

In laboratory tests the nematode, DD136, was quickly encapsulated after it penetrated the gut wall and invaded the prothoracic body cavity of larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.). When few nematodes were present, most became encapsulated, but when many were present, few were encapsulated. Similar encapsulation of the nematode occurred in tests of local Aedes spp. An undetermined diplogasterid nematode was found to be naturally encapsulated by A. stimulans (Walker). Encapsulation usually does not postpone host death from the pathogenic bacteria transported by the nematode. Larvae that survive and contain capsules take longer to become adults, and often die at pupation or adult emergence. Host reaction inactivates the nematode but the nematode and its bacteria have potential use as a biological control agent.

scholarly journals Effects of cold storage on the biological characteristics of Microplitis prodeniae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Yan ◽  
J.J. Yue ◽  
C. Bai ◽  
Z.Q. Peng ◽  
C.H. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Oviposition Period ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Field Release ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
Female Longevity

AbstractThe endoparasitoid Microplitis prodeniae Rao and Chandry is an important potential augmentative biological control agent for lepidopteran pests of vegetables and tobacco. However, cold storage of pupae is required to ensure that sufficient parasitoids are available when they are needed in the field. In this study, pupae were maintained at 0, 4 or 10°C for 5–50 days after which the adults were evaluated for emergence, pre-emergence period, sex ratio, female longevity, oviposition period, and fecundity. Cold storage did not affect the pre-emergence period or proportion of females; however, there was a significant reduction in emergence, female longevity, oviposition period, and fecundity with increased exposure to cold. The pre-emergence period was approximately 5 days, and approximately 50% of the emergent parasitoids were females. A cold storage regime of 10 days at 10°C had no effect on the parasitoids and adult emergence was greater than 50% even after 20 days at 10°C. There was no carryover of the cold treatment from parental to F1 and F2 generations. Thus, M. prodeniae can be stockpiled for field release by exposing the pupae to a cold regime and subsequently holding them for adult emergence at 28°C.

BIOLOGY OF AGAPETA ZOEGANA (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE), PROPAGATED FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEEDS (ASTERACEAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Powell ◽  
Brian M. Wikeem ◽  
Allen Sturko
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Spotted Knapweed ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Centaurea Diffusa ◽  
Calendar Date ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

AbstractWe examined the influence of temperature and release density on the root-boring moth, Agapeta zoegana L., a biological control agent of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lam., and spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. Moths were released at six densities (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 adult male–female pairs) in each of 2 years (1992 and 1993 cohorts) into outdoor, caged plots containing spotted knapweed. Air temperature, larval establishment and mass, and adult emergence, mass, and body dimensions were measured. Larval production increased linearly with adult release density in both cohorts. Larval survival ranged from 0 to 100% and was not correlated with release density or accumulated degree-days in either year. Date of first emergence occurred earlier as both release density and larvae per plant increased, but only for the 1992 cohort. Declining resources or increased contact among the larvae may induce early pupation. Peak emergence rate increased with release density in both cohorts. First emergence was related more closely to calendar date than accumulated degree-days. In contrast, peak emergence rates were more consistent with degree-day accumulations between cohorts than calendar date. Adult production increased with parental release density in both cohorts. Females were heavier, wider, and longer than males. Optimal A. zoegana production will be achieved with releases of greater than 1.6 male–female adult pairs per spotted knapweed plant.

Life-cycle studies on Paulinia acuminata (DeGeer) (Orthoptera: Pauliniidae) with particular reference to the effects of constant temperature

1980 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Salvinia Molesta ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe effects were examined of constant temperature on the life-cycle of Paulinia acuminata (Deg.), a potential biological control agent for Salvinia molesta. Over the range of temperatures tested (25–36°C), the duration of the life-cycle varied from approximately 85 days to 38 days. Egg development was most rapid at 33–36°C, but percentage hatch was greatest at 33–34°C. The duration of the nymphal period continued to decrease up to 36°C. The optimum temperature for nymphal development appeared to be higher than for eggs since temperature did not significantly affect nymphal mortality, which was about 50%. There were sometimes five and sometimes six instars, six being rather more common at lower than at higher temperatures. Crowded nymphs developed more slowly than isolated ones. Population growth rate statistics were calculated by combining data from several series of experiments. In an attempt to predict the results of a release of Paulinia at Lake Kariba between Zambia and Zimbabwe, these statistics were related to the mean annual temperature on the lake. It was estimated that P. acuminata would undergo three generations a year, with the population increasing by a factor of 8000 per annum.

The biology and host specificity of Pareuchaetes aurata aurata (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), a ‘new association’ biological control agent for Chromolaena odorata (Compositae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Kluge ◽  
P.M. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Ant Predation ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Pareuchaetes Pseudoinsulata ◽  
New Association

AbstractPareuchaetes aurata aurata (Butler) from Chromolaena jujuensis in northern Argentina was tested as a biological control candidate for the composite weed C. odorata. The larvae feed voraciously and complete their development on C. odorata. The host-plant feeding range of P. a. aurata is limited to the genus Chromolaena. It is suggested that the egg-laying behaviour of P. a. aurata, which scatters its eggs around the base of the host-plant, will help to overcome the problem of ant predation which prevented the establishment of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros, which lays its eggs in batches, in South Africa. Any possible benefits of the new association between P. a. aurata and C. odorata may also contribute to the success of this biological control programme.

scholarly journals Influence of Plant Physical and Anatomical Characteristics on the Ovipositional Preference of Orius sauteri (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Liu Zhang ◽  
Zifang Qin ◽  
Pingping Liu ◽  
Yue Yin ◽  
Gary W. Felton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Ovipositional Preference ◽  
Lobularia Maritima

Natural enemies play an important role in managing insect pests. Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), a predator of many soft-body insects, is an important biological control agent in Asia. Understanding this predator’s egg-laying preferences and a habitat needs is important for its success in pest control. We investigated the plant acceptability and ovipositional preference of O. sauteri for coriander (Coriadrum sativum L., Apiales: Apiaceae), marigold (Tagetes erecta L., Asterales: Asteraceae), sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima L., Brassicales: Brassicaceae), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., Fabales: Fabaceae), and focused on the effects of plant physical and anatomical characteristics on the ovipositional preference of O. sauteri. The results showed that O. sauteri can lay eggs on uninfested plants in the vegetative stage and their eggs hatched normally. Orius sauteri females prefer plants with high stomatal density, a large stomatal area, and fewer trichomes as oviposition hosts, and the depth of egg placement was determined by leaf thickness. Our studies suggested that O. sauteri females can select oviposition hosts and specific oviposition sites by assessing the structural qualities of plant surface. Coriander and marigold are potentially suitable host plants for O.sauteri. The results aid the selection of cover crops to enhance natural enemies in the fields.

scholarly journals Advancements in Mass Rearing the Air Potato Beetle Lilioceris cheni

Insects ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Emily C. Kraus ◽  
Rosemary Murray ◽  
Cassandra Kelm ◽  
Ryan Poffenberger ◽  
Eric Rohrig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Potato Vine ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Consumer Services ◽  
Distribution Studies

The air potato beetle, Lilioceris cheni Gressitt and Kimoto (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), is a successful biological control agent of the air potato vine, Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreales: Dioscoreaceae), in the southern United States. Lilioceris cheni is currently being mass-reared by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry (FDACS-DPI) for biological control releases and research. The facility rears and releases over 50,000 adult beetles annually at approximately 1000 different locations. In addition to data on beetle production and distribution, studies on alternative larval and adult diets are described. Adults fed bulbils as the sole food source had reduced life spans compared with beetles given fresh air potato leaves. Adults survived without air potato leaves or bulbils for several days to two weeks depending on availability of leaves at emergence. Larvae did not survive on a modified artificial Colorado potato beetle diet containing fresh air potato vine leaves. Adults survived while consuming artificial diet but ceased oviposition. They, however, resumed egg laying less than one week after being returned to a diet of fresh air potato vine leaves.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL IMPACT OF METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE ON THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE) AND ITS PARASITOID DIADEGMA SEMICLAUSUM (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Rosma Hasibuan ◽  
Nilly Christalia ◽  
F.X. Susilo ◽  
Nur Yasin
Keyword(s):  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Diadegma Semiclausum ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
And Control

Potential Impact of Metarhizium anisopliae on the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Its Parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).  Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of the Metarhizium anisopliae against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella and its parasitoid, Diadegma  semiclausum. A completely randomized design consisted of 5 treatments (4 concentrations of conidial suspension: 5 x 104, 3.5 x 105, 2.5 x 106, 1.2 x 107 conidia/ml and control) was used.  The results indicated that the mortality of P. xylostella larvae were significantly induced by the fungal treatments.  A significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence of P. xylostella was also detected in all treatments when compared with that in the control. The fungus might also result in a male-biased sex ratio of the surviving P. xylostella. When applied at a concentration of 1.2 x 107 conidia/ml, M.  anisopliae might significantly reduce the survival of the parasitoid, D. semiclausum. Thus, despite its potential as a biological control agent against P. xylostella, the entomomogenous fungus M. anisopliae was also detrimental to the larvae parasitoid D. semiclausum.

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