PARASITISM OF MOSQUITO LARVAE BY THE NEMATODE, DD136 (NEMATODA: NEOAPLECTANIDAE)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1263-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Welch ◽  
Joan F. Bronskill
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Host Reaction ◽  
Nematode Larvae ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Host Death

In laboratory tests the nematode, DD136, was quickly encapsulated after it penetrated the gut wall and invaded the prothoracic body cavity of larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.). When few nematodes were present, most became encapsulated, but when many were present, few were encapsulated. Similar encapsulation of the nematode occurred in tests of local Aedes spp. An undetermined diplogasterid nematode was found to be naturally encapsulated by A. stimulans (Walker). Encapsulation usually does not postpone host death from the pathogenic bacteria transported by the nematode. Larvae that survive and contain capsules take longer to become adults, and often die at pupation or adult emergence. Host reaction inactivates the nematode but the nematode and its bacteria have potential use as a biological control agent.

Is Phasmarhabditis papillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) a possible biological control agent against the Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae)?

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Žiga Laznik ◽  
Ivana Majić ◽  
Stanislav Trdan ◽  
Antoinette P. Malan ◽  
Annika Pieterse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
First Record ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Arion Vulgaris ◽  
Potential Use

Summary In the period from August to October 2018, 140 specimens of the Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris, were collected from Podbrezje, Slovenia. Slugs were dissected and examined for the presence of parasitic nematodes within the cadavers. Identification of the nematodes was conducted using morphological and molecular techniques and confirmed the presence of Phasmarhabditis papillosa. This is the first record of P. papillosa from the mollusc host, A. vulgaris. Laboratory experiments aimed at testing the efficacy of P. papillosa against A. vulgaris were conducted using nematodes grown in vivo. Nematodes were applied at concentration rates of 50, 100 and 200 nematodes slug−1, respectively. Three weeks following treatment, the mortality of slugs was confirmed in all treatments (50 nematodes slug−1, 37.4 ± 2.7%; 100 nematodes slug−1, 48.4 ± 2.7%; 200 nematodes slug−1, 50.6 ± 2.7%). However, the pathogenesis of P. papillosa was observed first in the treatments with the lowest nematode dose at 4 days after treatments, while a decrease in the feeding behaviour of slugs was noted first in the treatments with the highest nematode dose. Future opportunities for the potential use of P. papillosa as a biological control agent against slugs are discussed. This is the first report of P. papillosa from Slovenia, and of its virulence against A. vulgaris.

scholarly journals Field demonstration of a semiochemical treatment that enhances Diorhabda carinulata biological control of Tamarix spp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Gaffke ◽  
Sharlene E. Sing ◽  
Tom L. Dudley ◽  
Daniel W. Bean ◽  
Justin A. Russak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Weed Biological Control ◽  
Single Well ◽  
Tamarix Spp

Abstract The northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) was approved for release in the United States for classical biological control of a complex of invasive saltcedar species and their hybrids (Tamarix spp.). An aggregation pheromone used by D. carinulata to locate conspecifics is fundamental to colonization and reproductive success. A specialized matrix formulated for controlled release of this aggregation pheromone was developed as a lure to manipulate adult densities in the field. One application of the lure at onset of adult emergence for each generation provided long term attraction and retention of D. carinulata adults on treated Tamarix spp. plants. Treated plants exhibited greater levels of defoliation, dieback and canopy reduction. Application of a single, well-timed aggregation pheromone treatment per generation increased the efficacy of this classical weed biological control agent.

scholarly journals Effects of cold storage on the biological characteristics of Microplitis prodeniae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Yan ◽  
J.J. Yue ◽  
C. Bai ◽  
Z.Q. Peng ◽  
C.H. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Oviposition Period ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Field Release ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
Female Longevity

AbstractThe endoparasitoid Microplitis prodeniae Rao and Chandry is an important potential augmentative biological control agent for lepidopteran pests of vegetables and tobacco. However, cold storage of pupae is required to ensure that sufficient parasitoids are available when they are needed in the field. In this study, pupae were maintained at 0, 4 or 10°C for 5–50 days after which the adults were evaluated for emergence, pre-emergence period, sex ratio, female longevity, oviposition period, and fecundity. Cold storage did not affect the pre-emergence period or proportion of females; however, there was a significant reduction in emergence, female longevity, oviposition period, and fecundity with increased exposure to cold. The pre-emergence period was approximately 5 days, and approximately 50% of the emergent parasitoids were females. A cold storage regime of 10 days at 10°C had no effect on the parasitoids and adult emergence was greater than 50% even after 20 days at 10°C. There was no carryover of the cold treatment from parental to F1 and F2 generations. Thus, M. prodeniae can be stockpiled for field release by exposing the pupae to a cold regime and subsequently holding them for adult emergence at 28°C.

BIOLOGY OF AGAPETA ZOEGANA (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE), PROPAGATED FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEEDS (ASTERACEAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Powell ◽  
Brian M. Wikeem ◽  
Allen Sturko
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Spotted Knapweed ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Centaurea Diffusa ◽  
Calendar Date ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

AbstractWe examined the influence of temperature and release density on the root-boring moth, Agapeta zoegana L., a biological control agent of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lam., and spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. Moths were released at six densities (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 adult male–female pairs) in each of 2 years (1992 and 1993 cohorts) into outdoor, caged plots containing spotted knapweed. Air temperature, larval establishment and mass, and adult emergence, mass, and body dimensions were measured. Larval production increased linearly with adult release density in both cohorts. Larval survival ranged from 0 to 100% and was not correlated with release density or accumulated degree-days in either year. Date of first emergence occurred earlier as both release density and larvae per plant increased, but only for the 1992 cohort. Declining resources or increased contact among the larvae may induce early pupation. Peak emergence rate increased with release density in both cohorts. First emergence was related more closely to calendar date than accumulated degree-days. In contrast, peak emergence rates were more consistent with degree-day accumulations between cohorts than calendar date. Adult production increased with parental release density in both cohorts. Females were heavier, wider, and longer than males. Optimal A. zoegana production will be achieved with releases of greater than 1.6 male–female adult pairs per spotted knapweed plant.

Potential use of Trichoderma asperellum (Samuels, Liechfeldt et Nirenberg) T8a as a biological control agent against anthracnose in mango (Mangifera indica L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos ◽  
Doralinda A. Guzmán-Ortiz ◽  
Miguel A. Gómez-Lim ◽  
John P. Délano-Frier ◽  
Stefan de-Folter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Potential Use

Broader prevalence of Wolbachia in insects including potential human disease vectors

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.D. de Oliveira ◽  
D.S. Gonçalves ◽  
L.A. Baton ◽  
P.H.F. Shimabukuro ◽  
F.D. Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Disease ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Disease Vectors ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Potential Use

AbstractWolbachia are intracellular, maternally transmitted bacteria considered the most abundant endosymbionts found in arthropods. They reproductively manipulate their host in order to increase their chances of being transmitted to the offspring, and currently are being used as a tool to control vector-borne diseases. Studies on distribution of Wolbachia among its arthropod hosts are important both for better understanding why this bacterium is so common, as well as for its potential use as a biological control agent. Here, we studied the incidence of Wolbachia in a broad range of insect species, collected from different regions of Brazil, using three genetic markers (16S rRNA, wsp and ftsZ), which varied in terms of their sensitivity to detect this bacterium. The overall incidence of Wolbachia among species belonging to 58 families and 14 orders was 61.9%. The most common positive insect orders were Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, with Diptera and Hemiptera having the highest numbers of Wolbachia-positive families. They included potential human disease vectors whose infection status has never been reported before. Our study further shows the importance of using quantitative polymerase chain reaction for high-throughput and sensitive Wolbachia screening.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL IMPACT OF METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE ON THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE) AND ITS PARASITOID DIADEGMA SEMICLAUSUM (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Rosma Hasibuan ◽  
Nilly Christalia ◽  
F.X. Susilo ◽  
Nur Yasin
Keyword(s):  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Diadegma Semiclausum ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
And Control

Potential Impact of Metarhizium anisopliae on the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Its Parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).  Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of the Metarhizium anisopliae against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella and its parasitoid, Diadegma  semiclausum. A completely randomized design consisted of 5 treatments (4 concentrations of conidial suspension: 5 x 104, 3.5 x 105, 2.5 x 106, 1.2 x 107 conidia/ml and control) was used.  The results indicated that the mortality of P. xylostella larvae were significantly induced by the fungal treatments.  A significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence of P. xylostella was also detected in all treatments when compared with that in the control. The fungus might also result in a male-biased sex ratio of the surviving P. xylostella. When applied at a concentration of 1.2 x 107 conidia/ml, M.  anisopliae might significantly reduce the survival of the parasitoid, D. semiclausum. Thus, despite its potential as a biological control agent against P. xylostella, the entomomogenous fungus M. anisopliae was also detrimental to the larvae parasitoid D. semiclausum.

scholarly journals Effect of a Physical Barrier on Adult Emergence and Egg Survival Associated with the Fungus Gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae), under Laboratory Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 905-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Raudenbush ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd ◽  
Erik R. Echegaray
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Recycled Glass ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Rove Beetle ◽  
Fungus Gnat ◽  
Series Of Experiments

This study was conducted to assess the direct and indirect effects of Growstones™ aggregates, which are made from recycled glass, on fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae), adult emergence, female egg-laying capacity, and egg survival. A series of experiments were performed under laboratory conditions to evaluate the effect of different sizes (2.0 to 10.0 mm) of Growstones™ aggregates, layer thicknesses (0.63 to 3.18 cm), and the use of the biological control agent, the rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria, along with different thicknesses (1.27 and 3.18 cm) of small Growstones™ aggregates on fungus gnat adult emergence. For each experiment, Growstones™ aggregates were applied to the surface of the growing medium in 473-mL polypropylene deli containers. This study demonstrated that the thickest (3.18 cm) layer of small (2.0 mm) Growstones™ aggregates significantly reduced or delayed the emergence of fungus gnat adults. In addition, the thickest layer of small Growstones™ aggregates may have indirectly affected egg survival. However, the use of Growstones™ along with rove beetle adults did not significantly reduce fungus gnat adult emergence.

Evaluation of a Select Strain of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis as a Biological Control Agent for Pathogens on Fresh-Cut Vegetables Stored at 7° C

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. HARP ◽  
S. E. GILLILAND
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Antagonistic Action ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Fresh Cut ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp

Raw vegetables inoculated with selected pathogenic bacteria were treated with a strain of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, which was selected for its ability to produce hydrogen peroxide at refrigerated temperatures. The vegetables inoculated included broccoli, cabbage, carrots, and lettuce. Each vegetable was rinsed, chopped, and stored under conditions similar to those used for ready-to-eat vegetables sold at retail. Portions of each vegetable were separately inoculated with one of two pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Listeria monocytogenes. Prior to packaging, one portion of each inoculated vegetable was treated with a cell suspension of the selected strain of L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis. The vegetables were stored at 7°C for 6 days. The populations of pathogens and lactobacilli on each sample were enumerated on storage days 0, 3, and 6. Although populations of L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis remained at high levels during storage, there was no noticeable antagonistic action against the pathogens under conditions similar to those used for these products at the retail level. Each pathogen survived on all vegetables throughout storage. Further testing revealed that there was apparently sufficient catalase activity in the cut vegetables to destroy enough of the hydrogen peroxide to prevent antagonistic action against the pathogens.

scholarly journals A Bombardier Beetle Pheropsophus aequinoctialis (L.) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae)

EDIS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Gregory Parrow ◽  
Adam Dale
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Ground Beetle ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Mole Cricket ◽  
Invasive Mole ◽  
Defensive Chemical ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Potential Use

Pheropsophus aequinoctialis (L.) is a ground beetle in the tribe, Brachinini, native to parts of South and Central America. Ground beetles of this tribe are commonly referred to as bombardier beetles due to their ability to produce a powerful and hot defensive chemical spray directed at would-be predators. This spray is capable of harming humans, resulting in discomfort, physical burns (due to the spray temperature), and possibly contact dermatitis. The adults of this species are nocturnal and believed to be generalist predators and scavengers. However, larval stages appear to depend on an exclusive diet of mole cricket eggs. As such, Pheropsophus aequinoctialis may have potential use as a biological control agent against certain invasive mole cricket pests in North America. This article describes this insects biology, development, and behavior. Also published on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/BeneFICIAL/beetles/Pheropsophus_aequinoctialis.html

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document