Application of science and technology for farmer groups facing the cabbage caterpillar explosion in The Village of Sembalun Lawang, East Lombok Regency.

The implementation of science and technology for community (IbM) farmer groups who are facing the problem of the cabbage caterpillar population explosion was carried out in Sembalun Lawang Village, East Lombok Regency. The IbM activity was designed based on the agreement between the IbM team and the Village Head of Sembalun Lawang together with the Sangka Bira Farmers Group and the Sebun Kedit Farmers Group in Sembalun Lawang Village. IbM activities are carried out with the stages of socialization, practice, and tutorials with various media used including blackboards, LCDs, manuals (leflet), seeds, saplings, specimens, and leaf dry powder of jayanti plants (S. sesban). Partners also provide media for this IbM activity, which includes cabbage plantations and water facilities. The results achieved at this stage are that farmers in Sembalun Lawang Village recognize jayanti plants as a source of natural insecticides, are skilled at drying leaves properly and making leaf solutions from Jayanti plants and trying to apply them as natural insecticides to control cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plants. The results of trials by farmers showed that direct administration of 50 ppm Jayanti leaf solution could kill 52 to 56% of cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plants. If the Jayanti leaf solution was stored for the previous 24 hours, then 50 ppm of the solution could only kill 15 to 16% of cabbage caterpillars. After participating in this IbM activity, the farmers were also able to identify the type of parasitoid insect, Diadegma semiclausum, which can control the cabbage caterpillar population. The outputs of this IbM activity include 1) Farmer's Guide Book (leflet) Making and Application of Insecticides from Jayanti Plants for Integrated Control of Cabbage Caterpillars, 2) IbM results publication at national seminars (poster presenter certificate), and 3) Publication of IbM results in national scientific journal (submitted). The next stage to be carried out is to monitor and continue the mentoring (tutorial) by the team to IbM participants in the implementation of Jayanti plant cultivation and the manufacture and use of Jayanti insecticide in controlling cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plantations in Sembalun Lawang Village, East Lombok Regency.The implementation of science and technology for community (IbM) farmer groups who are facing the problem of the cabbage caterpillar population explosion was carried out in Sembalun Lawang Village, East Lombok Regency. The IbM activity was designed based on the agreement between the IbM team and the Village Head of Sembalun Lawang together with the Sangka Bira Farmers Group and the Sebun Kedit Farmers Group in Sembalun Lawang Village. IbM activities are carried out with the stages of socialization, practice, and tutorials with various media used including blackboards, LCDs, manuals (leflet), seeds, saplings, specimens, and leaf dry powder of jayanti plants (S. sesban). Partners also provide media for this IbM activity, which includes cabbage plantations and water facilities. The results achieved at this stage are that farmers in Sembalun Lawang Village recognize jayanti plants as a source of natural insecticides, are skilled at drying leaves properly and making leaf solutions from Jayanti plants and trying to apply them as natural insecticides to control cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plants. The results of trials by farmers showed that direct administration of 50 ppm Jayanti leaf solution could kill 52 to 56% of cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plants. If the Jayanti leaf solution was stored for the previous 24 hours, then 50 ppm of the solution could only kill 15 to 16% of cabbage caterpillars. After participating in this IbM activity, the farmers were also able to identify the type of parasitoid insect, Diadegma semiclausum, which can control the cabbage caterpillar population. The outputs of this IbM activity include 1) Farmer's Guide Book (leflet) Making and Application of Insecticides from Jayanti Plants for Integrated Control of Cabbage Caterpillars, 2) IbM results publication at national seminars (poster presenter certificate), and 3) Publication of IbM results in national scientific journal (submitted). The next stage to be carried out is to monitor and continue the mentoring (tutorial) by the team to IbM participants in the implementation of Jayanti plant cultivation and the manufacture and use of Jayanti insecticide in controlling cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plantations in Sembalun Lawang Village, East Lombok Regency.

Screening insectary refugia plants that increase the performance of Diadegma semiclausum Hellen (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) against diamondback moth larvae

Asmoro PP, Dadang, Pudjianto, Winasa IW. 2021. Screening insectary refugia plants that increase the performance of Diadegma semiclausum Hellen (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) against diamondback moth larvae. Biodiversitas 22: 4254-4260. Habitat manipulation through the planting of insectary refugia plants is one way of controlling pests. These refugia plants serve as the source of nutrients that improve the fitness of parasitoid against insect pests. In the cabbage agroecosystem, the presence of refugia plants is expected to benefit the parasitoid D. semiclausum. This study aimed to select insectary refugia plants beneficial for the D. semiclausum in term of attracting and increasing their longevity, and parasitization ability against P. xylostella larvae. Ten species of refugia plants were used in this study, i.e., Ageratum conyzoides, Galinsoga parviflora, Sphagneticola trilobata, Synedrella nodiflora, Portulaca oleracea, Rorippa indica, Brassica rapa, Apium graveolens, Ocimum basilicum, and Arachis pintoi. The methods used in this study included testing the response of the imago olfactory to refugia plants and its effect on the longevity and parasitization level. The results showed that of the ten species of investigated, R. indica and A. graveolens were the most attractive for the presence of parasitoids. The two refugia plants could also increase the longevity and parasitization rate compared to the water treatment. R. indica and A. graveolens are recommended as refuge plants in the cabbage agroecosystems to control P. xylostella.

Identification and characterization of olfactory genes in the parasitoid wasp Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Diadegma semiclausum is an important parasitoid wasp and widely used in the biological control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, one of the most destructive pests of cruciferous plants. Insect olfactory system is critical in guiding behaviors including feeding, mating, and oviposition, in which odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and odorant receptors (ORs) are two key components. However, limited attention has been paid to D. semiclausum olfactory genes. In this study, a transcriptome sequencing was performed on the RNA samples extracted from D. semiclausum male and female adult antennae. A total of 17 putative OBP and 67 OR genes were annotated and further compared to OBPs and ORs from P. xylostella, and other hemipteran parasitoid species. The expression patterns of D. semiclausum OBPs between male and female antennae were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR. Six OBPs (DsemOBP 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 14) demonstrated significantly higher expression levels in females than in males, which may assist in female D. semiclausum host-seeking and oviposition behaviors. This study advances our understanding of the olfactory system of D. semiclausum at the molecular level and paves the way for future functional studies aiming at increasing the efficacy to control P. xylostella by using D. semiclausum.

KAIROMON SEBAGAI PEMANDU KEDATANGAN PARASITOID DIADEGMA SEMICLAUSUM HELLEN PADA LARVA INANG

Kairomon merupakan suatu zat kimia yang dikeluarkan oleh suatu spesies untuk menarik spesies yang berbeda seperti larva hama terhadap parasitoid. Sumber potensial kairomon bisa diperoleh dari kotoran, kelenjar ludah, sutera, kontaminasi tubuh, sekresi makan, dan sekresi pertahanan dari inang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keberadaan kairomon pada kotoran larva inang (larva P. xylostella) dan pengenceran terbaik dalam mengundang kedatangan parasitoid D. semiclausum. Pengujian kairomon menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 7 ulangan. Perlakuan yaitu pengenceran kotoran inang pada 10-1, 10-2, (tanpa pengenceran = 100) dan kontrol. Hasil pengujian membuktikan bahwa kotoran larva Plutella xylostella dapat memandu kedatangan parasitoid D. semiclausum dengan indikator jumlah telur yang diletakkan pada pengenceran kotoran larva 10-1 dan 10-2 dan tingkat parasitisasi pada pengenceran kotoran larva 10-1 dan 10-0. Kotoran larva P. xylostella berperan sebagai kairomon bagi parasitoid D. semiclausum.

Genome-Wide Profiling of Diadegma semiclausum Ichnovirus Integration in Parasitized Plutella xylostella Hemocytes Identifies Host Integration Motifs and Insertion Sites

Polydnaviruses (PDVs), classified into two genera, bracoviruses (BVs) and ichnoviruses (IVs), are large, double-stranded DNA viruses, which are beneficial symbionts of parasitoid wasps. PDVs do not replicate in their infected lepidopteran hosts. BV circles have been demonstrated to be integrated into host genomic DNA after natural parasitization. However, the integrations of IV circles in vivo remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the integration of Diadegma semiclausum ichnovirus (DsIV) in the genomic DNA of parasitized Plutella xylostella hemocytes. We found that DsIV circles are present in host hemocytes with non-integrated and integrated forms. Moreover, DsIV integrates its DNA circles into the host genome by two distinct strategies, conservatively, and randomly. We also found that four conserved-broken circles share similar motifs containing two reverse complementary repeats at their breaking sites, which were host integration motifs (HIMs). We also predicted HIMs of eight circles from other ichnoviruses, indicating that a HIM-mediated specific mechanism was conserved in IV integrations. Investigation of DsIV circle insertion sites of the host genome revealed the enrichment of microhomologies between the host genome and the DsIV circles at integration breakpoints. These findings will deepen our understanding of the infections of PDVs, especially IVs.

EKSPLORASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI PARASITOID HAMA Plutella xylostella PADA TANAMAN KUBIS Brassica oleracea

This study aims at exploring and identifying parasitoid Plutella xylostella pest on cabbage plants Brassica oleracea in Nduaria Village and finding out the most dominant parasitoid associated with Plutella xylostella pest. Observation variables used included identification of parasitoid species being parasitic in each stage of Plutella xylostella pest life found in the field, parasitoid species abundance and domination of parasitoid. The result of exploration in three sub-villages of NduariaVillage indicated that there were three species of the parasitoid, namely eggof parasitoid Trichogrammatoidae cojuangcoi, the larva of parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum and Cotesia Plutellae. The dominant parasitoid is Diadegma semiclausumwith the value of 0,11. The most abundance in parasitoid larva Diadegma semiclausum is 5,7%. Damage intensity caused by Plutella xylostella was categorized as medium damage intensity of>25-?50%, and this kept rising along with the age of larva and population as well as supporting environment condition due to Plutella xylostella resistance to the pesticide.

Mode of Action Anti Serangga dari Tananam Jayanti (Sesbania sesban L. Merr.)(MAGNOLIOPSIDA: FABACEAE)

Abstrak: Dari hasil penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya telah diketahui, bahwa tanaman Jayanti (Sesbania. Sesban) memiliki aktivitas anti serangga terhadap Plutella xylostella, salah satu jenis serangga hama penting tanaman kubis. Juga telah diketahui, bahwa bahan aktif anti serangga dari S. sesban dengan konsentrasi tertentu dapat mematikan imago Diadegma semiclausum, yang merupakan musuh alami dari P. xylostella. Namun demikian, mode-mode aksi aplikasi bahan insektisida dari S. sesban yang selektif untuk pengendalian serangga hama, yaitu dapat menekan populasi P. xylostella namun aman terhadap populasi D. semiclausum belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mode-mode aksi aplikasi berbagai fraaksi ekstrak daun S. sesban yang selektif untuk pengendalian P. xylostella. Serbuk kering daun S. sesban diekstraksi secara bertingkat menggunakan seri pelarut, yaitu berturut-turut petroleum eter, diklorometana, etanol dan air. Masing-masing fraksi ekstrak daun S. sesban dilakukan bioassay terhadap P. Xylostella secara parallel, yaitu uji mortalitas larva, uji daya tolak ovipositor, uji penghambatan penetasan telur dan uji anti feedant. Data hasil setiap uji hayati diolah dengan analisis probit untuk menentukan LC50 (mortalitas larva) dan EC50 (daya tolak ovipositor, penghambatan tetas telur dan daya anti feedant). Hasil menunjukkan, bahwa fraksi ekstrak-etanol daun S. sesban memiliki daya anti serangga terhadap P. xylostella lebih tinggi daripada fraksi-fraksi ekstrak lainnya. Hasil juga menunjukkan, bahwa aplikasi fraksi ekstrak-etanol daun S. sesban melalui mode-mode aksi anti ovipositor dan anti feedant adalah selektif untuk pengendalian P. xylostella. Harga EC50 daya tolak ovipositor (20.52 ppm) dan EC50 anti feedant (26.77 ppm) terhadap P. xylostella masing-masing lebih kecil daripada harga LC50 (37.38 ppm) terhadap D. semiclausum. Disarankan, bahwa penggunaan ekstrak daun S. sesban untuk pengendalian P. xylostella hendaknya diarahkan untuk aplikasi menolak oviposisi dan menghambat aktivitas makan dan tidak disarakan untuk aplikasi mematikan larva dan menghambat penetasan telur P. xylostella. Juga disarankan, bahwa selektivitas ekologis dan efektivitas pengendalian P. xylostella dengan insektisida dari S. sesban perlu dievaluasi dengan mempelajari lebih lanjut stabilitas anti serangga dari S. sesban selama penyimpanan serbuk kering daun sebelum diekstraksi, penyimpanan ekstrak sebelum diaplikasikan, dan stabilitasnya selama aplikasi.Kata kunci: Diadgma semiclausum, mode aksi anti serangga, Plutella xylostella, Sesbania sesban.Abstract: From the results of previous studies have been known that Jayanti (Sesbania sesban) plants have anti-insect activity against Plutella xylostella, one of the important species of insect pests of cabbage. It is also well known, that the anti-insect active ingredient from S. sesban with a certain concentration can kill Diadegma semiclausum imago, which is a natural enemy of P. xylostella. However, selective modes of action for the application of insecticides from S. sesban for pest control, which suppress P. xylostella populations but are safe against D. semiclausum are not yet known. The S. sesban leaf dry powder was extracted stratified using a series of solvents, namely petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethanol and water, respectively. Each fraction of S. sesban leaf extract was bioassayed on P. xylostella in parallel, namely larval mortality, ovipositor resistance, egg hatching inhibition and anti-feedant tests. Data on the results of each bioassay was analyzed by probit analysis to determine LC50 (larval mortality) and EC50 (ovipositor resistance, egg hatching inhibition and anti-feedant power. The results show that the extract fraction-ethanol of S. sesban leaves has higher insect repellent ability against P. xylostella than other extract fractions. The results also showed that the application of S. sesban leaf extract fraction-ethanol through each mode of action of anti-ovipositor and anti-feedant was selective for the control of P. xylostella. Each of the reject ovipositor EC50 (20.52 ppm) and anti-feedant EC50 (26.77 ppm) values against P. xylostella was smaller than the LC50 price (37.38 ppm) against D. semiclausum imago. It is recommended that the use of S. sesban leaf extract for controlling P. xylostella should be directed with application to reject oviposition and inhibit eating activities. This is because the concentration of the extract application is safe against D. semiclausum. Application of S. sesban leaf extract is not recommended to kill larvae and inhibit hatching eggs of P. xylostella because it requires a greater concentration of extract application and can suppress the population of D. semiclausum. Ecological anti-insect selectivity and effectiveness of using insecticide from S. sesban for the control of P. xylostella need to be evaluated by further studying the stability of the anti-insect active ingredient from S. sesban during storage of dried leaf powder before extracting, storage of extracts before being applied, and their stability during application.Keywords: Diadegma semiclausum, insecticidal mode of action, Plutella xylostella, Sesbania sesban.