Daily Light Integral Influences Steviol Glycoside Biosynthesis and Relative Abundance of Specific Glycosides in Stevia

The biosynthesis of steviol glycosides is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. To evaluate the influence of total daily solar radiation or daily light integral (DLI) under long-day conditions on steviol glycoside concentration, we grew Stevia rebaudiana under ambient irradiance or varying levels of shading at different times of the year in both greenhouse and field environments, resulting in DLIs ranging from 3.55 to 20.31 mol·m−2·d−1 in the greenhouse and 10.32 to 39.7 mol·m−2·d−1 in the field. Total steviol glycoside concentration of selected leaves from greenhouse-grown plants increased as DLI increased up to ca. 10 mol·m−2·d−1, remaining constant with further increases in DLI, and was similar across the range of DLIs evaluated in the field. DLI influenced both the concentration and the relative proportions of specific steviol glycosides. Rebaudioside A concentration increased as DLI increased from 3.55 to 8.53 mol·m−2·d−1, remaining similar with further increases in DLI. Rebaudioside D and stevioside concentration of selected leaves from field-grown plants decreased by 22% and 13%, respectively, as DLI increased from 10.32 to 39.7 mol·m−2·d−1, while rebaudioside A and M concentrations remained similar across this DLI range. Collectively, these results indicate that the greatest influence of DLI on steviol glycoside concentration occurs under relatively low DLIs (<10 mol·m−2·d−1). However, higher DLIs can significantly affect the synthesis of minor glycosides of increasing commercial importance including rebaudioside D.

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Effect of different drying methods on the composition of steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves

International Agrophysics ◽

10.1515/intag-2016-0036 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 139-144

Author(s):

Irma Aranda-González ◽

David Betancur-Ancona ◽

Luis Chel-Guerrero ◽

Yolanda Moguel-Ordóñez

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Steviol Glycosides ◽

Rebaudioside A ◽

Drying Method ◽

Sun Drying ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni ◽

Rebaudioside D

Abstract Drying techniques can modify the composition of certain plant compounds. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of different drying methods on steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. Four different drying methods were applied to Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves, which were then subjected to aqueous extraction. Radiation or convection drying was performed in stoves at 60°C, whereas shade or sun drying methods were applied at 29.7°C and 70% of relative humidity. Stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, dulcoside A, and steviolbioside were quantified by a validated HPLC method. Among steviol glycosides, the content (g 100 g−1 dry basis) of stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, and rebaudioside C varied according to the drying method. The total glycoside content was higher in sun-dried samples, with no significant differences compared to shade or convection drying, whereas radiation drying adversely affected the content of rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C (p <0.01) and was therefore a method lowering total glycoside content. The effect of the different drying methods was also reflected in the proportion of the sweetener profile. Convection drying could be suitable for modern food processing industries while shadow or sun drying may be a low-cost alternative for farmers.

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SEPARATION OF STEVIOL GLYCOSIDES FROM Stevia rebaudiana USING DIFFERENT AQUEOUS EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES

Borneo International Journal of Biotechnology (BIJB) ◽

10.51200/bijb.vi.1240 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Chong Saw Peng ◽

Mustapha bin Akil ◽

Norellia binti Bahari

Keyword(s):

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

Hot Water ◽

Steviol Glycosides ◽

Rebaudioside A ◽

Chemical Markers ◽

Extraction Techniques ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Steviol Glycoside ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Highperformance Liquid Chromatography

Stevia rebaudiana has recently gained the attention of the food industry as one of the natural sweeteners. The sweet flavour is contributed by the glycoside compounds, especially the rebaudioside A and stevioside, which are the stevia main chemical markers. The aim of the work reported here was to compare the different extraction techniques of stevia leaves using different technologies such as the high pressure and ultrasonic on the extraction of steviol glycosides. In this paper, the extraction techniques yielding the highest glycosides from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana were determined using hot water extraction (HWE), pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The steviol glycoside yields were quantified by two chemical markers, rebaudioside A and stevioside of Stevia rebaudiana using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The result showed that the HWE managed to obtain 1,110 mg of steviol glycosides. The PLE obtained 294 mg steviol glycosides and the UAE obtained 427.5 mg steviol glycosides. As a conclusion, the results suggested the most efficient technique for stevia extraction in this study was the HWE.

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Soil Water Tension Irrigation Criteria Affects Stevia rebaudiana Leaf Yield and Leaf Steviol Glycoside Composition

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci11352-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 154-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cheryl A. Parris ◽

Clinton C. Shock ◽

Michael Qian

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

Cultivar Differences ◽

Efficient Production ◽

Steviol Glycosides ◽

Rebaudioside A ◽

Steviol Glycoside ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Leaf Yield ◽

Water Tension

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is of interest for the production of steviol glycosides due to their noncaloric sweetening properties. Commercial stevia leaf production to date has focused on rebaudioside A and stevioside. Relatively little is known about the cultural practices necessary for the efficient production of stevia leaf and steviol glycosides. Irrigation management is an important agronomic technique that growers can use to obtain high yield while also pursuing water use efficiency (WUE). This trial investigated the effect that irrigation onset criteria measured as soil water tension (SWT) had on dry stevia leaf yields, steviol glycoside content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios. Two stevia cultivars, SW 107 and SW 129 (S&W Seed Company Inc., Fresno, CA), were subjected to SWT irrigation criteria of 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kPa over a 57-day trial period at the Oregon State University (OSU) Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, OR. Harvested plant material was evaluated for dry leaf yield and content of several steviol glycosides. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant cultivar differences in leaf yield, leaf stevioside and rebaudioside A content and yield, and steviol glycoside ratios (P = 0.05). Examining the data by ANOVA, dry leaf yield, stevioside percent, rebaudioside C percent, total steviol glycoside (TSG) percent, rebaudioside C yield, and TSG yield were significantly greater among the wetter (closer to 10 kPa) compared with the drier (closer to 80 kPa) SWT criteria treatments, yet a preferred treatment regime was not clearly evident. When comparing cultivars by regression analysis, there was a highly significant decrease in the stevioside content, and an increase in the ratio of rebaudioside A to stevioside from wetter to drier irrigation onset criteria (due to lower stevioside), whereas the rebaudioside A content did not respond significantly to differing irrigation criteria. Increasing dry leaf productivity with wetter irrigation criteria (closer to 10 kPa), directly increased the total rebaudioside A yield also, which in turn could provide increased crop value to the grower. Irrigating near 10 kPa produced higher dry leaf yield and total rebaudioside A yield, than irrigating at drier criteria.

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Genetic control of rebaudioside A and C concentration in leaves of the sweet herb, Stevia rebaudiana

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p98-048 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 85-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jim Brandle

Keyword(s):

Genetic Control ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

Steviol Glycosides ◽

Rebaudioside A ◽

Steviol Glycoside ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni ◽

Multiple Loci ◽

Additive Gene

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni produces steviol glycoside sweeteners in its leaves that are up to 240 times sweeter than sugar. Understanding the genetic basis of glycoside proportions will aid in their manipulation through plant breeding. The experiments conducted in this study were focused on the genetic control of the proportions of two of those glycosides, rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C. The study was conducted using F2 population from crosses between two sets of parents with divergent glycoside profiles. Segregation in the first set of F2s showed that the presence/absence of rebaudioside A is controlled by a single dominant gene, but that the actual proportions of rebaudioside A may be controlled by multiple loci or alleles. In a second cross, proportions of rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C were found to co-segregate and were shown to be controlled by a single additive gene. This result suggests that both rebaudioside A and C are synthesized by the same enzyme. The results were used to propose a model for glycosylation of steviol glycosides. Key words: Diterpene glycoside, genetic analysis, glycosylation, biosynthetic model

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Dry Leaf and Steviol Glycoside Productivity of Stevia rebaudiana in the Western United States

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci11149-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (10) ◽

pp. 1220-1227 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Cheryl A. Parris ◽

Clinton C. Shock ◽

Michael Qian

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

The United States ◽

Steviol Glycosides ◽

Herbaceous Plant ◽

Rebaudioside A ◽

Steviol Glycoside ◽

Leaf Yield ◽

Harvest Strategy

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Paraguay, where it was used by the native Guarani peoples for centuries. Although steviol glycosides from stevia are powerful natural noncaloric sweeteners, stevia has been cultivated and commercially available only for the past 50 years. Cultural practices are still in development, and productivity potential in the United States is largely unknown. Currently commercial growers and processors worldwide are seeking to maximize the productivity of rebaudioside A, a steviol glycoside. The trials reported here examined the effects of location, harvest strategy, and cultivar on stevia dry leaf yield, steviol glycoside content, and steviol glycoside yield. Six or seven stevia cultivars were grown for ≈5 months at four western U.S. locations, with an irrigation criterion of 20 kPa. Stevia at every location was subjected to two harvest strategies: either one harvest at the end of the season or two harvests, one midseason and another at the end of the season. The main plots at each location were the stevia cultivars, and the split plots were the harvest strategies in a randomized complete block, split-plot design with four replicates. Dry leaf yield, leaf steviol glycoside content, and leaf steviol glycoside yield varied by cultivar, location, and cultivar by location, but not by harvest strategy or interactions of harvest strategy with location or cultivar. Dry leaf yield averaged 4.12 Mg·ha−1 with significant differences by cultivar and location. One of the steviol glycosides, rebaudioside A yield averaged 300 kg·ha−1 with significant differences by cultivar and by interactions of location with cultivar. Leaf productivity was greater at Ontario, OR, than at Hanford, CA, Indio, CA, or Yuma, AZ. Dry leaf yield greater than 7 Mg·ha−1 and rebaudioside A yields greater than 500 kg·ha−1 were observed at Ontario. Stevia perenniated at Hanford and Indio, providing the option of multiyear harvests from a single planting.

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Salt Stress Mitigation via the Foliar Application of Chitosan-Functionalized Selenium and Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26134090 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (13) ◽

pp. 4090

Author(s):

Morteza Sheikhalipour ◽

Behrooz Esmaielpour ◽

Gholamreza Gohari ◽

Maryam Haghighi ◽

Hessam Jafari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

High Salt ◽

Steviol Glycosides ◽

Rebaudioside A ◽

Tio2 Nps ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni

High salt levels are one of the significant and major limiting factors on crop yield and productivity. Out of the available attempts made against high salt levels, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely employed and considered as effective strategies in this regard. Of these NPs, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and selenium functionalized using chitosan nanoparticles (Cs–Se NPs) were applied for a quite number of plants, but their potential roles for alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on stevia remains unclear. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is one of the reputed medicinal plants due to their diterpenoid steviol glycosides (stevioside and rebaudioside A). For this reason, the current study was designed to investigate the potential of TiO2 NPs (0, 100 and 200 mg L−1) and Cs–Se NPs (0, 10 and 20 mg L−1) to alleviate salt stress (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) in stevia. The findings of the study revealed that salinity decreased the growth and photosynthetic traits but resulted in substantial cell damage through increasing H2O2 and MDA content, as well as electrolyte leakage (EL). However, the application of TiO2 NPs (100 mg L−1) and Cs–Se NPs (20 mg L−1) increased the growth, photosynthetic performance and activity of antioxidant enzymes, and decreased the contents of H2O2, MDA and EL under the saline conditions. In addition to the enhanced growth and physiological performance of the plant, the essential oil content was also increased with the treatments of TiO2 (100 mg L−1) and Cs–Se NPs (20 mg L−1). In addition, the tested NPs treatments increased the concentration of stevioside (in the non-saline condition and under salinity stress) and rebaudioside A (under the salinity conditions) in stevia plants. Overall, the current findings suggest that especially 100 mg L−1 TiO2 NPs and 20 mg L−1 Cs–Se could be considered as promising agents in combating high levels of salinity in the case of stevia.

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Temperature and Photoperiod Influence Flowering and Morphology of Four Petunia spp.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.3.365 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 365-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ryan M. Warner

Keyword(s):

Base Temperature ◽

Optimal Temperature ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Node Number ◽

Daily Light Integral ◽

Long Day ◽

Light Integral ◽

Short Days ◽

Petunia Axillaris

Flowering and morphology of four Petunia Juss. spp. [P. axillaris (Lam.) Britton et al., P. exserta Stehmann, P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thell., and P. ×hybrida Vilm.] were evaluated in response to photoperiod and temperature. Photoperiod responses were evaluated under 9-h short days (SD), 9-h photoperiod plus 4-h night-interruption lighting (NI), or a 16-h photoperiod supplemented with high-pressure sodium lamps (16-h HPS). All species flowered earlier under NI than SD and were classified as facultative (quantitative) long-day plants. Increasing the daily light integral within long-day treatments increased flower bud number for P. axillaris only. In a second experiment, crop timing and quality were evaluated in the temperature range of 14 to 26 °C under 16-h HPS. The rate of progress toward flowering for each species increased as temperature increased from 14 to 26 °C, suggesting the optimal temperature for development is at least 26 °C. The calculated base temperature for progress to flowering varied from 0.1 °C for P. exserta to 5.3 °C for P. integrifolia. Flowering of P. axillaris and P. integrifolia was delayed developmentally (i.e., increased node number below the first flower) at 14 °C and 17 °C or less, respectively, compared with higher temperatures. Petunia axillaris and P. integrifolia flower bud numbers decreased as temperature increased, whereas P. ×hybrida flower bud number was similar at all temperatures. The differences in crop timing and quality traits observed for these species suggest that they may be useful sources of variability for petunia breeding programs.

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A Validated RP-HPLC Method for Quantification of Steviol Glycoside: Rebaudioside A in Extracts of Stevia Rebaudiana Leaf

Chromatographia ◽

10.1007/s10337-020-03980-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nikhil S. Kolate ◽

Himanshu Mishra ◽

Suvarna G. Kini ◽

Govindarajan Raghavan ◽

Tejas B. Vyas

Keyword(s):

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Rebaudioside A ◽

Steviol Glycoside ◽

Rp Hplc

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Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Possess Insulin-Mimetic and Antioxidant Activities in Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2017/3724545 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Cecilia Prata ◽

Laura Zambonin ◽

Benedetta Rizzo ◽

Tullia Maraldi ◽

Cristina Angeloni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

Neonatal Rat ◽

Steviol Glycosides ◽

Rebaudioside A ◽

Insulin Effect ◽

Health Maintenance ◽

Insulin Mimetic

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a shrub having a high content of sweet diterpenoid glycosides in its leaves, mainly stevioside and rebaudioside A, which are used as noncaloric, natural sweeteners. The aim of this study was to deepen the knowledge about the insulin-mimetic effect exerted by four different mixtures of steviol glycosides, rich in stevioside and rebaudioside A, in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. The potential antioxidant activity of these steviol glycosides was also assessed, as oxidative stress is associated with diabetes. Likewise the insulin effect, steviol glycosides caused an increase in glucose uptake into rat fibroblasts by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, thus inducing Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane. The presence of S961, an insulin antagonist, completely abolished these effects, allowing to hypothesize that steviol glycosides could act as ligands of the same receptor engaged by insulin. Moreover, steviol glycosides counteracted oxidative stress by increasing reduced glutathione intracellular levels and upregulating expression and activity of the two antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. The present work unravels the insulin-mimetic effect and the antioxidant property exerted by steviol glycosides, suggesting their potential beneficial role in the cotreatment of diabetes and in health maintenance.

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Effect of Algae Treatment On Stevia Rebaudiana Growth

Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry ◽

10.1515/hjic-2018-0022 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 73-77

Author(s):

Réka Czinkóczky ◽

Áron Németh

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

South America ◽

Red Light ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

Reduce Blood Pressure ◽

Steviol Glycosides ◽

Rebaudioside A ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni ◽

Biomass Yields ◽

Set Up

Abstract Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a small, perennial and herbaceous shrub which originated in Paraguay (South America). Stevia rebaudiana is not native to Hungary but its cultivation and consumption may have many benefits, e.g. to reduce blood pressure and as a non-caloric sweetener. Steviol glycosides, mostly stevioside and rebaudioside A, located in the leaves are about 200–300 times sweeter than sucrose. S. rebaudina cultivation in Hungary would offer many opportunities in healthcare and the sweet industry. With the aim of achieving good green biomass yields, the effect of MACC4 autotrophic and heterotrophic algae strains was investigated by testing them as both leaf and soil fertilizers in the soil of Stevia rebaudiana seedlings and in its aqueous rooting experiments. In one of the later set up, the formation of roots was improved by combining the application of red light and algae treatment.

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