scholarly journals Pollinator Habitat Establishment after Organic and No-till Seedbed Preparation Methods

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1349-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina M. Angelella ◽  
Megan E. O’Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Large Degree ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Monarda Fistulosa ◽  
No Till ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
On Farm

Establishing on-farm pollinator habitat can mitigate native pollinator and pollination ecosystem service declines, and federal programs are available to provide technical and financial assistance to farmers interested in habitat installation. Although sufficient seedbed preparation to limit weed competition is thought to be the most important step toward achieving good pollinator habitat establishment, preparation recommendations vary and studies have not investigated seedbed preparation techniques in the context of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Farm Bill programs for pollinator conservation. To address this, we assessed the effects of two seedbed preparation methods, conventional inversion tillage and no-till with herbicide, on wildflower establishment and weed competition during the first year after planting. Experiments were conducted in Blacksburg, VA, and were replicated in 2015 and 2016. In addition, we tracked seedbed preparation methods and pollinator habitat establishment on seven farms located on the Eastern Shore of Virginia and Maryland in 2016. The wildflower mix consisted of nine species of forbs and two species of grasses: the forbs were black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.), partridge pea [Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene], plains coreopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.), lanceleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata L.), purple coneflower [Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench], narrowleaf mountain mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad.), wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa L.), Maximilian sunflower (Helianthus maximiliani Schrad.), and showy tickseed [Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton] or Indian blanket (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.); the grasses were splitbeard bluestem (Andropogon ternarius Michx.) and little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash]. In the experiments, wildflower establishment was greater after no-till with herbicide than after tillage preparation (2015: P = 0.09; 2016: P = 0.002). Predominating weed species varied by study, with more common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and hairy galinsoga [Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F. Blake] growth after tillage treatments, and more hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) growth after no-till preparation. On-farm pollinator habitat establishment on the Eastern Shore was highly variable, but more wildflower forbs established after tillage-plus-herbicide than tillage-only seedbed preparations (P = 0.01). Across sites, we found a large degree of site-specific variation in wildflower establishment and predominant weed species.

Soybean Yield Loss Potential Associated with Early-Season Weed Competition across 64 Site-Years

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathanael D. Fickett ◽  
Chris M. Boerboom ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Early Season ◽  
On Farm

Glyphosate applied POST can provide a high level of efficacy on many weed species in soybean, but delayed application beyond optimal weed growth stages might fail to fully protect yield potential. Further, we do not have a good understanding of the extent to which delayed glyphosate application and its associated yield loss is occurring on-farm. Our goal was to characterize on-farm weed communities in glyphosate-resistant soybean just prior to glyphosate application and estimate potential yield loss associated with early-season soybean-weed competition. In field surveys conducted across 64 site-yr in southern Wisconsin in 2008 and 2009, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, dandelion,Polygonumspp., andAmaranthusspp. were the five most abundant broadleaf weed species across site-years, present in 92, 69, 64, 42, and 50% of all fields, respectively, at average densities of 14, 5, 5, 14, and 10 plants m−2, respectively. Average height of these species was 21 cm or less at or near the time of glyphosate application. Grass and sedge species occurred in 95% of fields at an average density of 41 plants m−2and height of 21 cm. The mean and median values of total weed density across site-years were 101 and 41 plants m−2, with heights of 19 and 17 cm, respectively. Recommended height for treatment is 15 cm. Glyphosate application occurred on average at V3 to V4 soybean growth stage, which is later than V2 soybean typically targeted to protect yield. Average yield loss predicted by WeedSOFT® was 5% with a mean economic loss of $47 ha−1. Predicted yield loss was greater than 5% on one-fourth of the site-years, all of which were treated at V4 soybean or later. The maximum predicted yield loss was 27%. These results suggest that glyphosate was applied at weed height and soybean growth stages that were greater than optimal to protect yield in many fields across southern Wisconsin. A soil-residual herbicide applied PRE, or a more timely POST application of glyphosate would alleviate the majority of these losses.

scholarly journals Pollinator Refuge Establishment and Conservation Value: Impacts of Seedbed Preparations, Seed Mixtures, and Herbicides

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-451
Author(s):  
Gina M. Angelella ◽  
Laura Stange ◽  
Holly L. Scoggins ◽  
Megan E. O’Rourke
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Pollinator Abundance ◽  
No Till ◽  
Weed Cover ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
On Farm

On-farm pollinator refuge habitats can supplement floral and nesting resources to support wild and managed pollinator communities. Although the popularity of installing these habitats has grown, and federal programs provide technical and financial advice to participating landowners, recommendations regarding habitat establishment and species composition vary. We examined the effects of seedbed preparation, seed mix composition, and herbicide applications on pollinator refuge establishment and pollinator visitation in a controlled experiment across 2 years. Seedbeds were prepared either by a no-till method with glyphosate herbicide or by repeated conventional inversion tillage. Seed mixes contained either nine annual, biennial, and perennial forbs (mix AP); seven annual, biennial, and perennial forbs that are tolerant to imazapic herbicide (mix IT); or nine perennial forbs (mix P). Mixes AP and P were grown with and without application of the graminicide herbicide sethoxydim and mix IT was grown with application of the herbicide imazapic. Seedbed preparation methodology had a strong impact on pollinator refuge establishment. A no-till approach generated greater wildflower and lower weed cover relative to tillage, leading to a greater number of blooms. In particular, there were more Indian blanket, purple coneflower, slender mountain mint, and wild bergamot blooms following a no-till seedbed preparation, indicating that certain species are more vulnerable to the effects of tillage than others. The AP and IT treatments displayed more wildflower and less weed percent cover than the P treatments during the first year, but in the second year wildflower and weed cover were similar across all mixes grown with and without herbicide. Overall pollinator abundance, which was dominated by native bees, correlated positively with wildflower bloom counts, suggesting that habitat establishment methods that increase wildflower blooms can positively affect the pollinator conservation value of the habitats. This research indicates that establishing on-farm wildflower habitats can be most successful with no-till seedbed preparation, a mixture of annual, biennial, and perennial forb species, and that herbicides applied after planting wildflowers may not be worth the costs of application.

scholarly journals Weed Interference Affects Dry Bean Yield and Growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein GHAMARI ◽  
Goudarz AHMADVAND
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Logistic Equations ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Minimum Number

Dry bean is one of the most important pulse crops in Iran. Field study was conducted in 2011 to evaluate effects of weed competition from a natural flora on growth and yield of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The treatments consisted of weed infestation and weed removal periods (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days) after crop emergence. Control plots kept weed-infested and weed-free throughout growing season. To assess the weed competition effect on crop characteristics, Richards, Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to the data. The most abundant weed species were Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Increase in duration of weed interference decreased the stem height of dry bean. At the end of the growing season, dry bean was 20 cm taller in season-long weed-free treatment compared to the season-long weed-infested treatment. As the number of days of weed interference increased, a declining trend of LAI and number of pods was observed. The minimum number of pods was obtained in season-long weed-infested treatment (5.01 pods/plant). Weed interference during the whole growing season, caused a 60% reduction in yield. Considering 5% and 10% acceptable yield lost, the critical period of weed competition was determined from 20 to 68 and 23 to 55 days after planting (DAE), respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of duration of weed competition and weed control on the yield of Indian spinach

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
MSA Khan ◽  
MA Hossain ◽  
M Nurul Islam ◽  
SN Mahfuza ◽  
MK Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Crop Weed Competition

Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur during kharif-1 (March to July) seasons of 2005 and 2006 to identify the critical period of crop-weed competition for Indian spinach. Major weed species were Paspalurn commersoni, Echinochlaa crusgalli. Lie nv/nc india. Cyanotis axillaris and Cyperus rotundus. The lowest weed dry matter was 76.3 g m-2 in 2005 and l01.60 g m-2 in 2006 from the plots weeded up to 40 days after transplanting (DAT). The highest yields were obtained (74.82 t ha in 2005 and 48.48 t ha in 2006) from the weed free plots. The fresh yield of Indian spinach did not vary among no weeding upto 20, 30 and 40 DAT in 2006. But weeded plot upto 30 and 40 DAT produced identical yield in 2005. Maximum BCR (4.52) was obtained from weeded plots upto 30 DAT in 2005 but BCR (2.60) was same from weeded upto 30 and 40 DA F in 2006. On an average, highest BCR (3.55) was recorded from weeding upto 30 DAT. Results revealed that the critical period of crop weed competition lies between 20 and 30 DAT and two times hand weeding would be necessary within 30 DAT for maximum benefit. Key Words: Crop-weed competitions, critical period, weed management and Indian spinach. doi: 10.3329/bjar.v33i4.2306 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(4) : 623-629, December 2008

Influence of spatial planting arrangement of winter rye cover crop on corn seedling disease and corn productivity

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Maria Kurtz ◽  
Jyotsna Acharya ◽  
Thomas C. Kaspar ◽  
Alison E Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Field Plot ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
No Till ◽  
Clade B ◽  
Corn Seedling ◽  
On Farm

Despite numerous environmental benefits associated with cover crop (CC) use, some farmers are reluctant to include CCs in their production systems because of reported yield declines in corn. There are numerous potential reasons for this yield decline, including seedling disease. A winter rye CC can serve as a ‘green bridge’ for corn seedling pathogens. We hypothesized that proximity of corn seedling roots to decaying rye CC roots contributes to corn seeding disease. An experimental field plot and an on-farm study were conducted over two years to evaluate growth, development, and disease severity of corn seedlings planted at various distances from decaying winter rye CC plants. The experimental field plot study was conducted in a no-till corn-soybean rotation with five replications of a winter rye CC treatments seeded as (i) no CC control, (ii) broadcast, (iii) 19-cm drilled rows, and (iv) 76-cm drilled rows. The on-farm study was no-till corn-soybean rotation with four replications of a winter rye cover crop seeded as 38-cm drilled rows, 76-cm drilled rows, and no CC control. The corn was planted on 76-cm rows shortly after rye was terminated. With multiple seeding arrangements of winter rye, corn was planted at different distances from winter rye. Corn radicle root rot severity and incidence, shoot height, shoot dry weight, corn height and chlorophyll at VT, ear parameters, and yield were collected. Soil samples were taken in the corn row and the interrow at winter rye termination, corn planting, and corn growth stage V3 to estimate the abundance of Pythium clade B members present in soil samples. Our results showed that increased distance between winter rye residue and corn reduced seedling disease and Pythium clade B populations in the radicles and soil, and increased shoot dry weight, leaf chlorophyll, plant height, and yield. This suggests that physically distancing the corn crop from the winter rye CC is one way to reduce the negative effects of a winter rye CC on corn.

Weed Control for Close-Drilled Soybeans

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

Delayed planting or “stale seedbed” for weed control in close-drilled (20-cm rows) soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Amsoy’] was evaluated for 3 years. The system combined final seedbed preparation 3 to 6 weeks before planting with herbicide application at planting time. The best control of six weed species and highest soybean yields were obtained bya,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) application at the time of seedbed preparation followed by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (linuron) application at planting and by linuron application at planting without the early trifluralin application. Applications of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat) at planting, either with or without trifluralin treatments, resulted in less weed control and lower soybean yields than comparable treatments with linuron. However, even the best treatments failed to provide the weed control necessary to prevent substantial soybean yield reduction in heavy infestations of weeds that emerge in large numbers after planting, and that resist the phytotoxic action of the herbicides.

scholarly journals WEED INCIDENCE AFTER SOYBEAN HARVEST IN NO-TILL AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE CROPROTATION SYSTEMS IN RORAIMA’S CERRADO

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A.A. ALBUQUERQUE ◽  
T.S. SANTOS ◽  
T.S. CASTRO ◽  
V.F. MELO ◽  
P.R.R. ROCHA
Keyword(s):  
Similarity Index ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Importance Value Index ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
No Till ◽  
Rotational Systems ◽  
Botanical Classification

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of weeds after soybean harvest in rotational systems of no-till and conventional tillage in the savannah of Roraima, Brazil. Two simultaneous experiments were conducted in adjacent areas, the first one with no-till soil management system and the second one with the conventional system, with crop rotations for five agricultural years: pearlmillet (2007/2008), soybean (2008/2009), maize (2009/2010), cowpea with maize (2010/2011), soybean (2011/2012) and maize (2012/2013). The used experimental design was the randomized block one with 28 plots, sized 3 x 15 m (45 m2) distributed in 4 blocks. In May 2010, the combined sowing of cowpea and maize was performed, and later, during the same month of 2011 soybean was sown. Thirty days after harvesting, weeds were collected. The botanical classification of species was performed by classes, families, scientific and popular names, as well as comparisons with specialized bibliographies. The evaluated phyto-sociological parameters were: relative frequency (FRR), relative density (DRR), dominance (Do), importance value index (IVI), Sorensen’s similarity index (SI), numbers of individuals (ha-1) and dry mass (%). Among the 37 species found in both planting systems, 60% belonged to the Liliopsida class; Fabaceae and Malvaceae stood out. However, Poaceae, belonging to the Magnoliopsida class, had the highest number of species in both systems. Most weed species were common in both systems.

scholarly journals Green manure and phosphorus fertilization affect weed community composition and crop/weed competition in organic maize

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Carlesi ◽  
Federica Bigongiali ◽  
Daniele Antichi ◽  
Corrado Ciaccia ◽  
Fabio Tittarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Green Manuring ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Crop Weed Competition

AbstractGreen manure and compost-enriched in phosphorus can promote the sustainability of cropping systems by increasing soil fertility over the long term. They can also be used to manage crop/weed interactions, a key element in guaranteeing an appropriate level of satisfactory crop yields. We studied how green manuring with hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.) and the application of different types of phosphorous-enriched compost affect weed/maize (Zea maysL.) interactions in an organic stockless Mediterranean agroecosystem for two consecutive dry years. Green manure stimulated the expression of maize traits related to a higher competitive ability against weeds, such as early growth, height and leaf area index, while the effect of compost was less clear. Regarding crop/weed competition, both green manuring and a phosphorus-enriched compost application gave a significant advantage to maize. Neither green manure nor compost increased total weed density and biomass compared to the control. Green manuring significantly affected the weed community composition. The relative density of ruderal and competitive-ruderal species (according to Grime's classification) was higher in plots where the green manure was applied. The use of green manure, together with novel composting techniques, significantly affected crop/weed competitive interactions, favoring maize, but also creating favorable conditions for unwanted weed species such as competitive-ruderals. Increasing nitrogen availability in the early growth stages of maize through green manuring can increase crop competitive ability. However, this may not suffice to preserve the system from future weed problems, should potentially detrimental species be selected. Dedicated strategies for the control of emerging weed species may thus be needed.

scholarly journals Weeds of Paddy Field at Kirtipur, Kathmandu

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 100-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sailaza Manandhar ◽  
Bharat B Shrestha ◽  
Hari D Lekhak
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ageratum Conyzoides ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Crop Weed Competition

Paddy (Oryza sativa L. var. Taiching-127) fields of Kirtipur, central Nepal, were studied to evaluate the effects of weeds on crop yield during June to October 2003. Weed community was recorded in permanently marked plots (2 x 2 m2 each), and grain and straw yields were measured. The effect of aqueous extracts (2 to 10%) of leaf, stem and root of dominant weeds (Echinochloa colona, E. crusgalli, Cyperus iria and Ageratum conyzoides) on germination and seedling growth of the paddy (Taiching-127) was examined in the laboratory. Altogether 52 weed species (27 dicot and 25 monocot) belonging to 32 genera and 15 families infested the paddy. The maximum weed density was observed in September (105 pl/m2). There was significant reduction in straw and grain yield of paddy in weedy plots and negative correlation between weed species richness and straw yield. Crop weed competition reduced straw yield by 13% to 38% and grain yield by 25% to 47%. Weed growth changed pH and reduced soil nitrogen and phosphorus content. Aqueous extracts of root, stem and leaf of dominant weeds (Echinochloa colona, E. crus-galli, Cyperus iria and Ageratum conyzoides) showed a weak effect on seeds germination however most of them had inhibitory effect on root and shoot elongation of paddy seedlings. Root elongation was more sensitive to allelopathic inhibition than shoot elongation. Stem extract of these weeds showed higher inhibition on seedling growth of paddy than leaf and root extract except in Ageratum conyzoides in which root extract showed highest inhibition. Keywords: Allelopathy; Crop-weed competition; Soil nutrients; Germination; Grain yield. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v5i5.2665 Scientific World, Vol. 5, No. 5, July 2007 100-106

Tillage and Planting Date Influence Foxtail (Setariaspp.) Emergence in Continuous Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Spandl ◽  
Beverly R. Durgan ◽  
Frank Forcella
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
No Till ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Foxtail emergence patterns were evaluated in spring wheat under three tillage regimes, moldboard plow, chisel plow, and no-till, and three wheat planting dates. The first planting date was as soon as feasible in spring, and the second and third planting dates averaged 9 and 17 d later. Foxtail emergence patterns and seedbank density were evaluated each year for three consecutive years. Green foxtail was the dominant weed species. Tillage regime did not influence initial percent emergence of foxtail. Subsequent percent foxtail emergence was sometimes lower in no-till or chisel plow than in moldboard plow regimes until emergence approached 100%. By the third year, total foxtail plant emergence was greater in no-till and chisel plow than in moldboard plow and also greater in no-till than chisel plow. Earlier planting generally increased percent foxtail emergence until midseason. At 22 d after planting, average emergence of foxtail was 48, 67, and 81% for planting dates one, two, and three, respectively. Delayed planting increased rate of foxtail emergence but decreased density of emerged seedlings. Producers adopting chisel plow or no-till systems can expect to see greater foxtail infestations than in moldboard plow systems. Subsequently, more extensive weed management in reduced tillage systems will be needed to prevent heavy foxtail infestations. Delaying wheat planting may be a viable option for foxtail management through reduced plant densities and more simultaneous emergence patterns.

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