scholarly journals Planting Depth and Seed Size Affect Edamame Emergence Individually

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Crawford ◽  
Martin M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Seed Characteristics

Edamame growers currently rely heavily on planting depth recommendations for grain-type soybean, despite stark differences in seed characteristics between the two types of cultivars, most notably seed size. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the effects of planting depth and seed size on edamame emergence. A popular edamame cultivar used in commercial production was sorted into “small” (23.7 g/100-seed) and “large” (36.8 g/100-seed) seed-size classes, then planted at depths of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 cm in field experiments. Experiments were conducted in four environments as a split-plot experimental design with four replications. Seed size did not influence total emergence; however, small seed emerged 10% faster than large seed. Although planting depth recommendations for grain-type soybean are 3.2 to 4.5 cm, our results showed edamame emerged more completely and quicker at the shallowest depths examined. The research could be expanded to capture greater diversity in growing environments and crop cultivars; however, the vegetable industry now has research-based information to guide preliminary recommendations regarding appropriate planting depth of edamame.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Variasi Ukuran Biji Terhadap Perkecambahan Acacia Fauntleroyi (Maiden) Maiden and Blakely

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Mangadas Lumban Gaol ◽  
J.E.D. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Seed Coats

The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent are germination of A. fauntleroyi affected by seed size. Does pre-treatment improve germination? Under what temperature regime does most seed germinate? Three seed size classes (small, medium and large) were chosen. Seeds were pre-treatments either at ambient, 50°C, 75°C or 100°C and incubated at 15°C or 30°C. Then, number of seed that germinate and speed of germination were measure. Five seeds representing each of small, medium and large seed sizes were also selected and the seed coat thickness measured. Seed size, pre-treatment temperature and incubation temperature all affected the number of seed that germinated. Pre-treatment temperature affected germination more than incubation temperature. Incubation temperature affected germination more than seed size. The interaction of seed size and pre-treatment temperature was stronger than that between seed size and incubation temperature. Small seeds produce less germination than medium or large seeds, however small seed germinated sooner. Seed coat thickness varied among seed sizes. Thinner seed coats occur in smaller than larger seeds.

Effect of seed size on seedling vigor and forage production of winter wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Bockus ◽  
J. P. Shroyer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed

There are numerous reports of increased wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yields with large seed compared with small, but these do not relate to use of wheat for grazing purposes. Field experiments were conducted over 3 yr to measure the effect of seed size on stands, percentage ground cover, and fall and spring forage production. Other variables included sowing plots by seed number or volume per unit area. When sown at the same number of seed per square metre (220), large (> 0.24-cm diameter) seed resulted in 16–74% more plants per area than small (< 0.20-cm) diameter seed. When sown by volume (8.7 mL m−2), stands from small seed were similar to or more dense than those from large seed. When sown by seed number, large seed increased fall ground cover by 58–100% over small seed; however, even when sown by volume, large seed increased ground cover by 13–26%. Similarly, when seeded on an equal-number basis, large seed increased fall and spring forage 23–214% over that produced by small seed. Although sowing on an equal-volume basis resulted in fewer significant differences among seed sizes, large seed produced 35% more fall forage one year and 44% more spring forage another year. Therefore, sowing large seed should help reduce soil erosion by producing plants with greater ground cover. Similarly, large seed should increase the amount of forage for producers who sow winter wheat early as a prelude to grazing livestock. Key words:Triticum aestivum, forage, seed size, soil erosion control, seedling vigor

Optimising canola establishment and yield in south-eastern Australia with hybrids and large seed

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Brill ◽  
M. L. Jenkins ◽  
M. J. Gardner ◽  
J. M. Lilley ◽  
B. A. Orchard
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Seed Characteristics

April sowing of canola is considered optimal for grain yield in many regions of Australia; however, there is often insufficient rainfall in April to sow seed into moisture at the ideal depth of 15–30 mm. We report a series of experiments that investigated the seed characteristics (cultivar type and seed size) that would facilitate successful canola emergence from relatively deep sowing (>30 mm). Ten canola cultivar by sowing depth experiments, each with three hybrid and three open-pollinated cultivars, found hybrid cultivars were able to maintain higher emergence rates and grain yield compared with open-pollinated cultivars from deep sowing. Further investigations in the glasshouse showed that the emergence advantage of the hybrid cultivars was largely due to their inherently large seed size, as increased seed size also improved emergence of open-pollinated canola. Early biomass accumulation also improved with larger seeds. In a field experiment, larger seed size of both hybrid and open-pollinated canola increased early biomass accumulation and final grain yield. Simulation modelling in New South Wales demonstrated the importance of timely sowing of canola, as delayed sowing caused a larger reduction in grain yield than reduced plant population. Although ‘moisture-seeking’ (placing seed into moist soil below a layer of dry soil) reduced the emergence rate of canola, the reduction could be offset by planting large seed (>2 mm diameter). This practice of ‘moisture-seeking’ large-seeded canola should be considered as a strategy to improve the timeliness of establishment and subsequent grain yield of canola when rainfall for crop establishment is marginal yet there is moisture available deeper in the seedbed.

scholarly journals Relationship between Applied Fertilizer and Accumulated Levels of Nitrogen and Sulfur in a Soilless Mix

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 584a-584
Author(s):  
Ellen T. Paparozzi ◽  
M. Elizabeth Conley ◽  
Walter W. Stroup
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Production Schedule ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sulfate Sulfur ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Split Plot

Three cultivars of poinsettia, Freedom Red, Lilo and Red Sails, were grown in a peat:perlite:vermiculite mix according to a commercial production schedule. Twelve selected nitrogen–sulfur fertilizer combinations were applied (125, 150, 175 ppm N with either 12.5, 25, or 37.5 ppm S, 225 and 275 ppm N with either 37.5 or 75 ppm S). The experimental design was a split plot with cultivars as the whole plot and fertilizer levels as the split-plot factor. Mix samples were taken initially, at production week 7 and at the end of the experiment. Nitrate-nitrogen, sulfate-sulfur and total nitrogen were determined. Data were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED. Visually all cultivars responded similarly to all treatments and were salable. Thus, levels of N as low as 125 or 150 with 12.5 ppm S produced quality plants. Sulfate-S tended to accumulate in the mix while nitrate-N and total N did not. Both nitrate-N and sulfate-S concentrations were affected by an interaction between the cultivar and the amount of S applied with `Freedom' better able to utilize available sulfur. `Lilo' removed more nitrate-N and total N from the mix than `Freedom' which removed more than `Red Sails', but only at specific levels of sulfur. There was no cultivar by nitrogen interaction for any variable measured.

scholarly journals Effect of Priming and Seed Size on Germination and Emergence of Six Food-Type Soybean Varieties

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maru K. Kering ◽  
Bo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Seed Pretreatment ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
High Reduction

Soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.), a good source of protein and oil, is used to produce nutritious isoflavone-rich soybean-based foods. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the germination difference among soybean seeds in various seed sizes and (ii) to evaluate effects of seed pretreatment on germination and seedling emergence. Six varieties of different seed size class were used: (i) small size (MFS-561 and V08-4773), (ii) medium size (Glen and V03-47050), and (iii) large size (MFL-159 and V07-1897). Pregermination treatments include 0, 5, or 10 hours soaking and germinating/planting with or without nitrogen fertilizer. Large seed size varieties showed low germination rate and N addition caused the least reduction in germination in these seeds during the first 24 hours. While N had no effect on seed germination after 72 hours, growth in N treated seed was low. Seedling emergence was comparable across varieties in 2013 and water priming and N application had no effect. However, while varieties did not differ in final emergence for nonprimed seeds in 2014, water priming led to a high reduction in seedling emergence of large seed varieties in this study. Application of N fertilizer had no effect on seedling emergence in field experiments.

Response of kabuli chickpea to seed size and planting depth

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
P. R. Miller ◽  
C. L. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Small Seed

The use of small seed can reduce the production costs of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) 15 to 25% by reducing the amount of seed needed per unit area, but little is known about the effects of seed size on stand establishment, plant growth, and seed yield in semiarid environments. We conducted a field study in southwest Saskatchewan from 1998 to 2000 and determined the chickpea responses to seed size under different planting depths. Crops grown from small (7.1–9.0 mm) diameter seed required the same number of days to emerge (16.7 d) and mature (106 d) as those from large (9.1–11.0 mm) diameter seed. There were no differences in plant establishment, shoot dry weight, pod production, or seed yield between the two seed sizes when planted at a 50-mm depth. However, the small-seeded crop produced 7% lower plant stand, 4% lower seed yield, and 3% less seed 1799-mm diameter compared to the large-seeded crop when planted at a 100-mm depth (P < 0.05). Large-seed ed chickpea plants were 20 mm (4%) taller, and the height of the lowest pods from the soil surface was 11 to 13 mm (5%) higher than those from the small seed, suggesting an improvement of harvestability. In general, planting depth did not affect seedling emergence, shoot dry weight, or seed yield, but when small seed was used, chickpea sown at the 50-mm depth increased seed yield by 6% compared to that at the 100-mm depth. Kabuli chickpea produced an average of >20 pods plant-1, with 77% of them containing one seed per pod, 10% with two seeds per pod, and the remainder containing no seed; this ratio of pod fertility was independent of seed size or planting depth. Our results indicate that the use of small seed and shallow planting can reduce the production costs of chickpea by $31 to $52 ha-1 without a seed yield penalty. This level of saving in production far exceeds the otherwise increased value of $4 to $6 ha-1 with the use of large seed which produces a higher (3%) proportion of ≥ 9-mm diameter seed. Key words: Seedling emergence, seed mass, pod production, Cicer arietinum L.

The interrelation of dormancy, size, and hardness in seed of Trifolium subterraneum L.

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
AEG Lipp ◽  
LAT Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed

Seeds of single samples of each of three cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum L. were separated into size classes. The large- and small-seed classes were further divided into hard and soft seed. The dormancy status of each of these four arbitrary classes was determined. In all samples, lower dormancy was associated with large seed and with soft seed. Possible origins of these associations are discussed in terms of the environments in which the seeds matured.

The growth of the swede crop in relation to seed size

1964 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Lang ◽  
J. C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Final Yield

1. The effects of seed size in the swede crop on germination, emergence, growth and final yield were studied during the period 1959 to 1962.2. The germination percentage was similar for all sizes of seed, but the emergence percentage was slightly poorer for ‘large’ and ‘small’ seed than for ‘graded’ seed.3. Leaf area in the early stages of growth was proportional to the seed size, but as the season advanced the plants from small seed grew at a relatively faster rate than those from large seed, so that at harvest the relative yield difference, although still in favour of large seed, was much smaller than the relative difference in seed weight or seedling leaf area. It was shown that the relatively faster growth rate from small seed was not due to a later onset of inter-plant competition.

Effects of Spring Wheat Seed Size and Reduced Rates of Tralkoxydim on Wild Oat Control, Wheat Yield, and Economic Returns

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingwu Xue ◽  
Robert N. Stougaard
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Combined Use

Spring wheat competitive ability has recently been demonstrated to co-vary with seed size. The objective of this study was to determine if spring wheat seed size would influence the effects of variable tralkoxydim rates on wild oat control, wheat yield, and economic returns. The factorial treatment arrangement consisted of three spring wheat seed size classes and five tralkoxydim rates. Wild oat density, panicles, and biomass decreased as spring wheat seed size and tralkoxydim rate increased, with the combined effect being additive. Wild oat variables decreased in a log-logistic manner as tralkoxydim rate increased during both years. However, tralkoxydim was less effective in 2000 than 2002, as indicated by the higher dosage required to reduce the wild oat variables by 50% (greaterI50values). In contrast, the effect of large seeded wheat in suppressing wild oat was more consistently expressed, with wild oat variables decreasing linearly as seed size increased. Wheat yield and economic returns increased exponentially as tralkoxydim rate increased. At the same time, wheat yield and economic returns were greater for wheat plants derived from large seed compared to those derived from small seed. Averaged over all other factors, adjusted gross returns of 578, 657, and 703 $/ha were realized for the small, medium, and large seed size classes, respectively. The combined use of large seeded wheat plus tralkoxydim applications provided greater wild oat control than did either single tactic. The use of large seeded wheat had a stabilizing effect that increased the consistency and durability of the weed management system while simultaneously improving economic returns.

Effect of variations in seed size and planting depth on emergence, infertile plants, and grain yield of spring wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Gan ◽  
E. H. Stobbe
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Key Words Seed Size

Crop yield can be improved by minimizing plant-to-plant variability in seedling emergence. A study was conducted to determine the effect of variations in seed size and planting depth within a plot on emergence, proportion of infertile plants and grain yield in hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Large seed (40.8 mg kernel−1) was hand planted at 25-, 50- and 75-mm depths, creating three uniform seed size - planting depth treatments. Three other treatments consisted of repeating patterns within the same row: three large seeds and one small seed (23.4 mg kernel−1) at each of 25-, 50- and 75-mm depths. Two additional treatments consisted of 1) three seeds planted 25 mm deep and one seed planted 50 mm deep and 2) three seeds planted 25 mm deep and one seed planted 75 mm deep within the same row. Variation in seed size or planting depth within a row had no impact on percentage emergence, but nonuniform planting depth increased the proportion of infertile plants, mainly as a result of late-emerging plants. On a single-plant basis, mainstem grain yields were relatively uniform, but tiller grain yields were highly variable. When small and large seeds were planted 75 mm deep within a plot, the small-seeded plants produced 34% lower tiller grain yield than neighbouring large-seeded plants, while the large-seeded plants produced 10% higher tiller grain yield than plants from a treatment in which only large seeds were planted. Thus, the variation in seed size within a plot had no impact on total grain yield per plot. When seed was planted at variable depths within a plot, grain yield per plant produced by deep-seeded (75 mm) plants was only 20% of that produced by neighbouring shallow-seeded (25 mm) plants and was only 26% of that produced by plants where all seeds were planted deep (75 mm). Within-plot variation in planting depth increased the proportion of infertile plants (up to 158%) and decreased the grain yield. To maximize grain yield in hard red spring wheat, seed should be planted at uniform, shallow planting depth. Key words: Seed size, planting depth, emergence, fertile plants, interplant variation

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