Effect of seed size on seedling vigor and forage production of winter wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Bockus ◽  
J. P. Shroyer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed

There are numerous reports of increased wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yields with large seed compared with small, but these do not relate to use of wheat for grazing purposes. Field experiments were conducted over 3 yr to measure the effect of seed size on stands, percentage ground cover, and fall and spring forage production. Other variables included sowing plots by seed number or volume per unit area. When sown at the same number of seed per square metre (220), large (> 0.24-cm diameter) seed resulted in 16–74% more plants per area than small (< 0.20-cm) diameter seed. When sown by volume (8.7 mL m−2), stands from small seed were similar to or more dense than those from large seed. When sown by seed number, large seed increased fall ground cover by 58–100% over small seed; however, even when sown by volume, large seed increased ground cover by 13–26%. Similarly, when seeded on an equal-number basis, large seed increased fall and spring forage 23–214% over that produced by small seed. Although sowing on an equal-volume basis resulted in fewer significant differences among seed sizes, large seed produced 35% more fall forage one year and 44% more spring forage another year. Therefore, sowing large seed should help reduce soil erosion by producing plants with greater ground cover. Similarly, large seed should increase the amount of forage for producers who sow winter wheat early as a prelude to grazing livestock. Key words:Triticum aestivum, forage, seed size, soil erosion control, seedling vigor

scholarly journals Planting Depth and Seed Size Affect Edamame Emergence Individually

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Crawford ◽  
Martin M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Seed Characteristics

Edamame growers currently rely heavily on planting depth recommendations for grain-type soybean, despite stark differences in seed characteristics between the two types of cultivars, most notably seed size. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the effects of planting depth and seed size on edamame emergence. A popular edamame cultivar used in commercial production was sorted into “small” (23.7 g/100-seed) and “large” (36.8 g/100-seed) seed-size classes, then planted at depths of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 cm in field experiments. Experiments were conducted in four environments as a split-plot experimental design with four replications. Seed size did not influence total emergence; however, small seed emerged 10% faster than large seed. Although planting depth recommendations for grain-type soybean are 3.2 to 4.5 cm, our results showed edamame emerged more completely and quicker at the shallowest depths examined. The research could be expanded to capture greater diversity in growing environments and crop cultivars; however, the vegetable industry now has research-based information to guide preliminary recommendations regarding appropriate planting depth of edamame.

Economic Returns from Cheat (Bromus secalinus) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Ferreira ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper ◽  
Francis M. Epplin
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Bromus Secalinus

Field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of winter wheat seeding date and forage removal on the efficacy of cheat control herbicides, forage and grain yields, and net returns to land, overhead, risk, and management for the various cheat control strategies. Economic analysis showed that net returns were higher when wheat was seeded during the traditional seeding period (October) than when either seeded early (September) for increased forage production or delayed (November) for cultural cheat control. Some herbicides were economically beneficial at two of three locations where the initial cheat population exceeded 170 plants/m2.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Variasi Ukuran Biji Terhadap Perkecambahan Acacia Fauntleroyi (Maiden) Maiden and Blakely

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Mangadas Lumban Gaol ◽  
J.E.D. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Seed Coats

The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent are germination of A. fauntleroyi affected by seed size. Does pre-treatment improve germination? Under what temperature regime does most seed germinate? Three seed size classes (small, medium and large) were chosen. Seeds were pre-treatments either at ambient, 50°C, 75°C or 100°C and incubated at 15°C or 30°C. Then, number of seed that germinate and speed of germination were measure. Five seeds representing each of small, medium and large seed sizes were also selected and the seed coat thickness measured. Seed size, pre-treatment temperature and incubation temperature all affected the number of seed that germinated. Pre-treatment temperature affected germination more than incubation temperature. Incubation temperature affected germination more than seed size. The interaction of seed size and pre-treatment temperature was stronger than that between seed size and incubation temperature. Small seeds produce less germination than medium or large seeds, however small seed germinated sooner. Seed coat thickness varied among seed sizes. Thinner seed coats occur in smaller than larger seeds.

scholarly journals Factors that Govern the Sensitivity of Oat Seed to X-rays

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-211
Author(s):  
C. L. González-Molina
Keyword(s):  
X Rays ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Relative Damage ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Ray Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Proportional Decrease

A series of experiments was performed designed to determine the relationship between hull covering and seed and germ size to X-ray sensitivity of oat seed of three varieties: Mo. 0-205, Simcoe, and Bonham. The seed contained approximately 14 and 20 percent of moisture and X-ray dosages of 40,000 and 30,000 r were used. The data indicated that: 1. Hull-coverings may or may not afford protection to the seed from X-rays. Both varieties and moisture content produced differential reactions. 2. Large seed were more affected by high X-ray dosages than were small ones. Larger seed have larger germs, exposing more area to X-ray effects. A decrease of germination and seedling vigor was obtained when large seed were exposed to radiation, although there was no indication of a proportional decrease between germ size and relative damage to seedlings from large and small seed. 3. Germination percentages of oat-seed lots receiving up to 40,000 r of X-rays were as good as those of the checks, when measured on blotters in a plant germinator, but seedling vigor was materially reduced. Lowered germination percentages noted in greenhouse experiments were probably due to insufficient vigor to grow through the soil on the part of many seedlings. Probably all of the X-ray effects at the dosages used were caused by decreases in seedling vigor. 4. Radicals and plumules of the seed were equally damaged by X-ray treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of Priming and Seed Size on Germination and Emergence of Six Food-Type Soybean Varieties

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maru K. Kering ◽  
Bo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Seed Pretreatment ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
High Reduction

Soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.), a good source of protein and oil, is used to produce nutritious isoflavone-rich soybean-based foods. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the germination difference among soybean seeds in various seed sizes and (ii) to evaluate effects of seed pretreatment on germination and seedling emergence. Six varieties of different seed size class were used: (i) small size (MFS-561 and V08-4773), (ii) medium size (Glen and V03-47050), and (iii) large size (MFL-159 and V07-1897). Pregermination treatments include 0, 5, or 10 hours soaking and germinating/planting with or without nitrogen fertilizer. Large seed size varieties showed low germination rate and N addition caused the least reduction in germination in these seeds during the first 24 hours. While N had no effect on seed germination after 72 hours, growth in N treated seed was low. Seedling emergence was comparable across varieties in 2013 and water priming and N application had no effect. However, while varieties did not differ in final emergence for nonprimed seeds in 2014, water priming led to a high reduction in seedling emergence of large seed varieties in this study. Application of N fertilizer had no effect on seedling emergence in field experiments.

EFFECT OF FORAGE HARVEST ON GRAIN YIELD AND AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF WINTER TRITICALE, WHEAT AND RYE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. W. POYSA
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Winter Triticale

In field experiments at Guelph, Ontario four winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes, one winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), and one winter rye (Secale cereale L.) were evaluated during three seasons for grain yield, forage yield, and agronomic performance following forage harvests at two stages of plant development in the spring. When the results were averaged across all the winter cereals, spring cuttings decreased final plant height and incidence of lodging and delayed the heading date by up to 2 wk, but did not consistently affect test weight. The early joint forage harvest reduced average grain yields by 6% while the mid-joint harvest, about 1 wk later, reduced yields by 28%. The early joint harvest yielded, on average, 1.5 tonnes/ha of forage while the mid-joint harvest yielded 2.2 tonnes/ha. OAC Wintri triticale, however, yielded, on average, 0.5 tonnes/ha more grain following the early joint harvest than the uncut control. Forage cutting of OAC Wintri might be an effective method for obtaining additional forage production, reducing lodging, and increasing grain yield in years when spring vegetative growth is luxuriant.Key words: Forage harvest, spring cutting, triticale (winter), wheat (winter), rye (winter), lodging, grain yield

scholarly journals Mechanical weed control in organic winter wheat

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euro Pannacci ◽  
Francesco Tei ◽  
Marcello Guiducci
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control

Three field experiments were carried out in organic winter wheat in three consecutive years (exp. 1, 2005-06; exp. 2, 2006-07; exp. 3, 2007-08) in central Italy (42°57' N - 12°22' E, 165 m a.s.l.) in order to evaluate the efficacy against weeds and the effects on winter wheat of two main mechanical weed control strategies: 1) spring tine harrowing used at three different application times (1 passage at T1; 2 passages at the time T1; 1 passage at T1 followed by 1 passage at T1 + 14 days) in the crop sowed at narrow (traditional) row spacing (0.15 m) and 2) split-hoeing and finger-weeder, alone and combined at T1, in the crop sowed at wider row spacing (0.30 m). At the time T1 winter wheat was at tillering and weeds were at the cotyledons-2 true leaves growth stage. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replicates. Six weeks after mechanical treatments, weed ground cover (%) was rated visually using the Braun–Blanquet cover-abundance scale; weeds on three squares (0.6 x 0.5 m each one) per plot were collected, counted, weighed, dried in oven at 105 °C to determine weed density and weed above-ground dry biomass. At harvest, wheat ears density, grain yield, weight of 1000 seeds and hectolitre weight were recorded. Total weed flora was quite different in the three experiments. The main weed species were: <em>Polygonum aviculare</em> L. (exp. 1 and 2), <em>Fallopia convolvulus</em> (L.) Á. Löve (exp. 1 and 3), <em>Stachys annua</em> (L.) L. (exp. 1), <em>Anagallis arvensis</em> L. (exp. 2), <em>Papaver rhoeas</em> L. (exp.3), <em>Veronica hederifolia</em> L. (exp. 3). In the winter wheat sowed at narrow rows, 2 passages with spring-tine harrowing at the same time seems to be the best option in order to reconcile a good efficacy with the feasibility of treatment. In wider rows spacing the best weed control was obtained by splithoeing alone or combined with finger-weeder. The grain yield, on average 10% higher in narrow rows, the lower costs and the good selectivity of spring-tine harrowing treatments seems to suggest the adoption of narrow rows spacing in wheat in organic and low-input farming systems.

scholarly journals The ecology and quantitative genetics of seed and seedling traits in upland and lowland ecotypes of a perennial grass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samsad Razzaque ◽  
Tom Juenger
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Directional Selection ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Seed Traits ◽  
Ecotypic Differentiation ◽  
Seed Trait

Plants have evolved diverse reproductive allocation strategies and seed traits to aid in dispersal, persistence in the seed bank, and establishment. In particular, seed size, dormancy, and early seedling vigor are thought to be key functional traits with important recruitment and fitness consequences across abiotic stress gradients. Selection for favored seed-trait combinations, or against maladaptive combinations, is likely an important driver shaping recruitment strategies. Here, we test for seed-trait plasticity and local adaptation in contrasting upland and lowland ecotypes of Panicum hallii with field experiments in native versus foreign habitats. Furthermore, we test whether seed traits have been under directional selection in P. hallii using the v-test (Fraser 2020) based on trait variance in a genetic cross. Finally, we evaluate the genetic architecture of ecotypic divergence for these traits with Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping. Field experiments reveal little plasticity but support a hypothesis of local adaptation among ecotypes based on recruitment. Patterns of segregation within recombinant hybrids provides strong support for directional selection driving ecotypic divergence in seeds traits. Genetic mapping revealed a polygenic architecture with evidence of genetic correlation between seed mass, dormancy, and seedling vigor. Our results suggest that the evolution of these traits may involve constraints that affect the direction of adaptive divergence. For example, seed size and germination percentage shared two colocalized QTL with antagonistic additive effects. This supports the hypothesis of a functional genetic relationship between these traits, resulting in either large seed/strong dormancy or small seed/weak dormancy trait combinations. Overall, our study provides insights into the factors facilitating and potentially constraining ecotypic differentiation in seed traits.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Seedling Vigor and Regrowth Vigor in Winter Wheat

Crops ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-165
Author(s):  
Frank Maulana ◽  
Wangqi Huang ◽  
Joshua D. Anderson ◽  
Tadele T. Kumssa ◽  
Xue-Feng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Association Mapping ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

Seedling vigor and regrowth ability are important traits for the forage production of winter wheat. The objectives of this study were to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with seedling vigor and regrowth vigor traits using a genome-wide association mapping study (GWAS). Seedling vigor and regrowth vigor were evaluated with shoot length, the number of shoots per plant and shoot dry weight per plant 45 days after planting and 15 days after cutting. A large phenotypic variation was observed for all the traits studied. In total, 12 significant QTL for seedling vigor and 16 for regrowth vigor traits were detected on various chromosomes. Four QTL on chromosomes 2B, 4B, 5A and 7A for seedling vigor co-localized with QTL for regrowth vigor due to significant correlations between corresponding traits of the initial growth and regrowth. A BLAST search using DNA sequences of the significant loci revealed candidate genes playing roles in vegetative and reproductive development in different crop species. The QTL and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers identified in this study will be further validated and used for marker-assisted selection of the traits during forage wheat breeding.

The growth of the swede crop in relation to seed size

1964 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Lang ◽  
J. C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Final Yield

1. The effects of seed size in the swede crop on germination, emergence, growth and final yield were studied during the period 1959 to 1962.2. The germination percentage was similar for all sizes of seed, but the emergence percentage was slightly poorer for ‘large’ and ‘small’ seed than for ‘graded’ seed.3. Leaf area in the early stages of growth was proportional to the seed size, but as the season advanced the plants from small seed grew at a relatively faster rate than those from large seed, so that at harvest the relative yield difference, although still in favour of large seed, was much smaller than the relative difference in seed weight or seedling leaf area. It was shown that the relatively faster growth rate from small seed was not due to a later onset of inter-plant competition.

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