scholarly journals State Regulation of Ribes to Control White Pine Blister Rust

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven McKay
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact

Recent interest in expanding commercial currant and gooseberry (Ribes L.) plantings in the United States has put pressure on the states with Ribes restrictions to review their regulations. A meeting on 9 January 1998 initiated discussion between the state agriculture regulatory agencies, forest pathologists, and horticulturists. Since then a white pine blister rust (WPBR), Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer) World Wide Web (Web) site (McKay, 1998) and list serve have been activated to facilitate communication. Vermont is a state that has no regulations on the books at this time. Connecticut and New York also have mentioned that infection rates are low. Maine retains a Ribes reduction program, and Massachusetts is strictly enforcing their regulations. The following summarizes the general consensus among the majority of regulating states: 1) It is desirable to find a way for both white pines (Pinus L.) and commercial Ribes plantings to coexist. 2) More research is needed to survey existing Ribes and pines, the potential impact of commercial plantings versus the impact of existing Ribes, and the potential impact of escape /volunteer seedlings from immune Ribes cultivars. 3) There is interest in permitting immune Ribes cultivars to be planted. 4) There is interest in having consistency in regulations from state to state.

scholarly journals Restoration of White Pine in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Active Management ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Lake States ◽  
The Impact

White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) (WPBR) was discovered on Ribes L. in New York in 1906, although it was accidentally introduced from Europe on pine (Pinus L.) seedlings. The spread of this destructive fungus has changed the forests in North America. After decades of reduced planting because of the concern over the impact of WPBR, white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is now being restored in the lake states of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. Although the potential for growing white pine is high on many sites, the disappearance of a seed source because of logging and fires means that reestablishment of white pine to these areas will require active management. A series of plantings have been established on three national forests in Minnesota and Michigan to evaluate various silvicultural treatments intended to minimize the incidence of WPBR and to compare the performance of seedlings selected for disease resistance to nonselected planting stock.

Horticultural Perspective: History of White Pine Blister Rust

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468d-468
Author(s):  
Kim E. Hummer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
White Pine ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
History Of

White pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fischer, requires a pine (Pinus L.) and a Ribes L. as obligate alternate hosts. The center of diversity for this rust is east of the Ural Mountains, where the organism evolved with P. cembra L and R. nigrum var. sibericum L over several million years. Susceptible Pinus strobus L from North America was imported into England in 1710 and was transplanted throughout eastern Europe. In 1865, rust was first reported on these introduced pines in Eastonia. In the late 1800s, the white pine nursery industry continued to develop in Europe, but was declining in the United States. American foresters began importing white pines from Europe. Rust was found on cultivated currants in New York in 1906 and U.S. inspectors began examining for the disease. In 1910, infected white pines were imported from France into Vancouver, British Columbia; in 1911, infected pines were found in New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Ohio, Ontario, and Quebec. Additional rust-infected imported pines were found in nurseries in Wisconsin in 1913, and Minnesota in 1914. Rust spread to native pines in New York by 1915 and to Idaho by 1927. A summary of the blister rust control program, the recent spread of the disease, and the present state regulations will be presented.

Distribution and severity of white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle on whitebark pine in British Columbia

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1051-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M Campbell ◽  
Joseph A Antos
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whitebark Pine ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

A major decline in the abundance of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) has recently occurred in the United States, primarily as a result of white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. ex Raben.). However, no information on the status of whitebark pine in British Columbia, Canada, was available. We sampled 54 subalpine stands in British Columbia, examining all whitebark pine trees within plots for evidence of blister rust and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) damage. About 21% of all whitebark pine stems were dead, and blister rust was the most important agent of mortality. Of all living trees sampled, 27% had obvious blister rust infection (cankers), but actual incidence was suspected of being as high as 44% (using all evidence of blister rust). Blister rust incidence and whitebark pine mortality were significantly related to differences in stand structure and the presence of Ribes spp., but relationships with local climate and site variables were absent or weak. The lack of strong relationships with climate suggests favourable conditions for the spread of the disease throughout most of British Columbia. Very little evidence of mountain pine beetle was found. Overall, the prospects for whitebark pine in British Columbia do not appear good; a large reduction in population levels seems imminent.

scholarly journals Genetic resistance to white pine blister rust in limber pine (Pinus flexilis): major gene resistance in a northern population

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1173-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Sniezko ◽  
Robert Danchok ◽  
Douglas P. Savin ◽  
Jun-Jun Liu ◽  
Angelia Kegley
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Major Gene Resistance ◽  
The Status

Limber pine, Pinus flexilis E. James, a wide-ranging tree species in western North America, is highly susceptible to white pine blister rust (WPBR), caused by the non-native fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. The Canadian populations in particular have been heavily impacted, and in 2014, limber pine was designated endangered in Canada by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Little is known about genetic resistance to WPBR in limber pine, but major gene resistance (MGR) has been characterized in some populations in the United States. This study examines resistance in seedling families from 13 parent trees from British Columbia, Alberta, and Oregon, representing the northern- and northwestern-most populations. Most families were susceptible, with 100% of the seedlings cankered, but one family from Alberta segregated 1:1 for cankered and canker free. This is the first report of (a) MGR in Canada of any of the four species of five-needle pines native to Canada and (b) any resistance in limber pine in Canadian populations and is the northernmost known incidence of putative R-gene resistance in a natural stand of any five-needle pine species. Many of the Canadian selections were from stands with high incidence of WPBR infection, and their high susceptibility in this trial suggests that further infection and mortality is likely in the Canadian populations.

Application of slow-release tablets to enhance white pine regeneration: growth response and efficacy against white pine blister rust

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 684-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G Pitt ◽  
Timothy Meyer ◽  
Mya Park ◽  
Linda MacDonald ◽  
Teresa Buscarini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Pine Regeneration

Three field studies were established in northeastern Ontario to test the ability of slow-release tablets to provide prophylactic protection against white pine blister rust (caused by Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) and thereby improve the long-term survival, health, and growth of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings. Experimental treatments included factorial rate combinations the fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton®), the insecticide imidacloprid (Merit®), and fertilizer (N–P–K, 15:8.5:3.75). Mean foliar fungicide residues increased to maximal levels (0.21 to 3.1 µg/g fresh mass (fm)) within 1 to 2 years posttreatment and declined markedly to <0.3 µg/g fm 3 to 4 years posttreatment. Dose-dependent and temporal trends observed in foliar residue levels were reflected by parallel trends in efficacy. At ≥2000 ppm triadimefon, infection rates were reduced to between 35% and 70% and mortality rates were reduced to between 6% and 52% over seven growing seasons across the three sites. In contrast, untreated seedlings had infection rates between 60% and 98% and mortality rates between 30% and 90%. Neither fungicide nor insecticide treatments had significant effects on surviving seedling growth. Differences in fungicide uptake, disease incidence, and seedling growth in response to fertilization were observed among the three sites. Direct weed control, provided at one site, appeared to offer relatively greater health and growth benefits than fertilization.

scholarly journals First Report of White Pine Blister Rust Caused by Cronartium ribicola on Immune Black Currant Ribes nigrum Cv. Titania in Preston, Connecticut

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (12) ◽  
pp. 1589-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. A. Frederick ◽  
S. Villani ◽  
K. D. Cox ◽  
L. Los ◽  
J. Allen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New England ◽  
New York State ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Chemical Management ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Small Industry

Since the relaxation of federal sanctions on the planting of Ribes crops because of the development of white pine blister rust (WPBR) immune Ribes cultivars (3), a small industry for the production of Ribes fruit for fresh and processing markets was established in New York and surrounding New England states. The majority of Ribes acreage in the region is planted to a WPBR immune black currant R. nigrum cv. Titania. From 2008 to June 2011, symptoms resembling those caused by WPBR pathogen Cronartium ribicola were observed at a large (>12 ha) R. nigrum cv. Titania planting in Preston, CT. In 2008, infection was restricted to a single field (100% incidence), but in 2009, all fields suffered from premature defoliation by late July. In 2010 and 2011, there was considerable incidence (>85%), but premature defoliation was kept in check by chemical management. Symptoms began as chlorotic lesions (0.5 to 4.3 mm in diameter) on both sides of the leaf. These chlorotic lesions had margins delineated by leaf veins and many developed necrotic (0.3 to 0.9 mm in diameter) centers on the upper surface of leaves within 2 to 3 weeks. The undersides of lesions developed blisters containing orange uredinia (0.1 to 0.33 mm in diameter) with smooth peridia that broke with the production of yellow-orange urediniospores (30 × 15 to 25 μm). Symptoms and signs were consistent with published descriptions of C. ribicola (1) and with WPBR infections on highly susceptible R. nigrum cv. Ben Alder planted at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva. Additional confirmation was provided by sequencing the two internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 5.8S gene (GenBank Accession No. JN587805; 98% identity with No. DQ533975) in the nuclear ribosomal repeat using primers ITS1-F and ITS4 as described previously (2,4). Furthermore, an attempt was made to confirm pathogenicity in the greenhouse by inoculating shoots of potted nursery stock of R. nigrum cv. Titania. Shoots were inoculated by rubbing leaves with either an uninfected currant leaf or a currant leaf from Preston, CT sporulating with urediniospores. Plants were subsequently misted with dH20 and covered with plastic bags for 24 h. Plants were watered biweekly and kept in a greenhouse with 39 to 65% relative humidity at 21 to 26°C. Shoots were monitored for symptom development on a weekly basis. After 3 weeks, 2 of the 10 plants inoculated with infected leaves developed chlorotic lesions and uredinia identical to those on leaves from Preston, CT, while all others remained healthy. Although not easily reproducible in a greenhouse, the breakdown of immunity in R. nigrum cv. Titania was observed for the last 4 years in Connecticut. Given that WPBR immunity was one of the conditions for legalized planting of Ribes, the breakdown of immunity has potentially deleterious implications particularly for nearby states like Massachusetts and New York, in which the Ribes industries are expanding. Moreover, Ribes growers may need to rely on chemical management programs to manage WPBR in the future. References: (1) G. B. Cummins. Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, MN, 1959. (2) M. Gardes and T. D. Bruns. Mol. Ecol. 2:113, 1993. (3) S. McKay. Hortic. Technol. 10:562, 2000. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1990.

scholarly journals Changes in Genetic Diversity of Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) Associated with Inbreeding and White Pine Blister Rust Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Bower ◽  
S. N. Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
Pinus Albicaulis ◽  
Whitebark Pine ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe investigated the association of inbreeding and infection by the introduced disease white pine blister rust (caused by the fungusCronartium ribicolaJ. C. Fisch) with genetic diversity of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulisEngelm.) by genetically comparing cohorts of different ages in natural stands. Isozyme analysis of bud tissue was used to estimate expected and observed heterozygosity (Heand Ho), and Wright’s fixation index (Fis) for three age cohorts (seedling, young, and mature), sampled from 14 sites in British Columbia, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. Comparison of genetic diversity parameters among cohorts within a site was used to assess the extent and persistence of inbreeding with age, while comparisons of parameters among sites within a cohort were used to assess the impact of the disease on genetic diversity. Significant evidence of inbreeding (Fis>0) was found in all age cohorts. When sites were stratified by level of blister rust infection, differences in Fisand Hoamong cohorts were only significant when level of infection was low. A significant negative association was found between level of blister rust infection and Hoin the mature cohort. This suggests that when differential selection due to blister rust is weak, more heterozygous individuals may be favored; however, more homozygous individuals may have higher fitness under higher blister rust levels

scholarly journals White Pine Blister Rust Susceptibility in Ribes Species

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 609e-609
Author(s):  
Kim E. Hummer ◽  
Stan Pluta
Keyword(s):  
Severe Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Rust Susceptibility ◽  
North And South America

In the late 1800s a European disease called white pine blister rust, Cronartia ribicola Fisher, was introduced into the United States. By 1937 this disease had naturalized and was firmly established in native Ribes across the country. White pine blister rust causes economic damage to white pines and infects leaves of some Ribes late in the summer after harvest. Ribes serve as obligate alternate hosts for this disease. Our objective was to determine which Ribes species were susceptible to white pine blister rust under field conditions in Corvallis, Ore., where inoculum is naturally present. In 1995 and 1996, 57 Ribes taxa from North and South America, Europe, and Asia, were evaluated in mid-August and mid-September for presence of white pine blister rust. Susceptibility was determined by the rust infection of the abaxial leaf surfaces. Rust infection was rated on a scale from 1, no infection observed, to 9, severe infection covering almost the entire surface of at least three or more leaves. Data from 1995 indicated that 22 Ribes taxa were susceptible to white pine blister rust, while 35 others had no infection. The 1996 data will be reported. Species without infection may offer resistance genes to breeders who wish to develop rust-resistant commercial fruit cultivars.

scholarly journals Origin and Distribution of Cr2, a Gene for Resistance to White Pine Blister Rust in Natural Populations of Western White Pine

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 691-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch ◽  
Richard A. Sniezko ◽  
Gayle E. Dupper
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Western White Pine

The distribution and frequency of the Cr2 gene for resistance to white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) in western white pine (Pinus monticola) was surveyed in natural populations of the host by inoculation of open-pollinated seedlings from 687 individual seed parents from throughout most of the species' range. Because Cr2 is dominant and results in a conspicuous hypersensitive reaction (HR) in pine needles, the phenotype can readily be detected in offspring of susceptible seed parents fertilized by unknown Cr2 donors in the ambient pollen cloud. Gametic frequencies of Cr2 were thus determined as the proportion of total challenged seedlings that were pollen receptors exhibiting the Cr2 phenotype. Zygotic frequencies, the proportion of seed parents with progeny that segregated in Mendelian ratios for the Cr2 phenotype to the total number of parents, were a complementary, though less precise, measure. Cr2 frequency was rare overall, ranging from 0.004 to 0.008 in the Sierra Nevada to about 0.001 in the central Cascade Range; it was undetectable further north in the Cascades, as well as in the Rocky Mountains and Coast Mountains of the United States and Canada. The diminishing frequency of Cr2 from the southern and central Sierra Nevada northward mirrors that of Cr1 in sugar pine (P. lambertiana) and points to this region as the origin of both genes. We rationalize that this coincidence may have resulted from protection that these genes may have conferred on both species to an endemic pine stem rust congeneric with C. ribicola (C. occidentale) in recent geologic epochs.

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