Greenhouse Cucumber Cultivars Differ in Susceptibility to Fusarium Root and Stem Rot

Eighteen cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars (long English type) were screened for their susceptibility to fusarium root and stem rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. f.sp. radicis-cucumerinum D.J. Vakalounakis using seedlings at the third true-leaf stage. Roots were trimmed and dipped into a spore suspension (105 spores/mL) of the pathogen and the plants were re-potted. A disease severity index (DSI) was used to assess disease responses 4 or 8 weeks later based on plant mortality and the height of surviving plants compared to the noninoculated controls. `Sienna', `Amazing' and `Dominica' were most susceptible to infection and the resulting DSI values were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher compared to noninoculated control plants. The cultivars `Korinda', `Euphoria' and `Aviance' displayed significantly lower DSI values which were not significantly different from noninoculated control plants. The remaining 12 cultivars displayed DSI values which were intermediate between the above two classes of responses. The results from this study indicate there is the potential to identify and develop cultivars and breeding lines of greenhouse cucumbers with enhanced resistance to fusarium root and stem rot.

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Case Study of an Epidemiological Approach Dissecting Historical Soybean Sclerotinia Stem Rot Observations and Identifying Environmental Predictors of Epidemics and Yield Loss

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-12-16-0446-r ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 108 (4) ◽

pp. 469-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Mamadou L. Fall ◽

John F. Boyse ◽

Dechun Wang ◽

Jaime F. Willbur ◽

Damon L. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Historical Data ◽

Severity Index ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Total Precipitation ◽

Disease Severity Index ◽

Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽

Environmental Predictors ◽

Epidemiological Approach

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a significant threat to soybean production worldwide. In this study, an epidemiological approach was used to examine 11 years of historical data from a soybean management performance trial in order to advance our understanding of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) development and to identify environmental predictors of SSR epidemics and associated yield losses. Recursive partitioning analysis suggested that average air temperature and total precipitation in July were the most significant variables associated with disease severity. High levels of SSR disease severity index were observed when the average temperature in July was below 19.5°C and total precipitation in July was moderate, between 20 and 108.5 mm. A biphasic sigmoidal curve accurately described the relationship between SSR disease severity index (DSI) and yield, with a DSI threshold of 22, below which minimal yield loss was observed. A 10% increase in the DSI, from 22.0 to 24.2, led to an 11% decrease in yield, from 3,308.14 to 2,951.29 kg/ha. Also, a yield threshold (3,353 kg/ha) that was higher than the annual U.S. average soybean yield (3,039.7 kg/ha) was suggested as an expected yield under low or no SSR pressure in the U.S. Midwest. These thresholds can allow soybean stakeholders to assess the value of disease control and establish an SSR baseline for cost-effective management to protect yields. Because S. sclerotiorum has more than 400 plant host species, and because having quantitative information concerning crop losses is crucial for decision making, this study shows the usefulness of historical data on SSR and, hence, can serve as a model in other SSR pathosystems (canola, dry bean, potato, pea, and so on).

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Composts containing fluorescent pseudomonads suppress fusarium root and stem rot development on greenhouse cucumber

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w10-076 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (11) ◽

pp. 896-905 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Geoffrey G. Bradley ◽

Zamir K. Punja

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Total Population ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Severity Index ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Growth Room ◽

Greenhouse Cucumber ◽

Layer Chromatography

Three composts (Ball, dairy, and greenhouse) were tested for the ability to suppress the development of Fusarium root and stem rot (caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum) on greenhouse cucumber. Dairy and greenhouse composts significantly reduced disease severity (P = 0.05), while Ball compost had no effect. Assessment of total culturable microbes in the composts showed a positive relationship between disease suppressive ability and total population levels of pseudomonads. In vitro antagonism assays between compost-isolated bacterial strains and the pathogen showed that strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited the greatest antagonism. In growth room trials, strains of P. aeruginosa and nonantagonistic Pseudomonas maculicola , plus 2 biocontrol strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens , were tested for their ability to reduce (i) survival of F. oxysporum, (ii) colonization of plants by the pathogen, and (iii) disease severity. Cucumber seedlings grown in compost receiving P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens had reduced disease severity index scores after 8 weeks compared with control plants without bacteria. Internal stem colonization by F. oxysporum was significantly reduced by P. aeruginosa. The bacteria colonized plant roots at 1.9 × 106 ± 0.73 × 106CFU·(g root tissue)–1and survival was >107 CFU·(g compost)–1after 6 weeks. The locus for 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol production was detected by Southern blot analysis and confirmed by PCR. The production of the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol in liquid culture by P. aeruginosa was confirmed by thin layer chromatography. These results demonstrate that composts containing antibiotic-producing P. aeruginosa have the potential to suppress diseases caused by Fusarium species.

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Virulensi Isolat Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense VCG 01213/16 pada Pisang Barangan dari Varietas Pisang dan Lokasi yang Berbeda

Jurnal Hortikultura ◽

10.21082/jhort.v21n2.2011.p145-151 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Jumjunidang ◽

Catur Hermanto ◽

Riska

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Incubation Period ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Control Method ◽

Block Design ◽

Severity Index ◽

Disease Severity Index ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Tissue Culture Propagation

Analisis genetik isolat-isolat cendawan Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) VCG 01213/16 penyebab penyakit layu pada tanaman pisang menunjukkan adanya keragaman yang nyata. Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari keragaman virulensi isolat-isolat yang terkelompok dalam VCG 01213/16, berasal dari berbagai daerah dan varietas pisang yang berbeda. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Penyakit dan Rumah Kasa Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika (Balitbu Tropika) Solok, dari bulan Maret sampai dengan Juni 2009. Rancangan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok dengan 10 perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, masing-masing perlakuan terdiri atas 10 tanaman. Perlakuan terdiri atas 10 isolat Foc VCG 01213/16 yang berasal dari varietas pisang dan lokasi berbeda. Tanaman uji ialah benih pisang Barangan hasil perbanyakan kultur jaringan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat keragaman virulensi 10 isolat Foc VCG 01213/16 yang dinilai dari perbedaan masa inkubasi, persentase serangan, dan indeks keparahan penyakit pada bonggol dan daun pisang Barangan. Sembilan isolat Foc yang diuji mempunyai virulensi yang tinggi. Masa inkubasi berkisar antara 13,98 dan 16,80 hari, persentase serangan 93,33-100%, dan indeks keparahan penyakit pada bonggol dan daun masing-masing berkisar 3,46-5,35 dan 4,68-5,41. Isolat Foc VCG 01213/16 yang berasal dari Jabung-Lampung Timur dan diisolasi dari pisang varietas Ambon Kuning (isolat F) menunjukkan virulensi yang relatif lebih rendah dibanding sembilan isolat Foc lainnya dengan masa inkubasi 30,27 hari, indeks keparahan penyakit pada bonggol dan daun masing-masing sebesar 2,14 dan 3,76. Hasil penelitian ini bermanfaat dalam memberikan informasi tentang biologi F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense sebagai dasar untuk penyusunan teknik pengendalian yang tepat. Genetic analysis of isolates of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) that are grouped in VCG 01213/16, as the causal agent of wilt disease in banana plants showed a considerable variation. This research aimed to study the variation in virulence of isolates that are grouped in VCG 01213/16 from different varieties of banana and regions. The study was conducted in the Protection Laboratory and the Screenhouse of Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI) Solok, from March to June 2009. A randomized block design was used in this research with 10 treatments and three replications. Each treatments consisted of 10 banana plants. The treatment was 10 Foc isolates belonging to VCG 01213/16 originating from different varieties of banana and locations. Barangan plantlets produced from tissue culture propagation were used as the planting material. The results showed that there were high variations in virulence among 10 Foc isolates in VCG 01213/16 based on variables of the incubation period, percentage of wilt, and disease severity index on corm and leaves of Barangan variety. Nine of the 10 Foc isolates tested were highly virulent isolates. The incubation period ranged from 13.98 to 16.80 days, the percentage of wilt from 93.33 to 100%, and the disease severity index of corm and leaves ranged from 3.46 to 5.35 and from 4.68 to 5.41, respectively. The Foc VCG 01213/16 isolates originated from Jabung, East Lampung and from Ambon Kuning variety (isolate F) shown relatively low virulence than others isolates that the incubation period was 30.27 days and the disease severity index on the corm and leaves was 2.14 and 3.76, respectively. This result provides useful information on biology of F. oxysprum f. sp. cubense to find out the best control method of the pathogen.

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Biochemical basis of genotypic and bio-agent induced stem rot resistance in groundnut

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr.v40i04.9004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 40 (04) ◽

Author(s):

Riddhi H. Rajyaguru ◽

Thirumalaisamy P. P. ◽

Kirankumar G. Patel ◽

Jignasha T. Thumar

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Polyphenol Oxidase ◽

Severity Index ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Defense Enzymes ◽

Disease Severity Index ◽

Biochemical Basis ◽

Catalase Peroxidase ◽

Resistant Genotypes

Stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) resistance in groundnut genotypes was due to activities of defense enzymes such as, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Bio-agent, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from groundnut rhizosphere enhances the activities of defense enzymes through salicylic acid induced systemic resistance. In resistant genotypes (NRCGCS-19 and NRCGCS-319) higher activities of defense enzymes were recorded constitutively while in susceptible genotypes it was increased after bio-agent treatment. The activities of pathogenesis related-proteins viz., polygalacturonase and chitinase were registered in plants inoculated with S. rolfsii. Enzymes, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and chitinase showed strong negative correlation with disease severity index. However, the activity of polygalacturonase was directly related to disease severity index and inversely related to activity of chitinase. Hence, to obtain required levels of crop protection against S. rolfsii one has to grow either resistant genotypes or bio-agent treated susceptible genotypes.

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Effect of crop rotation and soil amendments on Sclerotinia stem rot on soybean in two soils

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p05-137 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 605-614 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

G. Rousseau ◽

S. Rioux ◽

D. Dostaler

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Redundancy Analysis ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Soil Amendments ◽

Severity Index ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Disease Severity Index ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Sclerotinia Stem Rot

The effect of 4-yr soybean rotations with corn (CCCS vs. CCSS vs. SSSS) and soil amendments (urban compost vs. mineral fertilizer) on Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean (disease severity index, apothecia number, sclerotia survival), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, was studied on two soils (clay loam and sandy loam) at Saint-Hyacinthe, in southwestern Québec, from 1999 to 2002. In 2002, the 3-yr-corn rotation had a significant effect on the disease severity index (DSI) at the clay loam site; DSI was greatly reduced by rotation (5.2%) compared with monoculture (44.3%). At the sandy loam site, an interaction between rotation and fertility amendments reduced DSI from 71.7% in the monoculture to 37.8% in the 3-yr-corn rotation amended with compost. Canonical redundancy analysis (RDA) of the DSI-apothecia matrix in 2002 confirmed the suppressiveness of the 3-yr-corn rotation and revealed a significant conducive effect on DSI of compost at the clay loam site. At the sandy loam site, RDA of the DSI-apothecia matrix confirmed suppressive interaction between corn-soybean rotations and compost amendment. Key words: Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean, crop rotation, urban compost, multiple regression, canonical redundancy analysis, permutations test

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Indonesian red chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) capsaicin and its correlation with their responses to pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum

NICHE Journal of Tropical Biology ◽

10.14710/niche.1.2.7-12 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Rejeki Siti Ferniah ◽

Sri Pujiyanto ◽

Hermin Pancasakti Kusumaningrum

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Food Industry ◽

Regression Coefficient ◽

Severity Index ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Disease Severity Index ◽

Commercial Crop

Red chili is a commercial crop for the food industry in Indonesia. There are some categories of red chili based on their pungency. The hot chili usually has more capsaicin than the sweet chili. Some cultivars may have more resistance to pathogen infection than the others. This research aimed to analyze the disease resistance of red chili cultivars from Indonesia against pathogenic Fusariumoxysporum and the correlation with capsaicin contents. Disease resistance was examined by determination of the Disease Severity Index (DSI) 15 dpi (days post inoculation). The correlation was analyzed by the regression coefficient. The result showed that the most resistance cultivar against F. oxysporum was Branang, while Lembang-1displayed the contrary. There was not a correlation of capsaicin content with the chili resistance to F. oxysporum.

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Viabilitas dan Virulensi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense yang Dipreservasi dengan Liofilisasi

Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia ◽

10.22146/jpti.25715 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Iqna Khayatina Rusli ◽

Arif Wibowo ◽

Christanti Sumardiyono

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Severity Index ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Disease Severity Index ◽

Banana Production ◽

The World ◽

Very High

Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is still pose as constraint to banana production all over the world. The objective of this research was to examine the viability and virulence of Foc isolates which had been preserved with lyophilization for 18 years. The experiment used 19 isolates of Foc, which were Pekulo, Sukorejo, Kali Sepanjang, Kalibaru, Purwojoyo, Prembun, Mulyosari, Sidogede, Sidatan, Kemiri, Juwangen, A-17, A-11, PS-5, B4-3-1, Fo2.16.16., PS-10, A-2, and Irja. The results showed that 12 isolates could grow well on PDA medium, namely Pekulo, Sukorejo, Kali Sepanjang, Kalibaru, Purwojoyo, Prembun, Mulyosari, Sidatan, Juwangen, PS-5, B4-3-1, and Fo2.16.16. Meanwhile, seven isolates (Sidogede, Kemiri, A-17, A-11, PS-10, A-2, and Irja) could not grow or develop on PDA medium. The result of pathogenicity test showed that six tested Foc isolates had very high virulences, with disease severity index of about 2.14–2.71. Other three isolates revealed high virulences with disease severity index around 2.01–2.07. Meanwhile, another three less virulent isolates demonstrated disease severity index in the range of 1.39–1.67. Intisari Penyakit layu yang disebabkan oleh jamur Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.cubense (Foc) masih menjadi kendala dalam produksi pisang di seluruh dunia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji viabilitas dan virulensi isolat Foc yang telah dipreservasi dengan liofilisasi selama 18 tahun. Penelitian menggunakan 19 isolat Foc yaitu Pekulo, Sukorejo, Kali Sepanjang, Kalibaru, Purwojoyo, Prembun, Mulyosari, Sidogede, Sidatan, Kemiri, Juwangen, A-17, A-11, PS-5, B4-3-1, Fo2.16.16., PS-10, A-2, dan Irja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 12 isolat Foc mampu tumbuh dengan baik pada medium PDA yaitu Pekulo, Sukorejo, Kali Sepanjang, Kalibaru, Purwojoyo, Prembun, Mulyosari, Sidatan, Juwangen, PS-5, B4-3-1, dan Fo2.16.16. 7 isolat tidak mampu tumbuh pada medium PDA yaitu Sidogede, Kemiri, A-17, A-11, PS-10, A-2, dan Irja. Enam isolat Foc yang diuji memiliki virulensi sangat tinggi dengan indeks keparahan penyakit berkisar antara 2,14–2,71. Tiga isolat yang lain memiliki virulensi tinggi dengan indeks keparahan penyakit berkisar antara 2,01–2,07. Sedangkan 3 isolat lainnya memiliki virulensi yang lebih rendah dengan indeks keparahan penyakit berkisar antara 1,39–1,67.

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Effects of mesophilic and thermophilic composts on suppression of Fusarium root and stem rot of greenhouse cucumber

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w00-082 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 46 (11) ◽

pp. 1021-1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

T Kannangara ◽

R S Utkhede ◽

J W Paul ◽

Z K Punja

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar ◽

Disease Suppression ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Stunted Growth ◽

The Third ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Greenhouse Cucumber

Three composts were tested for their ability to suppress root and stem rot caused by the soil borne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum (FORC) on cucumber. Two of the composts were prepared from separated dairy solids either by windrow (WDS) or vermicomposting (VMC) while the third, obtained from International Bio-Recovery (IBR), was prepared from vegetable refuse using aerobic digestion. Three sets of potting mixes were prepared by mixing the composts with sawdust at varying ratios, and seeded with cucumber cv. Corona. After 14 days of growth in the greenhouse, inoculum of FORC (20 mL of 5 × 106micro-conidia per mL) was applied to each pot at three different times (14, 21, and 35 days). In unamended inoculated pots, the pathogen caused stunted growth and reduced flowers. Amendment of WDS in the potting mix suppressed these symptoms, while VMC and IBR had no effect. All three composts reduced the FORC colony forming units (cfu) at the end of the experiment (10 weeks). There was a large increase of fluorescent bacteria near the vicinity of roots particularly in WDS amended potting mixes. When water extracts of the composts were plated onto acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA), only IBR contained a potent thermostable inhibitor to FORC. This inhibitor was removed by activated charcoal but was not partitioned into petroleum ether at acid, basic, or neutral pH. Inhibition of FORC by IBR was not due to electrical conductivity or trace elements in the compost. Contrasting effectiveness of the WDS and VMC made from the same waste suggests that composting method can influence the disease suppression properties of the finished compost.Key words: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, biological control.

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Biological Management of Banana Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 Using Antagonistic Fungal Isolate CSR-T-3 (Trichoderma reesei)

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2020.595845 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Thukkaram Damodaran ◽

Shailendra Rajan ◽

Manoharan Muthukumar ◽

Ram Gopal ◽

Kavita Yadav ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Biological Control ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Trichoderma Reesei ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Expression Analysis ◽

Gene Expression Analysis ◽

Severity Index ◽

Disease Severity Index ◽

Race 4

Fusarium wilt in bananas is one of the most devastating diseases that poses a serious threat to the banana industry globally. With no effective control measures available to date, biological control has been explored to restrict the spread and manage the outbreak. We studied the effective biological control potential of different Trichoderma spp. in the management of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). Expression of the defense related genes and metabolites in banana plants inoculated with Foc TR4 and treated with effective Trichoderma sp interactions were also studied. The in vitro growth inhibition of Foc TR4 by Trichoderma reesei isolate CSR-T-3 was 85.19% indicating a higher antagonistic potential than other Trichoderma isolates used in the study. Further, in in vivo assays, the banana plants treated with the isolate CSR-T-3 T. reesei had a significant reduction in the disease severity index (0.75) and also had increased phenological indices with respect to Foc TR4 treated plants. Enhanced activity of defense enzymes, such as β-1, 3-glucanase, peroxidase, chitinase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase with higher phenol contents were found in the Trichoderma isolate CSR-T-3 treated banana plants challenge-inoculated with Foc TR4. Fusarium toxins, such as fusaristatin A, fusarin C, chlamydosporal, and beauveric acid were identified by LC-MS in Foc TR4-infected banana plants while high intensity production of antifungal compounds, such as ß-caryophyllene, catechin-o-gallate, soyasapogenol rhamnosyl glucoronide, peptaibols, fenigycin, iturin C19, anthocyanin, and gallocatechin-o-gallate were detected in T. reesei isolate CSR-T-3 treated plants previously inoculated with Foc TR4. Gene expression analysis indicated the upregulation of TrCBH1/TrCBH2, TrXYL1, TrEGL1, TrTMK1, TrTGA1, and TrVEL1 genes in CSR-T-3 treatment. LC-MS and gene expression analysis could ascertain the upregulation of genes involved in mycoparasitism and the signal transduction pathway leading to secondary metabolite production under CSR-T-3 treatment. The plants in the field study showed a reduced disease severity index (1.14) with high phenological growth and yield indices when treated with T. reesei isolate CSR-T-3 formulation. We report here an effective biocontrol-based management technological transformation from lab to the field for successful control of Fusarium wilt disease caused by Foc TR4 in bananas.

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EVALUATION OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS FOR CONTROL OF CLUBROOT OF CABBAGE USING BAREROOT AND PLUG TRANSPLANTS OF TWO CULTIVARS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.607b ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 607b-607

Author(s):

W. Tietjen ◽

P.J. Nitzsche ◽

W.P. Cowgill ◽

M.H. Maletta ◽

S.A. Johnston

Keyword(s):

Brassica Oleracea ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Nonionic Surfactants ◽

Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽

Severity Index ◽

Effective Control ◽

Disease Severity Index

`Market Prize' and `Bravo' cabbage (Brassica oleracea Var. capitata L.), transplanted as peat plug and bareroot plants into a field naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae, Woronin, were treated immediately after planting with a liquid or a granular surfactant. APSA 80™, applied in transplant water, significantly reduced percent clubbing and disease severity index (DSI) compared to control treatments. Miller Soil Surfactant Granular™ did not significantly reduce percent clubbing or DSI. There was a significant effect of cultivar on percent clubbing and DSI. There was no significant effect of transplant type on percent clubbing or DSI. This year's study culminates five years of investigation of surfactants for clubroot control. Specific surfactants have proven to be an effective control of clubroot in cabbage. Chemical names used: nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (APSA 80™); alpha-alkanoic-hydro omega-hydroxy poly (oxyethylene) (Miller Soil Surfactant Granular™).

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