Host Plant Resistance to Leafminers in Lettuce

Leafminer (Liriomyza spp.) is a major insect pest of many important agricultural crops including lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The goals of this study were to evaluate lettuce genotypes for resistance to leafminers and to estimate the heritabilities of leafminer-resistant traits in the field, to examine the association among different resistant traits, and to study the mechanism of leafminer resistance in lettuce. Seventy-eight lettuce accessions and 232 F2 plants of crosses were evaluated for leafminer stings and the production of pupae and flies in the field in 2001 and 2002, and resistant genotypes were subjected to no-choice test. Wild species (Lactuca serriola L., L. saligna L., and L. virosa L.) had significantly fewer stings than cultivated lettuces. Among cultivated lettuces, sting densities were lowest on leaf lettuce and highest on romaine types. The sting results from the field were highly correlated with the results from insect cages (r = 0.770 and 0.756 for 2001 and 2002 tests, respectively), suggesting that a cage test can be used to screen for resistance in the field. Broad-sense heritability estimates for stings per unit leaf area in the field were 81.6% and 67.4% for 2001 and 2002 tests, respectively. The number of pupae produced per plant or per leaf was moderately correlated with sting density but was not correlated with leaf weight. Results suggest that both antixenosis and antibiosis exist in lettuce germplasm and resistant genotypes from choice tests remain resistant under no-choice conditions. These findings suggest that genetic improvement of cultivated lettuce for leafminer resistance is feasible.

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Resistance to Leafminers in Lettuce

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.766c ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 766C-766

Author(s):

Beiquan Mou* ◽

Yong-Biao Liu

Keyword(s):

Insect Pest ◽

Choice Test ◽

Agricultural Crops ◽

Unit Leaf ◽

Lactuca Serriola ◽

Choice Tests ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Leaf Lettuce ◽

Resistant Genotypes ◽

Cage Test

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Leafminer Resistance in Lettuce

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.4.570 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 570-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Beiquan Mou ◽

Yong-Biao Liu

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Romaine Lettuce ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

Unit Leaf Area ◽

Lactuca Saligna ◽

Lactuca Virosa ◽

Unit Leaf ◽

Lactuca Serriola ◽

Highly Correlated

Leafminer (Liriomyza langei Frick) is a major insect pest of many important agricultural crops including lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The goals of this study were to evaluate lettuce genotypes for resistance to leafminer and to estimate heritabilities of three leafminer-resistant traits. Forty-six lettuce genotypes were evaluated in two tests in insect cages. Wild species (Lactuca serriola L., Lactuca saligna L., and Lactuca virosa L.) had significantly fewer leafminer stings than cultivated lettuce (L. sativa) in both tests. PI 509525 (L. saligna) had few leafminer stings and no flies emerged. Leaf (leaf and romaine) lettuce also showed significantly less stings than head (crisphead and butterhead) types, while differences between leaf and romaine lettuces, and between crisphead and butterhead types were nonsignificant. Broad-sense heritability for number of stings per unit leaf area was relatively high, averaging 65% over the two tests. Heritabilities for egg-hatching period and flies per plant were 10% and 15%, respectively. Stings per unit leaf area from the two tests were highly correlated (r = 0.828), suggesting that resistance was stable over different plant ages and against different pressures of leafminer. These results suggest that genetic improvement of cultivated lettuce for leafminer resistance is feasible.

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Behavioral Responses of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) to a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 in Cotton

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toz058 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 112 (4) ◽

pp. 1695-1704 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Scott H Graham ◽

Fred M Musser ◽

Alana L Jacobson ◽

Anitha Chitturi ◽

Beverly Catchot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

Field Tests ◽

Choice Test ◽

Bt Cotton ◽

Tarnished Plant Bug ◽

Bt Toxin ◽

Choice Tests

Abstract Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), are among the most important insect pests of cotton, Gosssypium hirsutum, in the mid-southern United States. These pests are currently managed primarily by insecticides; however, a new Bt toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 is under evaluation for control of thrips and tarnished plant bug. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavioral response of thrips and tarnished plant bug to Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16. Adult thrips avoided Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton in field choice tests and in separate field tests of Bt and non-Bt cotton not treated with insecticides. In a greenhouse choice test, approximately twice as many adult thrips and eggs were found on non-Bt compared with Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton. Similarly, in a field test of nontreated Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 and non-Bt cotton, 68% of adult thrips collected were found on non-Bt cotton. In cotton that was not sprayed with insecticides, Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 did not affect the distribution of tarnished plant bug within the canopy, although more square and flower injury was caused by tarnished plant bug in non-Bt cotton. Adult tarnished plant bug exhibited a nonpreference for diet containing lyophilized Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 leaves and for excised Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 squares in choice tests with non-Bt squares. The behavioral responses of these pests when exposed to this new Bt toxin will play a key role in the efficacy and potential resistance management strategies if this new technology is incorporated in an overall cotton insect pest management system.

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Response of strains of housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to commercial bait formulations in the laboratory

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s000748530003933x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 86 (5) ◽

pp. 541-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jane Learmount ◽

Paul A. Chapman ◽

Alan W. Morris ◽

David B. Pinniger

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Test Methods ◽

Laboratory Method ◽

Choice Test ◽

Test Results ◽

Feeding Test ◽

Choice Tests ◽

Behavioural Resistance ◽

Cage Test

AbstractField strains of housefly collected from animal units were exposed to the insecticide baits, Golden Malrin and Alfacron in laboratory cage tests. Flies were exposed to each bait alone in no-choice tests and to the bait plus sugar in choice tests. Golden Malrin was generally effective against the strains tested in no-choice tests; the lowest recorded knockdown after exposure for 48 h was 82%. Eight strains, however, gave a reduced knockdown when exposed in choice tests (between 60 and 87%). Golden Malrin was ineffective against one strain in choice tests with 7% knockdown at 48 h. With Alfacron 12 strains exhibited knockdown responses between 57 and 87% at 48 h in no-choice tests. In choice tests, 17 strains gave knockdown responses of less than 50% at 48 h. Correlation coefficients were calculated for results from cage tests and levels of resistance to the active ingredients assessed using topical application and feeding test methods. There was a positive correlation between cage and feeding test results. Correlation was, however, less significant with choice test results than with no-choice results. There was no correlation between cage test and topical results. It is suggested that behavioural resistance was responsible for the reduced responses shown by some strains in choice tests compared to no-choice tests. The results demonstrate the importance of using a laboratory method which allows for behavioural differences when monitoring for resistance to insecticides formulated as baits. Behavioural differences in housefly strains should be considered when testing the efficacy of new bait formulations. It is also suggested that insecticide baits should not be used continuously and exclusively to control houseflies in intensive animal units.

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Diverse sources of resistance to Spodoptera litura (F.) in groundnut

Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) ◽

10.31742/ijgpb.79s.1.8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 79 (01S) ◽

Author(s):

M. A. Saleem ◽

G. K. Naidu ◽

H. L. Nadaf ◽

P. S. Tippannavar

Keyword(s):

Recombinant Inbred ◽

Spodoptera Litura ◽

Hot Spot ◽

Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Leaf Damage ◽

Botanical Variety ◽

Resistant Genotypes ◽

Botanical Varieties

Spodoptera litura an important insect pest of groundnut causes yield loss up to 71% in India. Though many effective chemicals are available to control Spodoptera, host plant resistance is the most desirable, economic and eco-friendly strategy. In the present study, groundnut mini core (184), recombinant inbred lines (318) and elite genotypes (44) were studied for their reaction to Spodoptera litura under hot spot location at Dharwad. Heritable component of variation existed for resistance to Spodoptera in groundnut mini core, recombinant inbred lines and elite genotypes indicating scope for selection of Spodoptera resistant genotypes. Only 29 (15%) genotypes belonging to hypogaea, fastigiata and hirsuta botanical varieties under mini core set, 15 transgressive segregants belonging to fastigiata botanical variety among 318 recombinant inbred lines and three genotypes belonging to hypogaea and fastigiata botanical varieties under elite genotypes showed resistance to Spodoptera litura with less than 10% leaf damage. Negative correlation existed between resistance to Spodoptera and days to 50 per cent flowering indicating late maturing nature of resistant genotypes. Eight resistant genotypes (ICG 862, ICG 928, ICG 76, ICG 2777, ICG 5016, ICG 12276, ICG 4412 and ICG 9905) under hypogaea botanical variety also had significantly higher pod yield. These diverse genotypes could serve as potential donors for incorporation of Spodoptera resistance in groundnut.

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Predator-induced changes of male and female mating preferences: innate and learned components

Current Zoology ◽

10.1093/cz/zoz003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 305-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin Plath ◽

Kai Liu ◽

Diane Umutoni ◽

Guilherme Gomes-Silva ◽

Jie-Fei Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mate Choice ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Learning Experience ◽

Choice Test ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Mating Preferences ◽

Choice Tests ◽

Experiential Effects ◽

Female Mating Preferences ◽

Induced Changes

Abstract While many mating preferences have a genetic basis, the question remains as to whether and how learning/experience can modify individual mate choice decisions. We used wild-caught (predator-experienced) and F1 laboratory-reared (predator-naïve) invasive Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis from China to test whether mating preferences (assessed in a first mate choice test) would change under immediate predation threat. The same individuals were tested in a second mate choice test during which 1 of 3 types of animated predators was presented: 1) a co-occurring predator, 2) a co-evolved but not currently co-occurring predator, and 3) a non-piscivorous species as control. We compared preference scores derived from both mate choice tests to separate innate from experiential effects of predation. We also asked whether predator-induced changes in mating preferences would differ between sexes or depend on the choosing individual’s personality type and/or body size. Wild-caught fish altered their mate choice decisions most when exposed to the co-occurring predator whereas laboratory-reared individuals responded most to the co-evolved predator, suggesting that both innate mechanisms and learning effects are involved. This behavior likely reduces individuals’ risk of falling victim to predation by temporarily moving away from high-quality (i.e., conspicuous) mating partners. Accordingly, effects were stronger in bolder than shyer, large- compared with small-bodied, and female compared with male focal individuals, likely because those phenotypes face an increased predation risk overall. Our study adds to the growing body of literature appreciating the complexity of the mate choice process, where an array of intrinsic and extrinsic factors interacts during decision-making.

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Evaluation for Released and Promising Genotypes of Potato against Red Ant

Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council ◽

10.3126/jnarc.v5i1.23812 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 81-87

Author(s):

Prem Nidhi Sharma ◽

Ram Chandra Adhikari ◽

Bhim Bahadur Khatri ◽

Kalika Prasad Upadhyay

Keyword(s):

Insect Pest ◽

Damage Index ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Varietal Resistance ◽

Natural Infestation ◽

Potato Resistance ◽

Index Value ◽

Resistant Genotypes ◽

Combined Data

Red ant is the most destructive insect pest of potato tubers in the field. Utilization of varietal resistance is the best option to control the pest. The resistance of five released and nine promising genotypes of potato were evaluated against red ant (Dorylus orientalis Westwood) under natural infestation in red ant prone field. Potato resistance was evaluated based on tuber damage index value (0.00 to 1) which was calculated on the bases of the percentage of damaged tubers and number of injuries on per kilogram of tubers made by the pest. Based on the results of combined data, the levels of varietal damage were categorized to be less damaged (TDI value ranging from 0.35 to 0.49), moderately damaged (TDI value ranging from 0.50to 0.64) and highly damaged (TDI value ranging from 0.65 to 0.79) types. Among the 14 genotypes compared for levels of tuber damage, the fivegenotypes: IPY-8 (TDI value: 0.35), Khumal Seto (TDI value: 0.39), PRP-056267.1 (TDI value: 0.40), Janak Dev (TDI value: 0.44) and PRP-25861.1 (TDI value: 0.49) were determined to be the less damaged types. The less damaged potato genotypes can be used by farmers as the relatively resistant genotypes against red ant.

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The Use of Pelage Pigmentation in the Recognition of Mothers By Domestic Goat Kids (Capra Hircus)

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853992x00156 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 123 (1-2) ◽

pp. 121-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Carlos R. Ruiz-Miranda

Keyword(s):

Visual Cues ◽

Active Role ◽

Capra Hircus ◽

Choice Test ◽

Domestic Goat ◽

Auditory Cues ◽

Efficiency Measures ◽

Choice Tests ◽

Colour Category ◽

Analysis Of Error

AbstractAlthough it is known that the young play an active role in the formation of mother-young attachment in ruminants, there is scant knowledge of how neonates identify their mothers. This research investigated the use of visual cues, particularly pelage pigmentation, in maternal recognition by domestic goat kids. Observations on the use of auditory cues were carried out secondarily. The findings of this study were: (1) The analysis of error patterns revealed that goat kids performed phenotype matching on the basis of pelage pigmentation when seeking their mothers in two- and six-choice tests, at a distance of 10 m. Presenting the kids with a choice between two females of the same colour resulted in more vacillation, and fewer kids were able to go to their mother directly than when the adults were of different colours. The phenomenon was not evident when the kids were 3 days old. Because it occurred at all other ages, regardless of whether the mother was absent, covered, or fully visible, colour-matching seems to be an important aspect of maternal recognition. (2) Visual cues were important for recognition, as evidenced by the performance of kids when maternal cues were limited (i.e. the mother was covered). (3) The efficiency measures did not correlate strongly with maternal vocalizations when visual cues from the mother were not completely present or when pelage pigmentation was not a good cue for discrimination. On the contrary, kids unexpectedly vocalized more in the conditions in which they could discriminate on the basis of visual cues, that is, when the mother was bare rather than covered, and when she was paired with a doe of a different colour category rather than one of the same colour category. (4) Five-day-old domestic goat kids recognized their mothers efficiently, even within a group, and at a distance of at least 10 m. Most 3-day-kids were not able to find their mothers efficiently in the six-choice test. Errors were made at all ages. The observed performance is consistent with the abilities required of kids under natural conditions.

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Oviposition preference and larval performance of sugarcane borer in eight sugarcane genotypes

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-70542017414004317 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 439-446 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Guilherme Vieira Pimentel ◽

Adriano Cirino Tomaz ◽

Bruno Portela Brasileiro ◽

Luiz Alexandre Peternelli ◽

Márcio Henrique Pereira Barbosa

Keyword(s):

Free Choice ◽

Early Stage ◽

Oviposition Preference ◽

Choice Test ◽

Larval Performance ◽

Foliar Injury ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Sugarcane Borer ◽

Choice Tests ◽

Late Stages

ABSTRACT The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is one of the most important pests of sugarcane in the Americas. The purpose of this study was to assess multiple resistance traits in eight sugarcane genotypes against D. saccharalis, including five commercial cultivars and three exotic germplasm with potential to serve as resistance sources against this pest. The oviposition preference was assessed by using both free-choice and non-choice tests. The performance of both early stage larvae feeding on the leaves and late stages larvae feeding within the stalks were also assessed. There were differences among genotypes for number of both eggs and egg cluster in the free-choice test while no differences in non-choice test were observed. There were also differences in survival of early stage larvae feeding on the leaves, foliar injury rating and stalk damage. The genotype IM76-228 was the least preferred for oviposition and it seems that leaf width had some influence on adults’ preference rather than greening of the leaves. IM76-228 and RB867515 causes higher mortality of early stage larvae feeding in the stalks while IM76-228 and RB985523 had lower damage in both leaves and stalks. The genotype IM76-228 was the most resistant to D. saccharalis and could serve as genes sources for resistance in sugarcane breeding programs.

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New Sources of Lettuce Aphid Resistance in Lettuce

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1109a ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1109A-1109

Author(s):

James D. McCreight

Keyword(s):

Insect Pest ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

The United States ◽

Inheritance Of Resistance ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Lactuca Virosa ◽

Nasonovia Ribisnigri ◽

Lactuca Serriola ◽

Salinas Valley ◽

Greenhouse Tests

Lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri Mosley) is a recent insect pest to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in the United States. The single dominant gene, Nr, conditions resistance to the lettuce aphid in Lactuca virosa accession IVT280 from The Netherlands and is available in a limited number of commercial lettuce cultivars. New and genetically unique sources of resistance are sought to broaden the genetic base for resistance to the lettuce aphid. About 1200 lettuce PI lines were evaluated for resistance to lettuce aphid in greenhouse tests using a strain of lettuce aphid obtained from commercial lettuce in Salinas Valley, Calif. In 2002, plants were individually infested with five 24-hour nymphs per plant (controlled protocol), and the numbers of aphids per plant were counted 10–14 days post-infestation (dpi). Beginning in 2003, plants were mass-infested (mass protocol) with nymphs and alates of various ages and numbers. Using the mass protocol, the number of aphids per plant 10–14 dpi were estimated and categorized using a 1–5 scale where 1 = 0 aphids per plant, 2 = 1–10 aphids per plant, 3 = 11–20 aphids per plant, 4 = 21–30 aphids per plant, and 5 = >30 aphids per plant. `Salinas' and `Barcelona' were included as susceptible and resistant controls, respectively. Most of the accessions were susceptible. A few accessions had a few plants with very low numbers of aphids after repeated infestation, but their progeny were susceptible. Two accessions were highly resistant: PI 491093, a Lactuca serriola accession from Turkey, and PI 274378, a L. virosa accession from France. Inheritance of resistance in these two accessions and their allelism to Nr remains to be determined.

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