Determination of Endodormancy Break in Almond Flower Buds by a Correlation Model Using the Average Temperature of Different Day Intervals and its Application to the Estimation of Chill and Heat Requirements and Blooming Date

Almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch.) blooming date is determined by the temperatures during the dormancy period, from the onset of endodormancy to just before blooming. In this work we have developed a model, based on several years data, to estimate the mean transition date from endodormancy to ecodormancy in 44 almond cultivars covering the whole range of almond bloom, through the significance of correlation coefficients between the temperatures occurring during dormancy and the date of full bloom. The estimation of this date for each cultivar has allowed the calculation of its chill and heat requirements. It was found that most cultivars have chilling requirements between 400 and 600 chill units, whereas the span of heat requirements was wider, from 5500 to 9300 growing degree hours Celsius. Some cultivars show high chilling requirements and low heat requirements whereas others show opposite requirements. These differences confirm the wide almond adaptability to different climatic conditions and offer the possibility of being utilized in breeding programs. The good fit shown by the application of this model in the prediction of bloom time may sustain its application in chilling and heat requirement estimation in other fruit species if blooming dates and climatic data for several years are available.

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Evaluation of Chilling and Heat Requirements in Japanese Apricot with Three Models

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.12.1826 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

pp. 1826-1831 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Zhihong Gao ◽

Weibing Zhuang ◽

Liangju Wang ◽

Jing Shao ◽

Xiaoyan Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dormancy Breaking ◽

Japanese Apricot ◽

Flowering Date ◽

Fruit Species ◽

Chilling Requirements ◽

Low Correlation ◽

Growing Degree Hours ◽

Heat Requirements ◽

Chill Portions ◽

Very High

Estimating chilling requirements is crucial for identifying appropriate cultivars for a given site, for timing applications of dormancy-breaking chemical agents, and for predicting consequences of climate change. For temperate-zone fruit species such as japanese apricot, productivity is reduced when chilling requirements are not adequately satisfied. In our study, we obtained chilling and heat requirements for flowering of six japanese apricot cultivars, which spanned the range of flowering times in this species for three successive years. Different methods for determining chilling requirements were evaluated and compared, and correlations among chilling requirements, heat requirements, and flowering date were established. The dynamic model proved to be the best for determining the chilling requirements of japanese apricot. The results showed a range of chilling requirements ranging from 26.3 to 75.7 chill portions and a narrow range of heat requirements, from 1017.7 to 1697.3 growing degree-hours (GDH). A very high correlation (R = 0.9797) between flowering date and chilling requirements and a low correlation (R = 0.4298) between flowering date and heat requirements suggest that flowering date in japanese apricot is mainly a consequence of the chilling requirements of the different genotypes, whereas heat requirements contribute a limited effect to the variation in flowering dates. Chilling requirements and heat requirements were positively related with a low correlation coefficient (R = 0.4211).

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Estimation of Chilling and Heat Requirements of Some Persian Walnut Cultivars and Genotypes

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.44.3.697 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 697-701 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Asadolah Aslani Aslamarz ◽

Kourosh Vahdati ◽

Majid Rahemi ◽

Darab Hassani

Keyword(s):

Juglans Regia ◽

Persian Walnut ◽

Chilling Requirements ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Lateral Buds ◽

Growing Degree Hours ◽

Natural Photoperiod ◽

Heat Requirements ◽

One Year ◽

Chilling Hours

The objective of this work was to determine the chilling and heat requirements of Persian walnut cultivars and genotypes using excised twigs. The experiment was carried out from Nov. 2006 and 2007 to Mar. 2007 and 2008. One-year-old twigs were prepared from four cultivars and four domestic genotypes of Juglans regia L. After leaf fall, the twigs were taken and placed in plastic bags and kept at 4 ± 1 °C to stimulate 400 to 1500 chilling hours. After chilling, the excised twigs were transferred to the greenhouse with a natural photoperiod and a temperature from 18 to 27 °C. The evaluation of budbreak was made three times a week and the number of accumulated growing degree hours (°C) was determined until the buds reached the balloon or green tip stage. The chilling requirements were lowest (400 h) for catkins and highest (1000 h) for lateral buds. The Serr cultivar and ‘Z30’ genotype had the lowest chilling requirements (650 and 650 h). ‘Lara’, ‘Z63’, ‘Z53’, ‘Pedro’, and ‘Z67’ showed intermediate chilling requirements with values of 900, 900, 800, 750, and 750 h, respectively. Finally, ‘Hartley’ completed its dormancy after an accumulation of 1000 h, being the walnut cultivar with the highest chilling requirement in our study. As the final result, the cultivars and genotypes were classified into three groups based on their heat requirements: low requirement (‘Z30’ and ‘Serr’), medium requirement (‘Z53’, ‘Z67’, ‘Lara’, and ‘Pedro’), and high requirement (‘Hartley’ and ‘Z63’).

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Comparison of Greenhouse Fuel Consumption Calculated Using Different Methods with Actual Fuel Consumption

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v6i7.850-857.1807 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

pp. 850 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Abdullah Nafi Baytorun ◽

Zeynep Zaimoğlu ◽

Adil Akyüz ◽

Sait Üstün ◽

Ali Çaylı

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Temperature Rise ◽

Actual Temperature ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Annual Basis ◽

Consumption Values ◽

Heat Requirements ◽

Specific Temperature ◽

The Difference ◽

Heat Requirement

Heat requirements in greenhouses are calculated considering greenhouse type, the climate of the region and temperatures desirable for plant growth. Calculations made according to daily average temperature values lead to misleading results during periods when temperatures are high and under conditions when greenhouse temperature is kept low. For this reason, determining heat requirements according to hourly values provides more accurate results. Calculations of heat requirements in greenhouses are based on the difference between the desired temperature in the greenhouse and the outside temperature. However, in unheated greenhouses and those that are not ventilated until a specific temperature, actual temperature values are higher than outside temperatures. For this reason, heat requirement calculations should be made according to hourly climate values taking into account actual temperature in the greenhouse and temperature rise resulting from greenhouse specifications. This study aims to compare the amounts of fuel consumed under real conditions with fuel consumption calculated with conventional methods using inside and outside temperature difference and considering the above mentioned inconveniences. Daily fuel consumption calculated theoretically differs from actual consumption values. However, in comparisons based on fuel amounts consumed on an annual basis, best results were obtained when temperature rise in the greenhouse was taken into consideration. In the event that temperature rise is taken into consideration, a 3% difference is observed between calculated fuel consumption and actual fuel consumption.

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Adaptive changes of the hair coat of the horses of zabaykalsky aborigenous breed

Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science ◽

10.26898/0370-8799-2019-4-11 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 101-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. M. Shkyratova ◽

B. Z. Bazaron ◽

T. N. Khamiruev ◽

S. M. Dashinimaev

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Changes ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Skin Thickness ◽

Summer Period ◽

Hair Coat ◽

Skin Fold ◽

Winter Grazing ◽

Shoulder Blade ◽

Quantitative Indicators

The seasonal changes in the skin thickness and structure of the horses’ coat, as signs of adaptation to environmental factors, were studied. The experiment was carried out with the livestock kept in a herd using winter-grazing technology without additional feedings in the climatic conditions of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The objects of the research were adult mares of Zabaikalsky breed of horses of the same age, class and fatness. The studies were carried out in the middle of each season (May, July, October, February). The length of the coat was measured with a caliper, the coat itself with the determination of the ratio of hair (ﬂ uffy hair, heterotype hair and coarse hair) and the thickness of the skin fold were measured in accordance with the approved methodological recommendations. The minimum skin thickness in winter was detected in mares on the back and shoulder blade – 4.3 and 4.4 mm, the maximum – on the side and thigh – 4.5 4.6 mm. When compared with the summer period, the increase on the side was 0.8 mm, whereas on the back, shoulder blade and thigh – 0.4 mm (p ≤ 0,001). In spring, thickening of the skin was noted within 0.1-0.3 mm in the same topographic areas, compared to autumn. The quantitative indicators of the coat changed depending on the season of the year. In winter, the coat contained more ﬂ uffy hair (23.10%), and less coarse hair (68.24%), in summer there was a lower content of ﬂ uffy hair (4.33%), but more coarse hair (94.01%.) Sharp seasonal changes were noted with regard to the length of the hair. The longest hair was found in winter and spring – 4.96 and 4.26 cm, whereas the shortest – in summer and autumn – 0.94 and 1.90 cm, respectively.

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Impact of Climatic Conditions on the Resveratrol Concentration in Blend of Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Barbera and Croatina Grape Wines

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26020401 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 401

Author(s):

Gabriele Rocchetti ◽

Federico Ferrari ◽

Marco Trevisan ◽

Luigi Bavaresco

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Red Wines ◽

Bioclimatic Indices ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Mean Temperature ◽

Production Areas

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of meteorological conditions on resveratrol concentration of red wines produced in Piacenza viticultural region (Italy). In this regard, six representative estates producing Colli Piacentini Gutturnio DOC (a blend of V. vinifera L. cvs. Barbera and Croatina) vintage wines were analysed for trans- and cis-resveratrol over an 8-year period (1998–2005). Grapes were taken from the same vineyard in each estate by using the same enological practices over the entire investigated period. The meteorological conditions corresponding to the production areas were recorded, and bioclimatic indices were calculated as well. Overall, cis-resveratrol concentration was negatively correlated to Huglin index and August mean temperature, whilst positive correlation coefficients were found when considering the Selianinov index and the rainfall of September.

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Seed Set Patterns in East African Highland Cooking Bananas Are Dependent on Weather before, during and after Pollination

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7070165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Allan Waniale ◽

Rony Swennen ◽

Settumba B. Mukasa ◽

Arthur K. Tugume ◽

Jerome Kubiriba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critical Period ◽

Floral Development ◽

Seed Set ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Principal Component ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Fruit Pulp ◽

East African ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Wild Banana

Seed set in banana is influenced by weather, yet the key weather attributes and the critical period of influence are unknown. We therefore investigated the influence of weather during floral development for a better perspective of seed set increase. Three East African highland cooking bananas (EAHBs) were pollinated with pollen fertile wild banana ‘Calcutta 4′. At full maturity, bunches were harvested, ripened, and seeds extracted from fruit pulp. Pearson’s correlation analysis was then conducted between seed set per 100 fruits per bunch and weather attributes at 15-day intervals from 105 days before pollination (DBP) to 120 days after pollination (DAP). Seed set was positively correlated with average temperature (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = 0.196–0.487) and negatively correlated with relative humidity (RH) (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = −0.158–−0.438) between 75 DBP and the time of pollination. After pollination, average temperature was negatively correlated with seed set in ‘Mshale’ and ‘Nshonowa’ from 45 to 120 DAP (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = −0.213–−0.340). Correlation coefficients were highest at 15 DBP for ‘Mshale’ and ‘Nshonowa’, whereas for ‘Enzirabahima’, the highest were at the time of pollination. Maximum temperature as revealed by principal component analysis at the time of pollination should be the main focus for seed set increase.

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Compartmental transfer of mercury released from amalgam

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/096032719701601107 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 16 (11) ◽

pp. 667-672 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Halbach ◽

L. Kremers ◽

H. Willruth ◽

A. Mehl ◽

G. Welzl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Total Mercury ◽

Excretion Rate ◽

Absorbed Dose ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Urinary Excretion Rate ◽

Amalgam Fillings

The number of amalgam-covered surfaces and the occlusal area of the fillings, the concentrations of total mercury in plasma, erythrocytes and urine, the urinary excretion rate, and the absorbed daily doses estimated by two separate methods from intra-oral Hg emission were determined in 29 volunteers with a low amalgam load. The transfer ofHg from the fillings via the oral cavity and blood to urinary excretion was evaluated by multiple correla tions between these variables. In addition, the combina tion of variables most representative of the entire compartmental transfer of amalgam Hg was determined. Urinary excretion (1), Hg concentration in plasma (2) and absorbed dose (3) were most closely correlated to each other, followed by correlations with the variables of the fillings (4). Correlation coefficients were 0.75 for variables 1 vs 2 and 2 vs 3, and 0.49 for variables 3 vs 4. It was concluded that variables 1-3 best reflected the transfer of mercury from amalgam fillings throughout the organism and that they were relatively insensitive to dietary mercury. The determination of total mercury in plasma and of its urinary excretion rate appears, under practical aspects, most suitable for the investigation of Hg uptake from amalgam.

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Review on Renewable Energy Potential in Australian Subtropical Region (Central and North Queensland)

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3846 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 347-353 ◽

pp. 3846-3855 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ali Baniyounes ◽

Gang Liu ◽

M. G. Rasul ◽

M. M. K. Khan

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Spatial Databases ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Climatic Data ◽

Renewable Energy Resources ◽

Subtropical Region ◽

Energy Potential

In Australia the future demand for energy is predicted to increase rapidly. Conventional energy resources soaring prices and environmental impact have increased the interest in renewable energy technology. As a result of that the Australian government is promoting renewable energy; such as wind, geothermal, solar and hydropower. These types of energy are believed to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Renewable energy availability is controlled by climatic conditions such as solar radiation, wind speed and temperature. This paper aims to assess the potential of renewable energy resources, in particular wind and solar energy in an Australian subtropical region (Central and North Queensland) namely, Gladstone, Emerald, Rockhampton, Yeppoon, Townsville, and Cairns. Analysis is done by using the latest statistical state of Queensland energy information, along with measured data history of wind speed, solar irradiations, air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure for those sites. This study has also shown that national assessments of solar and wind energy potential can be improved by improving local climatic data assessments using spatial databases of Central and North Queensland areas.

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An Ultrasound Assessed Extraction Combined with Ion-Pair HPLC Method and Risk Assessment of Nitrite and Nitrate in Cured Meat

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2018/1907151 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Babiker Yagoub Abdulkair ◽

Amin O. Elzupir ◽

Abdulaziz S. Alamer

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Tetrabutylammonium Bromide ◽

Meat Products ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Dietary Exposure ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽

Cured Meat

An accurate IPC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of nitrite (NI) and nitrate (NA) in meat products. The best separation was achieved on a phenyl-hexyl column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) with a mobile phase composed of 25% acetonitrile and 75% buffer (2 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate and 3 mM tetrabutylammonium bromide, pH = 4). Eluents were monitored at 205 nm. Linearity ranges were 1.86 × 10−6–7.5 µg·ml−1 and 0.09–5.0 µg·ml−1 for NI and NA, respectively. The correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 for NI and NA. This method was applied to a number of processed meat products in Riyadh (n = 155). NI ranged from 1.78 to 129.69 mg·kg−1, and NA ranged from 0.76 to 96.64 mg·kg−1. Results showed extensive use of NI and NA; however, concentrations were within the legal limit of Saudi Arabia except for one sample. Further, the risk assessment and dietary exposure have been estimated for both NI and NA.

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Reconstructing Late Pleistocene paleoclimate at the scale of human behavior: an example from the Neandertal occupation of La Ferrassie (France)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80777-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Pederzani ◽

Vera Aldeias ◽

Harold L. Dibble ◽

Paul Goldberg ◽

Jean-Jacques Hublin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Behavior ◽

Late Pleistocene ◽

Tooth Enamel ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Climatic Data ◽

Human Scale ◽

Winter Temperatures ◽

Archaeological Materials ◽

Climatic Records

AbstractExploring the role of changing climates in human evolution is currently impeded by a scarcity of climatic information at the same temporal scale as the human behaviors documented in archaeological sites. This is mainly caused by high uncertainties in the chronometric dates used to correlate long-term climatic records with archaeological deposits. One solution is to generate climatic data directly from archaeological materials representing human behavior. Here we use oxygen isotope measurements of Bos/Bison tooth enamel to reconstruct summer and winter temperatures in the Late Pleistocene when Neandertals were using the site of La Ferrassie. Our results indicate that, despite the generally cold conditions of the broader period and despite direct evidence for cold features in certain sediments at the site, Neandertals used the site predominantly when climatic conditions were mild, similar to conditions in modern day France. We suggest that due to millennial scale climate variability, the periods of human activity and their climatic characteristics may not be representative of average conditions inferred from chronological correlations with long-term climatic records. These results highlight the importance of using direct routes, such as the high-resolution archives in tooth enamel from anthropogenically accumulated faunal assemblages, to establish climatic conditions at a human scale.

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