Variation in Characteristics and Imazamox Tolerance of Feral Rye

Field studies were conducted from 1990 through 1997 to evaluate the long-term effect of 2- and 3-yr rotations on the control of downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and feral rye in winter wheat. At the completion of the study, jointed goatgrass and feral rye densities averaged 8 plants/m2and < 0.1 plant/m2for the 2- and 3-yr rotations, respectively. Downy brome densities averaged < 0.5 plant/m2for both the 2- and 3-yr rotations, with no treatment differences observed. Winter annual grasses were not eradicated after two cycles of the 3-yr rotations, but weed densities were reduced 10-fold compared to densities after one cycle and more than 100-fold compared with the 2-yr rotations. Wheat grain contamination with dockage and foreign material followed a similar trend. The 3-yr rotations were economically competitive with 2-yr rotations and provided superior control of the winter annual grass weeds.

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Expansion of Feral Cereal Rye (Secale cereale L.) on Non-crop Hillsides in Northern Utah

Invasive Plant Science and Management ◽

10.1017/inp.2016.3 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

pp. 26-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kyle C. Roerig ◽

Corey V. Ransom

Keyword(s):

Early Detection ◽

Native Species ◽

Landscape Scale ◽

Annual Grass ◽

Cereal Rye ◽

Secale Cereale L ◽

Northern Utah ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Feral Rye ◽

Individual Patch

Feral cereal rye is an aggressive, persistent winter annual grass. Although feral rye has been documented as a weed in Utah cropland for many years, it has only recently been described as a weed of natural areas in Utah. After feral rye was observed on hillside locations where it had not previously been present, research was conducted to evaluate expansion rates in isolated patches and on a landscape scale. Individual patch measurements indicated expansion rates of 17%, 42%, 44%, and 112% in 2009. The landscape expansion rates were 1%, 4%, 8%, 21%, and 50% in the same year. The spread of feral rye appears to have occurred primarily on south- to west-facing slopes where the density and diversity of native species is limited. The expansion of feral rye into natural, undisturbed areas indicates that this species should be closely monitored. The relatively short seed longevity and current small infestations make it a good candidate for early detection/rapid response efforts.

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Ecological Characteristics of Three Winter Annual Grasses

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00044183 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 478-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

R. L. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Seed Production ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Cultural Control ◽

Downy Brome ◽

Jointed Goatgrass ◽

Annual Grasses ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Feral Rye

Producers rely on cultural practices to manage downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and feral rye in winter wheat because there are no effective herbicides for in-crop control. This study characterized seedling emergence, growth, and development of these winter annual grasses, with the goal of suggesting or improving cultural control strategies. Feral rye seedlings emerged within 4 wk, whereas downy brome and jointed goatgrass seedlings emerged over a 10-wk period. Emergence patterns of these grasses suggest that delay of winter wheat planting may be effective in reducing feral rye densities, but this strategy most likely will be ineffective with downy brome or jointed goatgrass. Downy brome began anthesis 1 to 2 wk earlier than the other two grasses and winter wheat. Both downy brome and jointed goatgrass were shorter than winter wheat during the growing season, whereas feral rye was at least as tall as wheat. Producers mow infested wheat to prevent weed seed production, but this practice may not be effective with jointed goatgrass and downy brome because of their short stature and downy brome's earlier development. Conversely, mowing has potential in preventing feral rye seed production. The grasses produced between 340 and 770 seeds/ plant.

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Seed retention of winter annual grass weeds at winter wheat harvest maturity shows potential for harvest weed seed control

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2019.108 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 266-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Neeta Soni ◽

Scott J. Nissen ◽

Philip Westra ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Michael J. Walsh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Great Plains ◽

Downy Brome ◽

Annual Grass ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Weed Species ◽

Jointed Goatgrass ◽

Seed Retention ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Feral Rye

AbstractDowny brome, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass are problematic winter annual grasses in central Great Plains winter wheat production. Integrated control strategies are needed to manage winter annual grasses and reduce selection pressure exerted on these weed populations by the limited herbicide options currently available. Harvest weed-seed control (HWSC) methods aim to remove or destroy weed seeds, thereby reducing seed-bank enrichment at crop harvest. An added advantage is the potential to reduce herbicide-resistant weed seeds that are more likely to be present at harvest, thereby providing a nonchemical resistance-management strategy. Our objective was to assess the potential for HWSC of winter annual grass weeds in winter wheat by measuring seed retention at harvest and destruction percentage in an impact mill. During 2015 and 2016, 40 wheat fields in eastern Colorado were sampled. Seed retention was quantified and compared per weed species by counting seed retained above the harvested fraction of the wheat upper canopy (15 cm and above), seed retained below 15 cm, and shattered seed on the soil surface at wheat harvest. A stand-mounted impact mill device was used to determine the percent seed destruction of grass weed species in processed wheat chaff. Averaged across both years, seed retention (±SE) was 75% ± 2.9%, 90% ± 1.7%, and 76% ± 4.3% for downy brome, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass, respectively. Seed retention was most variable for downy brome, because 59% of the samples had at least 75% seed retention, whereas the proportions for feral rye and jointed goatgrass samples with at least 75% seed retention were 93% and 70%, respectively. Weed seed destruction percentages were at least 98% for all three species. These results suggest HWSC could be implemented as an integrated strategy for winter annual grass management in central Great Plains winter wheat cropping systems.

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Rapid Phenotypic Divergence of Feral Rye from Domesticated Cereal Rye

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-06-177.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 204-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Jutta C. Burger ◽

Jodie M. Holt ◽

Norman C. Ellstrand

Keyword(s):

Cereal Rye ◽

Phenotypic Divergence ◽

Feral Rye

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Imazamox for Winter Annual Grass Control in Imidazolinone-Tolerant Winter Wheat

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-03-115r1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 924-930 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Patrick W. Geier ◽

Phillip W. Stahlman ◽

Anthony D. White ◽

Stephen D. Miller ◽

Craig M. Alford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Early Spring ◽

Annual Grass ◽

Application Timing ◽

Jointed Goatgrass ◽

Early Fall ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Feral Rye

Field experiments were conducted at five locations in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming to determine the effects of imazamox rate and application timing on winter annual grass control and crop response in imidazolinone-tolerant winter wheat. Imazamox at 35, 44, or 53 g ai/ha applied early-fall postemergence (EFP), late-fall postemergence, early-spring postemergence (ESP), or late-spring postemergence (LSP) controlled jointed goatgrass at least 95% in all experiments. Feral rye control with imazamox was 95 to 99%, regardless of rate or application timing at Hays, KS, in 2001. Feral rye control at Sidney, NE, and Torrington, WY, was highest (78 to 85%) with imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha. At Sidney and Torrington, feral rye control was greatest when imazamox was applied EFP. Imazamox stunted wheat <10% in two experiments at Torrington, but EFP or LSP herbicide treatments in the Sidney experiment and ESP or LSP treatments in two Hays experiments caused moderate (12 to 34%) wheat injury. Wheat injury increased as imazamox rate increased. Wheat receiving imazamox LSP yielded less grain than wheat treated at other application timings in each Hays experiment and at Sidney in 2001. No yield differences occurred in one Torrington experiment. However, yields generally decreased as imazamox application timing was delayed in the other Torrington experiment. Generally, imazamox applied in the fall provided the greatest weed control, caused the least wheat injury, and maximized wheat yield.

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MCPA Synergizes Imazamox Control of Feral Rye (Secale cereale)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-10-00146.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 303-309 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Andrew R. Kniss ◽

Drew J. Lyon ◽

Joseph D. Vassios ◽

Scott J. Nissen

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Phosphate ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Studies ◽

Field Observations ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Fertilizer Rate ◽

Initial Field ◽

Spray Solution ◽

Treated Leaf ◽

Feral Rye

Field, greenhouse, and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of MCPA ester, fertilizer type, and fertilizer rate on feral rye control with imazamox. In field studies near Sidney, NE, increasing the concentration of liquid ammonium phosphate (10–34–0) from 2.5 to 50% of the spray solution decreased feral rye control with imazamox by as much as 73%. Conversely, adding MCPA ester to imazamox significantly increased feral rye control in field studies by up to 77%. Initial greenhouse studies confirmed the liquid ammonium phosphate antagonism effect, but subsequent greenhouse studies were inconsistent with regard to the interaction between fertilizer and imazamox. At least one source of liquid ammonium phosphate was shown not to be antagonistic, and therefore fertilizer source or contaminants may be responsible for initial field observations. Greenhouse studies confirmed the synergistic interaction between MCPA and imazamox. MCPA ester applied at 560 g ai ha−1 decreased the rate of imazamox required to cause 50% reduction in feral rye dry weight (GR50) to 13 g ha−1 compared to 35 g ha−1 for imazamox alone. Although addition of MCPA ester increased 14C-imazamox absorption by 8% in laboratory studies, less 14C translocated out of the treated leaf; therefore the mechanism of synergism does not appear to be related to imazamox absorption or translocation.

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Variation in Characteristics and Imazamox Tolerance of Feral Rye

Agronomy Journal ◽

10.2134/agronj2006.0365 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 198-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Thomas F. Peeper ◽

John R. Roberts ◽

Deborah A. Solie ◽

Amanda E. Stone

Keyword(s):

Feral Rye

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Feral Rye (Secale cereale) in Agricultural Production Systems

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-05-129r1.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 815-823 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Anthony D. White ◽

Drew J. Lyon ◽

Carol Mallory-Smith ◽

Case R. Medlin ◽

Joseph P. Yenish

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Secale Cereale ◽

Production Systems ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Management Strategies ◽

The United States ◽

Land Values ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Feral Rye

Feral rye, commonly referred to as cereal, winter, common, or volunteer rye, is an important weed in winter wheat production in many parts of the United States and the world. Feral rye reduces net profits in the United States by more than $27 million due to lower grain yields, increased dockage, and reduced land values. To date, limited research has been conducted on components that make feral rye a problem in various cropping systems. Herbicide-tolerant wheat technology can be used to manage feral rye, but current efficacy levels are not adequate for high feral rye densities. In addition, the long-term effects that individual management strategies may have on feral rye populations are unknown. This review addresses the physical, environmental, and genetic characteristics ofSecale cereale. Current economic impact, management, and research data gaps are also discussed.

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