Effect of Exchangeable Sodium Percentage, Cation Exchange Capacity, and Soil Solution Concentration on Soil Electrical Conductivity

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Shainberg ◽  
J. D. Rhoades ◽  
R. J. Prather
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodium Percentage

SOIL AND SOLUTION pH AND SODIUM:CALCIUM RATIO: EFFECTS ON CATION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF A SODIUM-SATURATED CHERNOZEMIC SOIL

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
THERON G. SOMMERFELDT
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Chernozemic Soil ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchange Properties

The effects of soil and solution pH and Na:Ca ratio in solution on the exchangeable Na, Ca, and (Na + Ca) of a Na-saturated Dark Brown Chernozemic soil were studied. At soil pH 9.0, the exchangeable Na, Ca, and (Na + Ca) were 14.5, 25.4, and 21.8% greater than at soil pH 6.0. Solution pH (6.0–9.0) had small but statistically significant effects on the amount of Na and Ca adsorbed by the soil. The logarithm of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was related to the Na fraction in the solution by a polynomial equation, log ESP = 0.93 [Na/(Na + Ca)]2 + 0.16 [Na/(Na + Ca)] + 0.82. Not only is replacement of exchangeable Na with Ca important in the reclamation of this soil, should it become sodic and have a high pH, but also lowering of its surface charge, through lowering of its pH, would be an important factor in its reclamation. It appears impractical to reduce soil pH by applying acidified irrigation water. Acidic amendments such as gypsum and sulfur may be more suitable. Key words: Cation exchange, solution pH, soil pH

scholarly journals CORREÇÃO DA SODICIDADE DE DOIS SOLOS IRRIGADOS EM RESPOSTA À APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO AGRÍCOLA

Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egeiza Moreira Leite ◽  
Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante ◽  
Adriana Araújo Diniz ◽  
Rivaldo Vital dos Santos ◽  
Gibran Da Silva Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter ◽  
Physical Degradation

CORREÇÃO DA SODICIDADE DE DOIS SOLOS IRRIGADOS EM RESPOSTA À APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO AGRÍCOLA  Egeiza Moreira Leite1; Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante1; Adriana Araujo Diniz1; Rivaldo Vital dos Santos2; Gibran da Silva Alves3; Italo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante41Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, [email protected] de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB3Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB4Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP  1 RESUMO             Uma das limitações das áreas irrigadas, nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas, ao sistema produtivo é a degradação química e física dos solos pela salinidade e sodicidade. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do gesso sobre a condutividade elétrica, pH, percentagem de sódio trocável, teores de cálcio, magnésio, sódio do extrato de saturação e de sódio trocável de dois solos salino-sódicos: um do Perímetro Irrigado Engenheiro Arco Verde no município de Condado-PB e o outro do Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo em Sousa-PB, conduziu-se um experimento em abrigo protegido do Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural do CCA/UFPB, Areia, PB. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x5 referente a dois solos e cinco doses de gesso equivalentes a 0; 3,2; 6,3; 9,4 e 12,5 g kg-1 de cada solo. Pelos resultados a incorporação do gesso exerceu efeito positivo sobre a redução da salinidade e da sodicidade dos solos. Os valores da condutividade elétrica, percentagem de sódio trocável, pH e os teores de sódio solúvel e trocável em relação aos que os solos possuíam antes da aplicação dos tratamentos, foram sensivelmente reduzidos e os de cálcio e magnésio incrementados com a incorporação do gesso em ambos os solos. UNITERMOS: salinidade, sódio trocável, recuperação de solo.  LEITE, E. M.; CAVALCANTE, L. F.; DINIZ, A. A.; SANTOS, R. V.; ALVES, G. S.; CAVALCANTE, I. H. L. SODICITY CORRECTION OF TWO IRRIGATED SOILS IN RESPONSE TO APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL GYPSUM  2 ABSTRACT             The chemical and physical degradation of the soils by salinity and sodicity problems constitutes a serious obstacle in productive irrigated areas in arid and semi-arid regions. An experiment was carried out in green house at the Soil and Rural Engeneering Department in the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil, in order to evaluate the effect of gypsum on electrical conductivity, pH, exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium, calcium and magnesium content in saturation extract and exchangeable sodium of two saline-sodic soils: one from irrigated Perimeter Engenheiro Arco Verde in the municipality of Condado and another from irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, in the municipality of Sousa,  both in Paraiba State,  Brazil.  The experiment factorial design 2 x 5 referred to two soils and five gypsum levels equivalent to 0; 3.2; 6.3; 9.4 and 12.5 gkg-1 for each soil. The gypsum application had positive effects on salinity and sodicity reduction. The valued for electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage, pH and contents of soluble and exchangeable sodium in relation to soil data before the application of gypsum treatments in both soils  decreased. KEYWORDS: salinity, exchangeable sodium, soil reclamation

scholarly journals Salinity Status of Lajas Valley Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Juan A. Bonnet ◽  
Eduardo J. Brenes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Alkali Soils ◽  
The World ◽  
Sodium Percentage

1. The area of soils surveyed in Lajas Valley was 24,656 acres. 2. The soils were classified into normal, saline, saline-alkali, and non- saline-alkali at depths of 0 to 8, 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches, respectively. 3. A large percentage of normal soils was found in the upper soil layer and of saline-alkali soils in the lower layers. 4. Normal soils occupied about 86 percent of the surface area to a depth of 8 inches and about 63 percent at a depth of 8 to 24 inches. 5. Soils with a salinity problem increased from 9 percent at a depth of 8 inches to 28.3, 58.8 and 68.5 percent, respectively, at depths of 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches. 6. The soils with a salinity problem were largely of the saline-alkali class. 7. In four soil-profile samples taken from Lajas Valley, the saturation percentage varied from 58 to 191, the electrical conductivity from 0.8 to 28.4 millimhos per centimeter, the exchangeable-sodium percentage from 2.2 to 46.0, the soil pH from 8.1 to 8.9, the content of gypsum from 0 to 21.9 tons per acre-foot, the gypsum requirement from 0 to 23.8 tons per acre-foot, and the hydraulic conductivity from less than 0.005 to 6.24 inches of water per hour. Higher gypsum contents were found in the deep subsoil layers of two soils (profiles 1 and 4). Amounts of gypsum varying from 9.9 to 20.3 tons per acre-foot of depth, are required for the reclamation of the surface layers of these two profiles. In general, the hydraulic- conductivity values show that the soil-surface layers are more permeable than the subsoil layers. 8. The procedure and methods used in this paper were found to be accurate, simple, rapid, and practical. They are recommended for the coordination of data related to the classification and reclamation of soils affected by salinity problems in the different countries of the world.

Co-composting of distillery and winery wastes with sewage sludge

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Bustamante ◽  
C. Paredes ◽  
R. Moral ◽  
J. Moreno-Caselles ◽  
M.D. Pérez-Murcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Total Organic C

The winery and distillery wastes (grape stalk and marc (GS and GM, respectively), wine lees (WL) and exhausted grape marc (EGM)) are produced in great amounts in the Mediterranean countries, where their treatment and disposal are becoming an important environmental problem, mainly due to their seasonal character and some characteristics that make their management difficult and which are not optimised yet. Composting is a treatment widely used for organic wastes, which could be a feasible option to treat and recycle the winery and distillery wastes. In this experiment, two different piles (pile 1 and 2) were prepared with mixtures of GS, GM, EG and sewage sludge (SS) and composted in a pilot plant by the Rutgers static pile composting system. Initially, GS, GM and EGM were mixed, the pile 1 being watered with fresh collected vinasse (V). After 17 days, SS was added to both piles as a nitrogen and microorganisms source. During composting, the evolution of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total organic C, total N, humic acid-like C and fulvic acid-like C contents, C/N ratio, cation exchange capacity and germination index of the mixtures were studied. The addition of V in pile 1 produced higher values of temperature, a greater degradation of the total organic C, higher electrical conductivity values and similar pH values and total N contents than in pile 2. The addition of this effluent also increased the cation exchange capacity and produced a longer persistence of phytotoxicity. However, both piles showed a stabilised organic matter and a reduction of the phytotoxicity at the end of the composting process.

scholarly journals WATER SALINITY USED FOR IRRIGATION IN THE MARINS STREAM WATERSHED, BRAZIL

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Ariovaldo Antonio Tadeu Lucas ◽  
Marcos Vinicius Folegatti ◽  
Sérgio Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Simone Cristina de Oliveira Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodium Percentage

WATER SALINITY USED FOR IRRIGATION IN THE MARINS STREAM WATERSHED, BRAZIL  ARIOVALDO ANTONIO TADEU LUCAS1; MARCOS VINICIUS FOLEGATTI2; SÉRGIO NASCIMENTO DUARTE2 E SIMONE CRISTINA DE OLIVEIRA LUCAS3 1Professor Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, UFS, [email protected] Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, [email protected], [email protected] em Biotecnologia de Recursos Naturais, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Núcleo Universidade Federal de Sergipe, UFS, [email protected]     1 ABSTRACT Water quality is vital to human activities and irrigation is an activity that uses an accentuated volume of this natural resource. An alternative is the use of water with a salinity level that does not cause damage to plants and the environment. This study aimed to assess the salinity of water used for irrigation of vegetables in Ribeirão dos Marins watershed. The water electrical conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and the Exchangeable Sodium Percentage were obtained using the AquaChem program. Water samples used were collected in 2005, and chemical and physical parameters were assessed. Results showed that region three presented risk to salinization, but overall it is possible to conclude that salinity of the water basin has low risk of salinity. Keywords: soil, water quality, vegetables  LUCAS, A.A.T.; FOLEGATTI, M.V.; DUARTE, S.N.; LUCAS, S.C. de O.SALINIDADE DA ÁGUA USADA PARA IRRIGAÇÃO NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIBEIRÃO DOS MARINS, BRASIL     2 RESUMO A qualidade da água é vital para as atividades humanas e a irrigação é uma atividade que utiliza um volume acentuado deste recurso natural. Uma alternativa é a utilização de águas salobras, mas com um nível de salinidade que não cause danos às plantas e ao ambiente. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a salinidade da água utilizada para irrigação de hortaliças na bacia do córrego Marins. A condutividade elétrica da água, a Razão de Adsorção de Sódio (RAS) e a porcentagem de sódio trocável foram obtidos usando o programa AquaChem. As amostras de água utilizadas foram coletadas em 2005, quando foram avaliados os parâmetros químicos e físicos. Os resultados mostraram que em apenas uma região existe risco de salinização; mas no geral, é possível concluir que a salinidade da água da bacia é de baixo risco. Palavras-chave: solo, qualidade da água, hortaliças

scholarly journals Irreversible sorption of carbofuran by moderately acidic soil amended with biochar

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5224-5228
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Water Holding

An ecofriendly technique to on farm burning of biomass by making biochar from agricultural waste was provided. Characteristic studies of biomass and biochar such as SEM, Ultimate and proximate analysis, pH, Cation exchange capacity, Water holding capacity, Electrical conductivity, Soil organic matter and Dry matter production were examined. Adsorption and desorption of carbofuran in soil were studied in batch experiment mode. From the experimental studies, it was observed that pH, Cation exchange capacity, Water holding capacity, Electrical Conductivity, Soil organic content and dry matter production increases with biochar addition. Adsorption Studies show that carbofuran adsorbed with control is 0.45 mg/g whereas with 3%BC it was 6.375 mg/g and desorption studies show that with 3% biochar carbofuran desorption is less. Hence Capsicum Annuam Biochar could be one of the promising option for improving the soil health as well as for adsorbing the pesticides.

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