The Christiana–Santorini–Kolumbo Volcanic Field

Elements ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paraskevi Nomikou ◽  
Christian Hübscher ◽  
Steven Carey
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Explosive Eruptions ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Mass Wasting ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Research Activities

The Christiana–Santorini–Kolumbo volcanic field in the South Aegean Sea (Greece) is one of the most important in Europe, having produced more than 100 explosive eruptions in the last 400,000 years. Its volcanic centers include the extinct Christiana Volcano and associated seamounts, Santorini caldera with its intracaldera Kameni Volcano, Kolumbo Volcano, and 24 other submarine cones of the Kolumbo chain. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, submarine mass wasting, neotectonics and gas releases from these centers pose significant geohazards to human populations and infrastructures of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Defining the geological processes and structures that contribute to these geohazards will provide an important framework to guide future monitoring and research activities aimed at hazard mitigation.

Eruptive frequency of the Bora-Baricha-Tullu Moye (BBTM) volcanic system in the Central Main Ethiopian Rift

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amdemichael Zafu Tadesse ◽  
Karen Fontijn ◽  
Abate Assen Melaku ◽  
Ermias Filfilu Gebru ◽  
Victoria Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Explosive Eruptions ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Rift System ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Volcanic System ◽  
Main Ethiopian Rift

<p>The Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) is the northern portion of the East African Rift System and separates the Eastern and Western plateaus of Ethiopia. The recent volcanic and tectonic activity is largely focused within the rift basin along a 20 km wide zone on the rift floor. Large silicic volcanic complexes are aligned along this central rift axis but their eruptive histories are not well constrained.</p><p>The Bora-Baricha-Tullu Moye (BBTM) volcanic field is situated in the central Main Ethiopian Rift and has a different appearance than the other MER volcanic systems. The BBTM constitutes several late Quaternary edifices, the major ones are: Tullu Moye, Bora and Baricha. In addition, there are multiple smaller eruptive vents (e.g. Oda and Dima), cones, and domes across the ca. 20 X 20 km wide area. Currently, there is very little information on the frequency and magnitude of past volcanic eruptions. We present a new dataset of field observations, componentry, petrography, geochronology (<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar), and glass major and trace element chemistry. The data are assessed as potential fingerprints to assign diagnostic features and correlate units across the area, and establish a tephrostratigraphic framework for the BBTM volcanic field.</p><p>Two large-volume and presumably caldera-forming eruptions are identified, the younger of which took place at 100 ka. The volcanic products exposed in the BBTM area show that the volcanic field has undergone at least 20 explosive eruptions since then. The post-caldera eruptions have comenditic (Tullu Moye) and pantelleretic (Bora and Baricha) magma compositions. Other smaller edifices such as Oda and Dima also erupted pantelleritic magmas, and only differ slightly in composition than tephra of Bora and Baricha. Tullu Moye had two distinct explosive eruptions that dispersed tephra up to 14 km away and on to the eastern plateau. Bora and Baricha together had at least 8 explosive eruptions. Their deposits can be distinguished by their light grey color and unique lithic components. Oda had 7 eruptions, the most recent of which generated a pyroclastic density current that travelled up to 10 km away from the vent. Dima experienced at least 3 eruptions, generating tephra with a bluish-grey colour.</p><p>This mapping and compositional analysis of the deposits from the BBTM in the MER indicates that the region has been more active in the last 100 ka than previously thought, which has implications for hazards assessments for the region.</p>

scholarly journals On Cyclonic Tracks over the Eastern Mediterranean

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (19) ◽  
pp. 5243-5257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena A. Flocas ◽  
Ian Simmonds ◽  
John Kouroutzoglou ◽  
Kevin Keay ◽  
Maria Hatzaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Negative Trend ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
Atlas Mountains ◽  
Medium Range

Abstract In this study, an updated and extended climatology of cyclonic tracks affecting the eastern Mediterranean region is presented, in order to better understand the Mediterranean climate and its changes. This climatology includes intermonthly variations, classification of tracks according to their origin domain, dynamic and kinematic characteristics, and trend analysis. The dataset used is the 1962–2001, 2.5° × 2.5°, 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The identification and tracking of the cyclones was performed with the aid of the Melbourne University algorithm. It was verified that considerable intermonthly variations of track density occur in the eastern Mediterranean, consistent with previous studies for the entire Mediterranean, while further interesting new features have been revealed. The classification of the tracks according to their origin domain reveals that the vast majority originate within the examined area itself, mainly in the Cyprus area and the southeastern Aegean Sea, while the tracks that originate elsewhere most frequently enter from the west. Deeper cyclones follow the southwest track originating from the area between Algeria and the Atlas Mountains. A greater size characterizes the westerly tracks (southwest, northwest, and west), while the northwest tracks propagate faster over the study area. A negative trend of the track frequency was found on an annual basis that can be mostly attributed to the winter months, being associated with variations in the baroclinicity. This negative trend is more prominent for the westerly and northeasterly tracks, as well as for those originating in the northern part of the examined area.

Developing a multi-methods dating framework for the Eastern Mediterranean region over the Late Quaternary

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Christina Manning ◽  
Christopher Satow ◽  
Simon J Armitage ◽  
Simon Blockley
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Trace Element Geochemistry ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
The Mediterranean

<p>The Eastern Mediterranean is an important region for understanding the late Quaternary, as there is evidence for a complex pattern of climatic and environmental change, influenced by orbital forcing and complex feedback mechanisms (Rohling et al., 2013). It is also a key region for examining the dispersal of humans out of Africa. Consequently, it is important to develop robust chronologies for palaeoclimatic, environmental and archaeological records in the region, to allow synchronisation, comparison and hypothesis testing. Tephrochronology is a vital tool for correlating such records, but the fine detail of the Eastern Mediterranean tephra depositional history is not yet well defined. Part of the problem relates to a lack of cryptotephra (non-visible ash) studies on long stratigraphic records. It is well known from the Atlantic and Central Mediterranean that cryptotephra studies can significantly improve tephra inventories, and constrain the relationship between key tephra markers and important environmental transitions. Another key problem for the region is that for distal tephra there is a relatively limited geochemical database from different volcanic centres, especially in terms of trace element compositions. One important method for addressing this problem is to develop detailed tephrostratigraphic records and tephra geochemical inventories from long sediment sequences (e.g. Bourne et al., 2010; Satow et al., 2015).</p><p>Here we present the first marine crypto-tephrostratigraphy from the Levantine Sea, covering approximately the last ~200,000 years, from a long marine core (MD81-LC31). The new data for the core include tephra shard concentrations, major and trace element geochemistry, correlations to the eruptive record of the Aegean and Anatolian volcanic centres, and new radiometric age information. Our new data is compared to existing chronological information from LC-31, including sedimentological, geochemical, paleomagnetic and radiocarbon evidence. Our data helps to refine the chronology for this important record and will underpin ongoing studies into the detail of palaeoceanographic and environmental change in the region.</p><p> </p><p>Bourne, A.J., Lowe, J.J., Trincardi, F. et al. 2010. Distal tephra record for the last ca 105,000 years from core PRAD 1-2 in the central Adriatic Sea: implications for marine tephrostratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29(23-24), 3079-3094.</p><p>Rohling, E.J., Grant, K.M., Roberts, A.P. et al. 2013. Paleoclimate variability in the Mediterranean and Red Sea regions during the last 500,000 years: implications for hominin migrations. Current Anthropology, 54(S8), S183-S201.</p><p>Satow, C., Tomlinson, E.L., Grant, K.M. et al. 2015. A new contribution to the Late Quaternary tephrostratigraphy of the Mediterranean: Aegean Sea core LC21. Quaternary Science Reviews, 117, 96-112.</p>

First evidence of a distal early Holocene ash layer in Eastern Mediterranean deep-sea sediments derived from the anatolian volcanic province

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hamann ◽  
S. Wulf ◽  
O. Ersoy ◽  
W. Ehrmann ◽  
E. Aydar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
The South ◽  
Volcanic Province ◽  
Levantine Sea ◽  
Ash Layer

A hitherto unknown distal volcanic ash layer has been detected in a sediment core recovered from the southeastern Levantine Sea (Eastern Mediterranean Sea). Radiometric, stratigraphic and sedimentological data show that the tephra, here termed as S1 tephra, was deposited between 8970 and 8690 cal yr BP. The high-silica rhyolitic composition excludes an origin from any known eruptions of the Italian, Aegean or Arabian volcanic provinces but suggests a prevailing Central Anatolian provenance. We compare the S1 tephra with proximal to medial-distal tephra deposits from well-known Mediterranean ash layers and ash fall deposits from the Central Anatolian volcanic field using electron probe microanalyses on volcanic glass shards and morphological analyses on ash particles. We postulate a correlation with the Early Holocene "Dikkartın" dome eruption of Erciyes Dağ volcano (Cappadocia, Turkey). So far, no tephra of the Central Anatolian volcanic province has been detected in marine sediment archives in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The occurrence of the S1 tephra in the south-eastern part of the Levantine Sea indicates a wide dispersal of pyroclastic material from Erciyes Da? more than 600 km to the south and is therefore an important tephrostratigraphical marker in sediments of the easternmost Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent hinterland.

Probabilistic constraints on lithospheric forces, fault tractions, and rheology in the eastern Mediterranean region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Herman ◽  
Rob Govers ◽  
Lukas van de Wiel ◽  
Nicolai Nijholt
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Field ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
North Anatolian Fault ◽  
Probabilistic Constraints ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Complex Deformation ◽  
Lateral Variations ◽  
Subducting Slab

<p>The Aegean Sea region sits in a complex deformation zone between the African, Eurasian, and Anatolian plates. It contains the Hellenic subduction zone, where African oceanic lithosphere descends under the Aegean Sea. The subducting slab may be torn or fragmented at both its eastern (Pliny-Strabo zone) and western (Kefalonia fault) edges. The overriding Aegean Sea is cut by numerous active normal faults accommodating north-south extension. On top of this, the collision of Arabia with Anatolia farther east drives Anatolia and the connected Aegean Sea westward, resulting in the left lateral North Anatolian fault (and its extension into the Aegean), as well as greater relative velocities between the subducting slab and the overriding plate. These geodynamic processes and geological features all affect the present-day kinematics of the Aegean region.</p><p>Surface velocities measured at Global Navigation Satellite System stations throughout the Aegean provide important constraints on these underlying geodynamic forces. Previous studies have attributed the surface motions to some combination of plate boundary interactions, lateral variations in gravitational potential energy (GPE), subduction and slab tearing, internal faulting, and mantle tractions. The expected imprint of these processes also varies with the rheology of the lithosphere. Up to this point, there has been little effort to systematically evaluate the relative contributions of these different forces. In this study, we implement a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach to efficiently and precisely determine the likely values and uncertainties of these geodynamic forces and the lithospheric rheology. We also identify trade-offs between processes that produce similar surface signals.</p><p>Preliminary results indicate that the dominant imprint on surface velocities comes from the southwestward rollback of the Hellenic slab and the westward escape of Anatolia. Although lateral variations in GPE also have an effect on the velocities, these are generally less important than slab rollback and Anatolian escape. At a lithospheric scale, the North Anatolian fault has little shear resistance to allow a relatively sharp velocity transition across it. Including resistive tractions on intraplate faults within the Aegean Sea has a smaller effect on the modeled velocity field. By using the velocity field to guide a statistical analysis of the geodynamic drivers, we have been able to better constrain the primary drivers of deformation in the eastern Mediterranean.</p>

scholarly journals Building Evidence-Based Tobacco Treatment in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Lessons Learned by the Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taghrid Asfar ◽  
Kenneth D. Ward ◽  
Radwan Al-Ali ◽  
Wasim Maziak
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Research Infrastructure ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Smoking Cessation Treatment ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Tobacco Treatment

The tobacco epidemic in Syria is characterised by high rates of cigarettes smoking in men and dramatic re-emergence of waterpipe smoking, especially among youths and women. The Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies (SCTS), an NIH-funded pioneer research and capacity building institution, has developed a research infrastructure and conducted three randomised clinical trials to develop and rigorously test culturally appropriate tobacco treatment programmes integrated into primary healthcare (PHC) centres. This review aimed to discuss challenges and lessons learned from the Syrian experience. Addressing these challenges may inform future cessation research activities in Syria and other developing countries. To develop a research infrastructure, the SCTS has established Syria's first IRB and trained physicians/medical students in both tobacco treatment and research methods. Main challenges to conduct the cessation trials were difficulties of coordination between the local and international collaborators; high Smoking Rates among PHC providers; lack of pharmacological agents used in tobacco treatment; and difficulties of conducting research in a politically volatile region. Strategies to overcome these challenges were ensuring an active and regular involvement of all investigators; and advocating for a national smoking cessation plan that involves training healthcare providers in smoking cessation treatment and make pharmacological agents used in smoking cessation available.

Volcanism and tectonics in an island-arc rift environment: proposal to drill at Christiana-Santorini-Kolumbo marine volcanic field, Greece

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Druitt ◽  
Christian Huebscher ◽  
Steffen Kutterolf ◽  
Paraskevi Nomikou ◽  
Dimitris Papanikolaou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Rift System ◽  
Seismic Profiles ◽  
Deep Drilling ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sea Floor Mapping

<p>IODP proposal VolTecArc aims at deep-sea drilling in and around the Christiana-Santorini-Kolumbo (CSK) marine volcanic field to investigate interactions and feedbacks between tectonics and volcanism and how volcanoes interact with their marine environments. The volcanic field lies in a rift system 100 km long and 45 km wide, oblique to the South Aegean volcanic arc, that is one of the most volcanically and seismically active regions of Europe. The volcanoes include three polygenetic and over 20 monogenetic centers that have jointly produced over a hundred explosive eruptions over the last few hundred thousand years.  The volcanoes pose important hazards to the Eastern Mediterranean region. Unrest at Santorini caldera in 2011-12 raised awareness of eruption threat at an island archipelago visited by 1.5 million tourists per year.</p><p>The results of onland volcanological research, eruption dating, multi-beam sea floor mapping, shallow sediment coring and dredge sampling, combined with a high-quality site-survey database of multichannel seismic profiles and a recent seismic tomography experiment, make deep drilling at the CSK volcanic field very timely. Deep drilling will enable characterization and interpretation of depositional packages visible on seismic images, chemical correlation of Santorini-derived volcanic layers in the rift fills with the dated onshore stratigraphy, and provide a tight chronostratigraphic framework for marine successions. Some objectives of drilling are to: (1) document the history of tectonics, subsidence, sedimentation and volcanism in an arc-rift environment, and how volcanism has evolved spatially and temporally since rift initiation; (2) determine how the genesis and compositions of magmas and their associated volatiles have evolved in time and space over the lifetime of the rift; (3) document the dynamics and environmental impacts of arc eruptions and calderas, including eruption frequencies, magnitudes and rates, the mechanisms of caldera collapse, and the origin of caldera unrest events.</p>

scholarly journals Global Prevalence Estimates of Toxascaris leonina Infection in Dogs and Cats

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Ali Rostami ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Riahi ◽  
Vahid Fallah Omrani ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Andreas Hofmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Global Prevalence ◽  
Stray Cats ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
Toxascaris Leonina

Toxascaris leonina is an ascaridoid nematode of dogs and cats; this parasite affects the health of these animals. This study estimated the global prevalence of Ta. leonina infection in dogs and cats using random effects meta-analysis as well as subgroup, meta-regression and heterogeneity analyses. The data were stratified according to geographical region, the type of dogs and cats and environmental variables. A quantitative analysis of 135 published studies, involving 119,317 dogs and 25,364 cats, estimated prevalence rates of Ta. leonina in dogs and cats at 2.9% and 3.4%, respectively. Prevalence was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean region (7.2% for dogs and 10.0% for cats) and was significantly higher in stray dogs (7.0% vs. 1.5%) and stray cats (7.5% vs. 1.8%) than in pets. The findings indicate that, worldwide, ~26 million dogs and ~23 million cats are infected with Ta. leonina; these animals would shed substantial numbers of Ta. leonina eggs into the environment each year and might represent reservoirs of infection to other accidental or paratenic hosts. It is important that populations of dogs and cats as well as other canids and felids be monitored and dewormed for Ta. leonina and (other) zoonotic helminths.

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