Ebola and the Law in the United States: A Short Guide to Public Health Authority and Practical Limits

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polly J. Price
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Authority ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Authority ◽  
The Law

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-361
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Authority ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
Average Annual Incidence ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Specific Diagnostic Test

GEOGRAPHIC variation in the incidence of poliomyelitis is not well understood and many of the factors involved have not been properly evaluated. A large scale study of two important phases of this problem has recently been reported by Alexander G. Gilliam, Fay M. Hemphill and Jean H. Gerende (Pub. Health Rep. 64:1575 and 1584, 1949). These investigators studied the reported incidence of poliomyelitis in all the 3,095 counties in the United States and analyzed the data chiefly from the standpoint of variations in average annual incidence and the frequency with which epidemics recurred in a given locality. The problem is complicated, as in many other diseases, by lack of a generally available specific diagnostic test. There is usually little question about the manifest cases with paralysis. Abortive and nonparalytic cases, however, constitute a large variable. In any large scale epidemiologic study one is forced to rely on reports of cases as received by the health authority. While there is provision for correcting these reports if subsequent events cause a change in diagnosis it is obvious that in any locality interest and awareness will largely determine the number of cases reported when there is no paralysis. "It appears necessary to emphasize that in most States in this country no distinction is made between paralytic and nonparalytic poliomyelitis in cases officially reported.

How the Law Affects Gun Policy in the United States: Law as Intervention or Obstacle to Prevention

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon S. Vernick ◽  
Julie Samia Mair
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gun Policy ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
The Law ◽  
Public Health Practitioners ◽  
Legal Force

In our experience, public health practitioners (rather than scholars) seeking to address a health problem often have just two very basic questions about the law: (1) how can I use the law to create new interventions, or improve existing ones, to protect the public’s health; and (2) will the law prevent me from successfully implementing certain interventions? In this way, the law is seen as either an opportunity for intervention to affect a public health problem, or an obstacle to enacting or implementing a desired intervention.In addition, because some public health practitioners may not fully understand the intricacies of a given legal area, some possible obstacles to intervention may be either real or perceived. A real legal obstacle is not necessarily an insurmountable one, but it does have genuine legal force. A perceived obstacle has little, if any, true legal application to a given kind of intervention.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Public Health, and the Elusive Target of Human Rights

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance Gable
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patient Protection ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

The passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in March 2010 represents a significant turning point in the evolution of health care law and policy in the United States. By establishing a legal infrastructure that seeks to achieve universal health insurance coverage in the United States, the ACA targets some of the major impediments to accessing needed health care for millions of Americans and by extension attempts to strengthen the health system to support key determinants of health. Yet, like many newly passed legislative provisions, the ultimate effects and significance of the ACA remain uncertain. Those charged with implementing the ACA face formidable obstacles — indeed, some of the same obstacles that have been erected to impede other major pieces of social legislation in the past — including entrenched political opposition, constitutional challenges, and what will likely be a prolonged struggle over the content and direction of how the law is implemented. As these debates continue, it is nevertheless important to begin to assess the impact that the ACA has already had on health law in the United States and to consider the likely effects that the law will have on public health going forward.

Can increases in Twitter posts predict increases in cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in the United States? Evidence that social media can inform epidemic surveillance. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoyan Sun ◽  
Henna Budhwani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
Public Health Systems ◽  
Per Capita

BACKGROUND Though public health systems are responding rapidly to the COVID-19 pandemic, outcomes from publicly available, crowd-sourced big data may assist in helping to identify hot spots, prioritize equipment allocation and staffing, while also informing health policy related to “shelter in place” and social distancing recommendations. OBJECTIVE To assess if the rising state-level prevalence of COVID-19 related posts on Twitter (tweets) is predictive of state-level cumulative COVID-19 incidence after controlling for socio-economic characteristics. METHODS We identified extracted COVID-19 related tweets from January 21st to March 7th (2020) across all 50 states (N = 7,427,057). Tweets were combined with state-level characteristics and confirmed COVID-19 cases to determine the association between public commentary and cumulative incidence. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases varied significantly across states. Ratio of tweet increase (p=0.03), number of physicians per 1,000 population (p=0.01), education attainment (p=0.006), income per capita (p = 0.002), and percentage of adult population (p=0.003) were positively associated with cumulative incidence. Ratio of tweet increase was significantly associated with the logarithmic of cumulative incidence (p=0.06) with a coefficient of 0.26. CONCLUSIONS An increase in the prevalence of state-level tweets was predictive of an increase in COVID-19 diagnoses, providing evidence that Twitter can be a valuable surveillance tool for public health.

Review of form 483s and warning letters to pharmaceutical manufacturers issued by USFDA

2021 ◽  
pp. 174113432110235
Author(s):  
Chandan Saini ◽  
Ashish Miglani ◽  
Pankaj Musyuni ◽  
Geeta Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Regulatory Authority ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
The World ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
A Company ◽  
Responsible Person

Regular inspections are carried out to ensure system conformity by the Food and Drugs Regulatory Authority (FDA) of the United States one of the most stringent regulatory authorities in the world. The inspectors send Form 483 to the management after the inspection, detailing the inappropriate conditions. Because the FDA guidelines are difficult to comply with, a company can contravene the regulations. If any significant infringements can affect the protection, quality, effectiveness, or public health of the drug is identified, the FDA issues advice to the company. Warning Letters (WL) shall be an official notification of non-compliance with federal law within a period to be issued by manufacturer, clinician, distributor, or responsible person in the company. The delivery of a letter has a considerable impact on the company's reputation and position in the market. Inadequate WL reactions could lead to a refusal, import denial, memorandum or even conviction and order. A brief study was conducted in this document of Form 483 and WL for four years (2017–2020) on an understanding the regulatory provisions.

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